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完好word高分子资料工程专业英语第二版课文翻译基本全了完好word高分子资料工程专业英语第二版课文翻译基本全了31/31完好word高分子资料工程专业英语第二版课文翻译基本全了高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT1WhatarePolymer?第一元什么是高聚物?Whatarepolymers?Foronething,theyarecomplexandgiantmoleculesandaredifferentfromlowmolecularweightcompoundslike,say,commonsalt.Tocontrastthedifference,themolecularweightofcommonsaltisonly58.5,whilethatofapolymercanbeashighasseveralhundredthousand,evenmorethanthousandthousands.Thesebigmoleculesor‘macro-molecules’aremadeupofmuchsmallermolecules,canbeofoneormorechemicalcompounds.Toillustrate,imaginethatasetofringshasthesamesizeandismadeofthesamematerial.Whenthesethingsareinterlinked,thechainformedcanbeconsideredasrepresentingapolymerfrommoleculesofthesamecompound.Alternatively,individualringscouldbeofdifferentsizesandmaterials,andinterlinkedtorepresentapolymerfrommoleculesofdifferentcompounds.什么是高聚物?第一,他是合成物和大分子,并且不一样样于低分子化合物,比方一般的。与低分子化合物不一样样的是,一般的分子量是58.5,而高聚物的分子量高于105,甚至大于106。些大分子或“高分子”由多小分子成。小分子互相合形成大分子,大分子能是一种或多种化合物。例明,想象一大小相同并由相同的资料制成的。当些互相接起来,能够把形成的看作是拥有同种分子量化合物成的高聚物。另一方面,独到的能够大小不一样样、资料不一样样,相接后形成拥有不一样样分子量化合物成的聚合物。Thisinterlinkingofmanyunitshasgiventhepolymeritsname,polymeaning‘many’andmermeaning‘part’(inGreek).Asanexample,agaseouscompoundcalledbutadiene,withamolecularweightof54,combinesnearly4000timesandgivesapolymerknownaspolybutadiene(asyntheticrubber)withabout200000molecularweight.Thelowmolecularweightcompoundsfromwhichthepolymersformareknownasmonomers.Thepictureissimplyasfollows:多元相接予了聚合物一个名称,poly意味着“多、聚、重复”,mer意味着“、基体”(希腊中)。比方:称丁二的气化合物,分子量54,化合快要4000次,获得分子量大200000被称作聚丁二(合成橡胶)的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称体。下边地描述一下形成程:butadiene+butadiene+???+butadiene--→polybutadiene(4000time)丁二+丁二+⋯+丁二——→聚丁二4000次)Onecanthusseehowasubstance(monomer)withassmallamoleculeweightas54growtobecomeagiantmolecule(polymer)of(54×4000≈)200000molecularweight.0高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料Itisessentiallythe‘giantness’ofthesizeofthepolymermoleculethatmakesitsbehaviordifferentfromthatofacommonlyknownchemicalcompoundsuchasbenzene.Solidbenzene,forinstance,meltstobecomeliquidbenzeneat5.5℃and,onfurtherheating,boilsintogaseousbenzene.Asagainstthiswell-definedbehaviorofasimplechemicalcompound,apolymerlikepolyethylenedoesnotmeltsharplyatoneparticulartemperatureintocleanliquid.Instead,itbecomesincreasinglysofterand,ultimately,turnsintoaveryviscous,tackymoltenmass.Furtherheatingofthishot,viscous,moltenpolymerdoesconvertitintovariousgasesbutitisnolongerpolyethylene.(Fig.1.1).因此能够看到分子量仅为54的小分子物质(单体)怎样渐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子(高聚物)。实质上,正是因为聚合物的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不一样样于象苯这样的一般化合物。比方,固态苯,在5.5℃熔融成液态苯,进一步加热,煮沸成气态苯。与这种简单化合物明确的行为比较,像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不可以够在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。而聚合物变得愈来愈软,最后,变为十分黏稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而黏稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热,不会转变为各样气体,但它不再是聚乙烯(如图1.1)。