何家弘法律英语课件第二课

何家弘法律英语课件第二课2022/11/29何家弘法律英语课件第二课何家弘法律英语课件第二课2022/11/26何家弘法律英语课1Iftherewerenobadpeople,therewouldbenogoodlawyers.CharlesDickens,Britishnovelist

倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。英国小说家狄更斯C何家弘法律英语课件第二课2Iftherewerenobadpeople,tBackground律师法官检查官法学教师法律职业变换频繁

HarlanFiskeStone何家弘法律英语课件第二课3Background律师法律职业变换频繁

Harlan何家弘法律英语课件第二课4何家弘法律英语课件第二课4Part1TheBarBar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。美国律师协会何家弘法律英语课件第二课5Part1TheBarBar——法庭中将公众与法官、何家弘法律英语课件第二课6何家弘法律英语课件第二课6律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounselerCounseler–at-law英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师何家弘法律英语课件第二课7律师美国英国何家弘法律英语课件第二课7Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。何家弘法律英语课件第二课8TheregulationofthelegalprMostrequirethreeyearsof

collegeandalawdegree.Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsforitsbar.三年大学

法律学位

书面考试何家弘法律英语课件第二课9MostrequirethreeyearsofcoAlmostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmulti-choicetest,towhichthestatesaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.各州律师联考

州综合问答题何家弘法律英语课件第二课10Almostallstates,however,maTheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isasix-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontracts,torts,constitutionallaw,criminallaw,evidence,andrealproperty.

何家弘法律英语课件第二课11TheMultistateBarExaminationAsubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。何家弘法律英语课件第二课12AsubstantialfractionofallInall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationstothebarintheirrespectivestates.每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。何家弘法律英语课件第二课13Inall,overfortythousandpeTherulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourts,在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。何家弘法律英语课件第二课14TherulesforadmissiontopraAlawyer’spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresent

clients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业何家弘法律英语课件第二课15Alawyer’spracticeisusuallyItis

customarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。

何家弘法律英语课件第二课16ItiscustomarytoretainlocOnewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmitted

withoutexamination

ifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。

何家弘法律英语课件第二课17OnewhomovestoanotherstateAlawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动何家弘法律英语课件第二课18AlawyermaynotonlypracticeItisnotuncommonforpracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.在公司的董事会任职从事商业活动积极参与公共事务何家弘法律英语课件第二课19ItisnotuncommonforpracticAlawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,anymayreturntoprivatepracticefromtheseotheractivities.律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。何家弘法律英语课件第二课20AlawyerremainsamemberoftArelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgiveuppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.有很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活动而放弃律师业务。何家弘法律英语课件第二课21ArelativelysmallnumberofThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencebythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates,andChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates.律师教授院长总检察长首席大法官何家弘法律英语课件第二课22ThemobilityaswellastheseHarlanFiskeStone1872-1946DistinguishedjuristHarlanFiskeStonewasbornonOctober11,1872inChesterfield,NewHampshire.著名法理学家何家弘法律英语课件第二课23HarlanFiskeStoneDistinguisheAftergraduatingfromAmherstCollegein1894,hecontinuedontoColumbiaUniversityfromwhichhereceivedhislawdegreein1898.ThenextyearhewasadmittedtotheNewYorkbar.加入纽约律师协会何家弘法律英语课件第二课24AftergraduatingfromAmherstIn1910StonebecamethedeanoftheColumbiaLawSchool.In1924hewasappointedbyPresidentCoolidgetobeAttorneyGeneral.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长（总检察长）何家弘法律英语课件第二课25In1910StonebecamethedeanIn1925hewasnominatedtotheSupremeCourt.WhileontheCourt,StonewasastrongsupporterofPresidentRoosevelt's

NewDeallegislation.RooseveltappointedStoneChiefJusticein1941.Stonediedin1946attheageof73.最高法院法官罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官何家弘法律英语课件第二课26In1925hewasnominatedtothTheseisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.美国没有律师职业的划分。英国：Barristers：出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师

何家弘法律英语课件第二课27Theseisnoformaldivisionamthereisnobranchofprofessionthathasaspecialorexclusiverighttoappearincourt,noristhereabranchthatspecializesinthepreparationoflegalinstruments.美国：出庭代理诉讼准备法律文书attorney何家弘法律英语课件第二课28thereisnobranchofprofessiTheAmericanlawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,and

drafting.Furthermore,withinthespherebroadlydefinedasthe“practiceoflaw”thedomainisexclusiveandisnotopentoothers.代理诉讼，出庭辩护；咨询服务；起草文书；律师实务何家弘法律英语课件第二课29TheAmericanlawyer’sdomainInthefieldofadvocacy,therulesarefairlyclear:anyindividualmayrepresenthimselforherselfincourtbut,withtheexceptionofafewinferiorcourts,onlyalawyermayrepresentanotherincourt.出庭辩护：当事人本人代理律师何家弘法律英语课件第二课30Inthefieldofadvocacy,theThelinesofdemarcationarelessclearintheareasofcounselinganddraftingoflegalinstruments,asforexamplebetweenthepracticeoflawandthatofaccountinginthefieldoffederalincometaxation.咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。何家弘法律英语课件第二课31ThelinesofdemarcationarelHowever,thestrictapproachofmostAmericancourtsisindicatedbyadecisionofNewYork’shighestcourtthatalawyeradmittedtopracticeinaforeigncountrybutnotinNewYorkisprohibitedfromgivinglegaladvicetoclientsinNewYork,eventhoughtheadviceislimitedtothelawofforeigncountrywherethelawyerisadmitted.纽约最高法院规定，在外国而不是在纽约取得执业资格的律师，不得给纽约的当事人提供法律咨询，即使咨询在该律师允许执业的国家是被允许的，美国大多数法院都采取了这一严格的措施。何家弘法律英语课件第二课32However,thestrictapproachAforeignlawyermaybeadmittedtothebarofoneofstatesandmay,evenwithoutbeingadmitted,adviseanAmericanlawyer

asaconsultantonforeignlaw.外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接纳为会员，甚至在没有被接纳的情况下，作为外国法律顾问向美国律师咨询。何家弘法律英语课件第二课33AforeignlawyermaybeadmittPart2Lawyersinprivatepractice

独立开业的律师Amongthesefifteenlawyersinpractice,nine,aclearmajority,aresinglepractitioners.在独立开业的律师中，大多数（9/15）是单独开业者。何家弘法律英语课件第二课34Part2LawyersinprivateprTheremainingsixpracticeinlawfirms,whicharegenerallyorganizedaspartnerships.