固态苯——→液态苯——→气态苯加热,5.5℃加热,80℃固体聚乙烯——→融化的聚乙烯——→各样分解产物-但不是聚乙烯加热加热图低分子量化合物(苯)和聚合物(聚乙烯)受热后的不一样样行为Anotherstrikingdifferencewithrespecttothebehaviorofapolymerandthatofalowmolecularweightcompoundconcernsthedissolutionprocess.Letustake,forexample,sodiumchlorideandadditslowlytosfixedquantityofwater.Thesalt,whichrepresentsalowmolecularweightcompound,dissolvesinwateruptospoint(calledsaturationpoint)but,thereafter,anyfurtherquantityaddeddoesnotgointosolutionbutsettlesatthebottomandjustremainsthereassolid.Theviscosityofthesaturatedsaltsolutionisnotverymuchdifferentfromthatofwater.Butifwetakeapolymerinstead,say,polyvinylalcohol,andaddittoafixedquantityofwater,thepolymerdoesnotgointosolutionimmediately.Theglobulesofpolyvinylalcoholfirstabsorbwater,swellandgetdistortedinshapeandafteralongtimegointosolution.Also,wecanaddaverylargequantityofthepolymertothesamequantityofwaterwithoutthesaturationpointeverbeingreached.Asmoreandmorequantityofpolymerisaddedtowater,thetimetakenforthedissolutionofthepolymerobviouslyincreasesandthemixultimatelyassumesasoft,dough-likeconsistency.Anotherpeculiarityisthat,inwater,polyvinylalcoholneverretainsitsoriginalpowderynatureastheexcesssodiumchloridedoesinasaturatedsaltsolution.Inconclusion,wecansaythat(1)thelongtimetakenbypolyvinylalcoholfordissolution,(2)theabsenceofa1高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料saturationpoint,and(3)theincreaseintheviscosityareallcharacteristicsofatypicalpolymerbeingdissolvedinasolventandthesecharacteristicsareattributedmainlytothelargemolecularsizeofthepolymer.Thebehaviorofalowmolecularweightcompoundandthatofapolymerondissolutionareillustrated发现另一种不一样样的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是对于溶解过程。比方,让我们研究一下,将氯化钠慢慢地增添到固定量的水中。盐,代表一种低分子量化合物,在水中达到点(叫饱和点)溶解,但,今后,进一步增添盐不进入溶液中却沉终归部而保持原有的固体状态。饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度不是十分不一样样,可是,假如我们用聚合物代替,比方说,将聚乙烯醇增添到固定量的水中,聚合物不是立刻进入到溶液中。聚乙烯醇颗粒第一吸水溶胀,发生形变,经过很长的时间今后进入到溶液中。相同地,我们能够将大批的聚合物加入到相同量的水中,不存在饱和点。将愈来愈多的聚合物加入水中,以为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增添,最后表现娇贵像面团相同黏稠的混淆物。另一个特色是,在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过分的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。总之,我们能够讲(1)聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间,(2)不存在饱和点,(3)粘度的增添是典型聚合物溶于溶液中的特色,这些特色主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。如图1.2说了然低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶解行为。氯化钠晶体加入到水中——→晶体进入到溶液中.溶液的粘度不是十分不一样样于充分搅拌水的粘度——→形成饱和溶液.节余的晶体保持不溶解状态.加入更多的晶体并搅拌氯化钠的溶解聚乙烯醇碎片加入到水中——→碎片开始溶胀——→碎片慢慢地进入到溶液中赞成保持现状充分搅拌——→形成黏稠的聚合物溶液.溶液粘度十分高于水的粘度连续搅拌聚合物的溶解图低分子量化合物(氯化钠)和聚合物(聚乙烯醇)不一样样的溶解行为——UNIT2ChainPolymerization第二单元链式聚合反应Manyolefinicandvinylunsaturatedcompoundsareabletoformchain-0likemacromoleculesthrougheliminationofthedoublebond,aphenomenonfirstrecognizedbyStaudinger.Diolefinspolymerizeinthesamemanner,however,onlyoneofthetwodoublebondsiseliminated.Suchreactionsoccurthroughtheinitialadditionofamonomermoleculetoaninitiatorradicaloraninitiatorion,bywhichtheactivestateistransferredfromtheinitiatortotheaddedmonomer.2高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料Inthesamewaybymeansofachainreaction,onemonomermoleculeaftertheotherisadded(2000~20000monomerspersecond)untiltheactivestateisterminatedthroughadifferenttypeofreaction.Thepolymerizationisachainreactionintwoways:becauseofthereactionkineticandbecauseasareactionproductoneobtainsachainmolecule.Thelengthofthechainmoleculeisproportionaltothekineticchainlength.Staudinger第一个发现一例现象,很多烯烃和不饱和烯烃经过翻开双键能够形成链式大分子。