剩下的6个人组成律师事务所，一般采用合伙制。Fourorfiveofthesesixarepartnersandtheothersareassociates,atermappliedtosalariedlawyersemployedbyafirmoranotherlawyer.6个人中有4、5个是合伙人；其他1、2个是合作者，他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师，领取工资。何家弘法律英语课件第二课35TheremainingsixpracticeinThistrendtowardgrouppracticeisrelativelyrecentorigin.合伙开业何家弘法律英语课件第二课36ThistrendtowardgrouppractiThroughoutmostofnineteenthcentury,lawpracticewasgeneralratherthanspecialized,itschiefingredientwasadvocacyratherthancounselinganddrafting,andtheprototypeoftheAmericanlawyerwasthesinglepractitioner.律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起草文书美国律师的原型是单独开业者。何家弘法律英语课件第二课37ThroughoutmostofnineteenthMarkedspecializationbeganinthelaterpartofthatcenturyinthelargecitiesnearthefinancialcenters.……theworkofthelawyeraccommodateditselftotheneedsofclientsforexpertcounselinganddraftingtopreventaswellastosettledisputes.19世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出现了显著的律师专业化。——律师为客户提供专业咨询和起草文书，以防止和解决争议。何家弘法律英语课件第二课38MarkedspecializationbeganiThebestlawyerswereattractedtothiswork最好的律师被吸引来做这些事。leadershipofthebargravitatedtopersonswhorarelyifeverappearedincourtsandwhoweresoughtafterasadvisors,planners,andnegotiators.律师界的领导人物多为那些极少出庭——即使确曾出庭的话——的人，和那些作为顾问、计划者和谈判者而深受欢迎的人。何家弘法律英语课件第二课39ThebestlawyerswereattracteTodaythelawyerregardsitassoundpracticetobecontinuouslyfamiliarwithclients’businessproblemsandtoparticipateatallstepsinshapingoftheirpolicies.目前律师们都认为一直了解客户的商务问题，并参与商业决策形成的每一个步骤是理想的活动。何家弘法律英语课件第二课40TodaythelawyerregardsitPart3HouseCounsel受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师Outofeverytwentylawyers,twoareemployedbyprivatebusinessconcerns,suchasindustrialcorporations,insurancecompanies,andbanks,usuallyashouseorcorporatecounselintheconcern’slegaldepartment.20个律师中有2个受雇于私人企业，如工业公司、金融公司、银行。专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问何家弘法律英语课件第二课41Part3HouseCounsel受雇于某公司而非

thegrowthofcorporations

thecomplexityofbusiness

themultitudeofproblemposedbygovernmentregulationfirmstohaveintheiremploypersonswithlegaltraining非常了解企业的特殊问题和条件何家弘法律英语课件第二课42thegrowthofcorporations

Thegeneralcounsel(总法律顾问)

AnofficerofthecompanyServeonimportantpolicymakingcommitteesServeontheboardofdirectors.公司管理人员

重要决策委员会

董事会何家弘法律英语课件第二课43Thegeneralcounsel(总法律顾问)公司管Housecounselremainmembersofthebar

保留律师协会会员身份entitledtoappearincourt有资格出庭进行诉讼何家弘法律英语课件第二课44HousecounselremainmembersofHousecounselHowever,itisthehousecounsel’sskillasadvisorratherthanasanadvocatethatisavaluedasset.专职律师的专长是法律顾问而不是辩护律师，这是个珍贵的财富。何家弘法律英语课件第二课45HousecounselHowever,itisthConstantlyintouchwiththeemployer’sproblem,housecounselisideallysituatedtopracticepreventivelawandmayalsobecalledupontoadvisethecompanyonitsbroaderobligationtothepublicandthenation.专职律师一直接触雇主的问题，他们理当致力于预防性的法律，并应该建议公司为公共事务和国家承担更多的义务。何家弘法律英语课件第二课46ConstantlyintouchwiththeePart4LawyersinGovernmentTwooutoftwentylawyersarenowemployeesofthefederal,city,county,andmunicipalgovernments,exclusiveofjudiciary.20个律师中有2个受雇于联邦、都市、县和地方政府，这中间还不包括法官。何家弘法律英语课件第二课47Part4LawyersinGovernmentManyofthoseenteringpublicservicearerecentlawgraduates

许多加入公共服务的是刚毕业的法学大学生。whofindgovernmentsalariessufficientlyattractiveatthisstageoftheircareers政府薪水有足够的吸引力seekthetrainingthatsuchservicemayofferasapreludetoprivatepractice.锻炼自己，作为私人开业的前奏何家弘法律英语课件第二课48Manyofthoseenteringpublic

Limitationontopsalariesdiscouragesomefromcontinuingwiththegovernment.最高薪水的限制使一些人不再为政府工作。何家弘法律英语课件第二课49LimitationontopsalariesdiThemajorityservesbyappointmentinlegaldepartmentsofavarietyoffederalandstateagenciesandlocalentities.大多数的政府律师在联邦、州政府和地方机构的法律部门任职。何家弘法律英语课件第二课50ThemajorityservesbyappointTheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticealoneemploysmorethantwothousand,andtheLawDepartmentoftheCityofNewYorkmorethanfourhundred.美国司法部—2000多人纽约司法局—400多人何家弘法律英语课件第二课51TheUnitedStatesDepartmentoOthersareengagedaspublicprosecutors.

Federalprosecutors,theUnitedStatesattorneysandtheirassistants,areappointedbythePresidentandaresubordinatetotheAttorneyGeneral

oftheUnitedStates.其他政府律师是检查官。联邦检查官、美国政府律师和助理检查官由总统任命，受命于美国总检察长（司法部长）。何家弘法律英语课件第二课52OthersareengagedaspublicpAttorneyGeneral

总检察长，司法部长

JohnAshcroft约翰·阿什克里夫特何家弘法律英语课件第二课53AttorneyGeneral

总检察长，司法部长

JohTheAttorneyGeneral,asheadoftheDepartmentofJusticeandchieflawenforcementofficeroftheFederalGovernment,representstheUnitedStatesinlegalmattersgenerallyandgivesadviceandopinionstothePresidentandtotheheadsoftheexecutivedepartmentsoftheGovernmentwhensorequested.TheAttorneyGeneralappearsinpersontorepresenttheGovernmentbeforetheU.S.SupremeCourtincasesofexceptionalgravityorimportance.何家弘法律英语课件第二课54TheAttorneyGeneral,asheaStatesprosecutors,sometimesknownasdistrictattorneys,arecommonlyelectedbyeachcountyandarenotunderthecontrolofthestateattorneygeneral.州检查官，又叫地区检查官，一般由其所在县的公民选举产生，不受州司法局长的控制。何家弘法律英语课件第二课55Statesprosecutors,sometimesLawyersingovernmentaredirectlyengagedinlegalwork政府律师直接从事法律工作。lawtrainingisinfrequentlysoughtaspreparationforgeneralgovernmentservice.因为一般政府服务很少要求事先进行法律培训。何家弘法律英语课件第二课56LawyersingovernmentaredireAsmallbutimportantminority

——anexceptionthosewhohavebeenappointedtohighexecutivepositionsthosewhohavebeenelectedtopoliticaloffice.例外：被任命担任高级行政职务，被选举担任政治性官职的人。何家弘法律英语课件第二课57AsmallbutimportantminorityLawyershavemadeuproughlyhalfoftheCongressoftheUnitedStatesandofthestategovernment.

美国国会和地方政府中有大约一半的人是律师。何家弘法律英语课件第二课58LawyershavemadeuproughlyhChiefJusticeStoneHarlanFiskeStone1872-1946“Notraditionofourprofessionismorecherishedbylawyersthanthatofitsleadershipinpublicaffairs.”在我们的职业传统中，没有一个像其担任公共事务领导的传统那样受到律师们的钟爱。何家弘法律英语课件第二课59ChiefJusticeStoneHarlanFiskLegalProfessionMultistateBarExam

federalcourtsboardsofdirectorsJudgeAttorneyGeneralChiefJustice重点专业词汇何家弘法律英语课件第二课60LegalProfession重点专业词汇何家弘法律英语课BarristersSolicitorsAttorneypracticeoflawLawyersinprivatepracticesinglepractitionerhouseCounselcorporatecounsel何家弘法律英语课件第二课61Barristers何家弘法律英语课件第二课61TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofJusticepublicprosecutorsFederalprosecutorsdistrictattorneysCongressoftheUnitedStates何家弘法律英语课件第二课62TheUnitedStatesDepartmento演讲完毕，谢谢听讲!再见，seeyouagain2022/11/29何家弘法律英语课件第二课演讲完毕，谢谢听讲!再见，seeyouagain202263何家弘法律英语课件第二课2022/11/29何家弘法律英语课件第二课何家弘法律英语课件第二课2022/11/26何家弘法律英语课64Iftherewerenobadpeople,therewouldbenogoodlawyers.CharlesDickens,Britishnovelist

倘若世上没有坏人，也就不会有好的律师。英国小说家狄更斯C何家弘法律英语课件第二课65Iftherewerenobadpeople,tBackground律师法官检查官法学教师法律职业变换频繁

HarlanFiskeStone何家弘法律英语课件第二课66Background律师法律职业变换频繁

Harlan何家弘法律英语课件第二课67何家弘法律英语课件第二课4Part1TheBarBar——法庭中将公众与法官、律师及其他诉讼参与人分隔开的隔板。后来用于通指法律职业或律师职业。美国律师协会何家弘法律英语课件第二课68Part1TheBarBar——法庭中将公众与法官、何家弘法律英语课件第二课69何家弘法律英语课件第二课6律师美国LawyerAttorneyAttorney–at-lawCounselerCounseler–at-law英国Barrister诉讼律师大律师，出庭律师Solicitor非诉律师诉状律师，事务律师何家弘法律英语课件第二课70律师美国英国何家弘法律英语课件第二课7Theregulationofthelegalprofessionisprimarilytheconcernofthestates,eachofwhichhasitsownrequirementsforadmissiontopractice.对法律职业的管制主要是州政府的事。各州都有自己的允许律师执业的条件。何家弘法律英语课件第二课71TheregulationofthelegalprMostrequirethreeyearsof

collegeandalawdegree.Eachstateadministersitsownwrittenexaminationtoapplicantsforitsbar.三年大学

法律学位

书面考试何家弘法律英语课件第二课72MostrequirethreeyearsofcoAlmostallstates,however,makeuseoftheMultistateBarExam,aday-longmulti-choicetest,towhichthestatesaddsaday-longessayexaminationemphasizingitsownlaw.各州律师联考

州综合问答题何家弘法律英语课件第二课73Almostallstates,however,maTheMultistateBarExamination(MBE)isasix-hour,two-hundredquestionmultiple-choiceexaminationcoveringcontracts,torts,constitutionallaw,criminallaw,evidence,andrealproperty.

何家弘法律英语课件第二课74TheMultistateBarExaminationAsubstantialfractionofallapplicantssucceedonthefirsttry,andmanyofthosewhofailpassonalaterattempt.通过第一次考试的人很多，但通过第二次考试的人很少。何家弘法律英语课件第二课75AsubstantialfractionofallInall,overfortythousandpersonssucceedinpassingtheseexaminationstothebarintheirrespectivestates.每年各州有4万多人通过律师考试。Noapprenticeshipisrequiredeitherbeforeorafteradmission.在进入律师行业之前或之后不需要有学徒经历。何家弘法律英语课件第二课76Inall,overfortythousandpeTherulesforadmissiontopracticebeforethefederalcourtsvarywiththecourts,在联邦法院执业的要求各州不同。butgenerallythoseentitledtopracticebeforethehighestcourtofastatemaybeadmittedbeforethefederalcourtsuponcompliancewithminorformalities.在州最高法院执业的人办理了一些无关紧要的手续后可以在联邦法院执业。何家弘法律英语课件第二课77TherulesforadmissiontopraAlawyer’spracticeisusuallyconfinedtoasinglecommunityfor,althoughalawyermaytraveltorepresent

clients,oneisonlypermittedtopracticeinastatewhereonehasbeenadmitted.律师通常在一个地区执业可以代表当事人到其他州办理事务只能在获准开业的州从业何家弘法律英语课件第二课78Alawyer’spracticeisusuallyItis

customarytoretainlocalcounselformattersinotherjurisdictions.在其他管辖区保留当地律师的身份是一种惯例。有些州曾把“本州居民”规定为申请律师资格的前提条件。但联邦最高法院在1985年裁定这种规定为非法。此外，在美国担任律师的人并不必须是美国公民。

何家弘法律英语课件第二课79ItiscustomarytoretainlocOnewhomovestoanotherstatecanusuallybeadmitted

withoutexamination

ifonehaspracticedinastatewhereonehasbeenadmittedforsometime,oftenfiveyears.如果一个人已经执业5年以上，那么当他移居到另外一个州的时候，通常不用再参加该州的律师资格考试就可以获准执业。

何家弘法律英语课件第二课80OnewhomovestoanotherstateAlawyermaynotonlypracticelaw,butispermittedtoengageinanyactivitythatisopentoothercitizens.从事律师业务参加任何其他公民可以参加的活动何家弘法律英语课件第二课81AlawyermaynotonlypracticeItisnotuncommonforpracticinglawyertoserveonboardsofdirectorsofcorporateclients,toengageinbusiness,andtoparticipateactivelyinpublicaffairs.在公司的董事会任职从事商业活动积极参与公共事务何家弘法律英语课件第二课82ItisnotuncommonforpracticAlawyerremainsamemberofthebarevenafterbecomingajudge,anemployeeofthegovernmentorofaprivatebusinessconcern,oralawteacher,anymayreturntoprivatepracticefromtheseotheractivities.律师在成为法官、受雇于政府或私营企业或者成为法律教师以后，还保留着律师的身份。他们可以放弃其他活动，回来再做律师。何家弘法律英语课件第二课83AlawyerremainsamemberoftArelativelysmallnumberoflawyersgiveuppracticeforresponsibleexecutivepositionsincommerceandindustry.有很少数量的律师为了从事工商业活动而放弃律师业务。何家弘法律英语课件第二课84ArelativelysmallnumberofThemobilityaswellasthesenseofpublicresponsibilityintheprofessionisevidencebythecareerofHarlanFiskeStonewhowas,atvarioustimes,asuccessfulNewYorklawyer,aprofessoranddeanoftheColumbiaSchoolofLaw,AttorneyGeneraloftheUnitedStates,andChiefJusticeoftheUnitedStates.律师教授院长总检察长首席大法官何家弘法律英语课件第二课85ThemobilityaswellastheseHarlanFiskeStone1872-1946DistinguishedjuristHarlanFiskeStonewasbornonOctober11,1872inChesterfield,NewHampshire.著名法理学家何家弘法律英语课件第二课86HarlanFiskeStoneDistinguisheAftergraduatingfromAmherstCollegein1894,hecontinuedontoColumbiaUniversityfromwhichhereceivedhislawdegreein1898.ThenextyearhewasadmittedtotheNewYorkbar.加入纽约律师协会何家弘法律英语课件第二课87AftergraduatingfromAmherstIn1910StonebecamethedeanoftheColumbiaLawSchool.In1924hewasappointedbyPresidentCoolidgetobeAttorneyGeneral.哥伦比亚大学法学院院长司法部长（总检察长）何家弘法律英语课件第二课88In1910StonebecamethedeanIn1925hewasnominatedtotheSupremeCourt.WhileontheCourt,StonewasastrongsupporterofPresidentRoosevelt's

NewDeallegislation.RooseveltappointedStoneChiefJusticein1941.Stonediedin1946attheageof73.最高法院法官罗斯福新政最高法院首席大法官何家弘法律英语课件第二课89In1925hewasnominatedtothTheseisnoformaldivisionamonglawyersaccordingtofunction.美国没有律师职业的划分。英国：Barristers：出庭律师、大律师、诉讼律师Solicitors：诉状律师、小律师、非诉律师

何家弘法律英语课件第二课90Theseisnoformaldivisionamthereisnobranchofprofessionthathasaspecialorexclusiverighttoappearincourt,noristhereabranchthatspecializesinthepreparationoflegalinstruments.美国：出庭代理诉讼准备法律文书attorney何家弘法律英语课件第二课91thereisnobranchofprofessiTheAmericanlawyer’sdomainincludesadvocacy,counseling,and

drafting.Furthermore,withinthespherebroadlydefinedasthe“practiceoflaw”thedomainisexclusiveandisnotopentoothers.代理诉讼，出庭辩护；咨询服务；起草文书；律师实务何家弘法律英语课件第二课92TheAmericanlawyer’sdomainInthefieldofadvocacy,therulesarefairlyclear:anyindividualmayrepresenthimselforherselfincourtbut,withtheexceptionofafewinferiorcourts,onlyalawyermayrepresentanotherincourt.出庭辩护：当事人本人代理律师何家弘法律英语课件第二课93Inthefieldofadvocacy,theThelinesofdemarcationarelessclearintheareasofcounselinganddraftingoflegalinstruments,asforexamplebetweenthepracticeoflawandthatofaccountinginthefieldoffederalincometaxation.咨询服务与起草法律文件之间的划分不明确。就联邦所得税，律师执业与会计执业划分不清。何家弘法律英语课件第二课94ThelinesofdemarcationarelHowever,thestrictapproachofmostAmericancourtsisindicatedbyadecisionofNewYork’shighestcourtthatalawyeradmittedtopracticeinaforeigncountrybutnotinNewYorkisprohibitedfromgivinglegaladvicetoclientsinNewYork,eventhoughtheadviceislimitedtothelawofforeigncountrywherethelawyerisadmitted.纽约最高法院规定，在外国而不是在纽约取得执业资格的律师，不得给纽约的当事人提供法律咨询，即使咨询在该律师允许执业的国家是被允许的，美国大多数法院都采取了这一严格的措施。何家弘法律英语课件第二课95However,thestrictapproachAforeignlawyermaybeadmittedtothebarofoneofstatesandmay,evenwithoutbeingadmitted,adviseanAmericanlawyer

asaconsultantonforeignlaw.外国律师可以被一个州的律师协会接纳为会员，甚至在没有被接纳的情况下，作为外国法律顾问向美国律师咨询。何家弘法律英语课件第二课96AforeignlawyermaybeadmittPart2Lawyersinprivatepractice

独立开业的律师Amongthesefifteenlawyersinpractice,nine,aclearmajority,aresinglepractitioners.在独立开业的律师中，大多数（9/15）是单独开业者。何家弘法律英语课件第二课97Part2LawyersinprivateprTheremainingsixpracticeinlawfirms,whicharegenerallyorganizedaspartnerships.

剩下的6个人组成律师事务所，一般采用合伙制。Fourorfiveofthesesixarepartnersandtheothersareassociates,atermappliedtosalariedlawyersemployedbyafirmoranotherlawyer.6个人中有4、5个是合伙人；其他1、2个是合作者，他们受雇于律师事务所或其他律师，领取工资。何家弘法律英语课件第二课98TheremainingsixpracticeinThistrendtowardgrouppracticeisrelativelyrecentorigin.合伙开业何家弘法律英语课件第二课99ThistrendtowardgrouppractiThroughoutmostofnineteenthcentury,lawpracticewasgeneralratherthanspecialized,itschiefingredientwasadvocacyratherthancounselinganddrafting,andtheprototypeoftheAmericanlawyerwasthesinglepractitioner.律师业务是一般化的，而不是专业化的主要业务是出庭辩护，而不是提供咨询和起草文书美国律师的原型是单独开业者。何家弘法律英语课件第二课100ThroughoutmostofnineteenthMarkedspecializationbeganinthelaterpartofthatcenturyinthelargecitiesnearthefinancialcenters.……theworkofthelawyeraccommodateditselftotheneedsofclientsforexpertcounselinganddraftingtopreventaswellastosettledisputes.19世纪后期，在金融中心附近的大城市，出现了显著的律师专业化。——律师为客户提供专业咨询和起草文书，以防止和解决争议。何家弘法律英语课件第二课101MarkedspecializationbeganiThebestlawyerswereattractedtothiswork最好的律师被吸引来做这些事。leadershipofthebargravitatedtopersonswhorarelyifeverappearedincourtsandwhoweresoughtafterasadvisors,planners,andnegotiators.律师界的领导人物多为那些极少出庭——即使确曾出庭的话——的人，和那些作为顾问、计划者和谈判者而深受欢迎的人。何家弘法律英语课件第二课102ThebestlawyerswereattracteTodaythelawyerregardsitassoundpracticetobecontinuouslyfamiliarwithclients’businessproblemsandtoparticipateatallstepsinshapingoftheirpolicies.目前律师们都认为一直了解客户的商务问题，并参与商业决策形成的每一个步骤是理想的活动。何家弘法律英语课件第二课103TodaythelawyerregardsitPart3HouseCounsel受雇于某公司而非独立开业的律师Outofeverytwentylawyers,twoareemployedbyprivatebusinessconcerns,suchasindustrialcorporations,insurancecompanies,andbanks,usuallyashouseorcorporatecounselintheconcern’slegaldepartment.20个律师中有2个受雇于私人企业，如工业公司、金融公司、银行。专职法律顾问，公司法律顾问何家弘法律英语课件第二课104Part3HouseCounsel受雇于某公司而非

thegrowthofcorporations

thecomplexityofbusiness

themultitudeofproblemposedbygovernmentregulationfirmstohaveintheiremploypersonswithlegaltraining非常了解企业的特殊问题和条件何家弘法律英语课件第二课105thegrowthofcorporations

Thegeneralcounsel(总法律顾问)

AnofficerofthecompanyServeonimportantpolicymakingcommitteesServeontheboardofdirectors.公司管理人员

重要决策委员会

董事会何家弘法律英语课件第二课106Thegeneralcounsel(总法律顾问)公司管Housecounselremainmembersofthebar

保留律师协会会员身份entitledtoappearincourt有资格出庭进行诉讼何家弘法律英语课件第二课107HousecounselremainmembersofHousecounselHowever,itisthehousecounsel’sskillasadvisorratherthanasanadvocatethatisavaluedasset.专职律师的专长是法律顾问而不是辩护律师，这是个珍贵的财富。何家弘法律英语课件第二课108HousecounselHowever,itisthConstantlyintouchwiththeemployer’sproblem,housecounselisideallysituatedtopracticepreventivelawandmayalsobecalledupontoadvisethecompanyonitsbroaderobligationtothepublicandthenation.专职律师一直接触雇主的问题，他们理当致力于预防性的法律，并应该建议公司为公共事务和国家承担更多的义务。何家弘法律英语课件第二课109ConstantlyintouchwiththeePart4LawyersinGovernmentTwooutoftwentylawyersarenowemployeesofthefederal,city,county,andmunicipalgovernments,exclusiveofjudiciary.20个律师中有2个受雇于联邦、都市、县和地方政府，这中间还不包括法官。何家弘法律英语课件第二课110Part4LawyersinGovernmentManyofthoseenteringpublicservicearerecentlawgraduates

许多加入公共服务的是刚毕业的法学大学生。whofindgovernmentsalariessufficientlyattractiveatthisstageoftheircareers政府薪水有足够的吸引力seekthetrainingthatsuchservicemayofferasapreludetoprivatepractice.锻炼自己，作为私人开业的前奏何家弘法律英语课件第二课111Manyofthoseenteringpublic

Limitationontopsalariesdiscouragesomefromcontinuingwiththegovernment.最高薪水的限制使一些人不再为政府工作。何家弘法律英语课件第二课112LimitationontopsalariesdiThemajorityservesbyappointmentinlegaldepartmentsofavarietyoffederalandstateagenciesandlocalentities.大多数的政府律师在联邦、州政府和地方机构