二烯烃以相同的方式聚合,可是,仅限于两个双键中的一个。这种反应是经过单体分子第一加成到引起剂自由基或引起剂离子上而进行的,靠这些反应活性中心由引起剂转移到被加成的单体上。以相同的方式,借助于链式反应,单体分子一个接一个地被加成(每秒2000~20000个单体)直到活性中心经过不一样样的反应种类而停止。聚合反应是链式反应的原由有两种:因为反应动力学和因为作为反应产物它是一种链式分子。链分子的长度与动力学链长成正比。Onecansummarizetheprocessasfollow(R.isequaltotheinitiatorradical):链式反应能够归纳为以下过程(R·相当与引起剂自由基):略Onethusobtainspolyvinylchloridefromvinylchloride,orpolystyrenefromstyrene,orpolyethylenefromethylene,etc.因此经过上述过程由氯乙烯获得聚氯乙烯,或由苯乙烯获得聚苯乙烯,或乙烯获得聚乙烯,等等。Thelengthofthechainmolecules,measuredbymeansofthedegreeofpolymerization,canbevariedoveralargerangethroughselectionofsuitablereactionconditions.Usually,withcommerciallypreparedandutilizedpolymers,thedegreeofpolymerizationliesintherangeof1000to5000,butinmanycasesitcanbebelow500andover10000.Thisshouldnotbeinterpretedtomeanthatallmoleculesofacertainpolymericmaterialconsistof500,or1000,or5000monomerunits.Inalmostallcases,thepolymericmaterialconsistsofamixtureofpolymermoleculesofdifferentdegreesofpolymerization.借助于聚合度预计的分子链长,在一个大范围内能够经过选择适合的反应条件被改变。通常,经过大批地制备和利用聚合物,聚合度在1000~5000范围内,但在很多状况下可低于500、高于10000。这不该当把全部聚合物质料的分子量理解为由500,或1000,或5000个单体单元构成。在几乎全部的案例中,聚合物质料由不一样样聚合度的聚合物分子的混淆物构成。Polymerization,achainreaction,occursaccordingtothesamemechanismasthewell-knownchlorine-hydrogenreactionandthedecompositionofphosegene.聚合反应,链式反应,依据与尽人皆知的氯(气)-氢(气)反应和光气的分解机理进行。Theinitiationreaction,whichistheactivationprocessofthedoublebond,canbebroughtaboutbyheating,irradiation,ultrasonics,orinitiators.The3高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料initiationofthechainreactioncanbeobservedmostclearlywithradicalorionicinitiators.Theseareenergy-richcompoundswhichcanaddsuitableunsaturatedcompounds(monomers)andmaintaintheactivatedradical,orionic,statesothatfurthermonomermoleculescanbeaddedinthesamemanner.Fortheindividualstepsofthegrowthreactiononeneedsonlyarelativelysmallactivationenergyandthereforethroughasingleactivationstep(theactualinitiationreaction)alargenumberofolefinmoleculesareconverted,asisimpliedbytheterm“chainreaction”.Becauseverysmallamountsoftheinitiatorbringabouttheformationofalargeamountofpolymericmaterial(1:1000to1:1000),itispossibletoregardpolymerizationfromasuperficialpointofviewasacatalyticreaction.Forthisreason,theinitiatorsusedinpolymerizationreactionsareoftendesignatedaspolymerizationcatalysts,eventhough,inthestrictestsense,theyarenottruecatalystsbecausethepolymerizationinitiatorentersintothereactionasarealpartnerandcanbefoundchemicallyboundinthereactionproduct,i.e.,thepolymer,Inadditiontotheionicandradicalinitiatorstherearenowmetalcomplexinitiators(whichcanbeobtained,forexample,bythereactionoftitaniumtetrachlorideortitaniumtrichloridewithaluminumalkyls),whichplayanimportantroleinpolymerizationreactions(Zieglercatalysts),Themechanismoftheircatalyticactionisnotyetcompletelyclear.双键活化过程的引起剂反应,能够经过热、辐射、超声波或引起剂产生。用自由基型或离子型引起剂引起链式反应能够很清楚地进行察看。这些是高能态的化合物,它们能够加成不饱和化合物(单体)并保持自由基或离子活性中心致使单体能够以相同的方式进一步加成。对于增添反应的各个步骤,每一步仅需要相当少的活化能,因此经过一步简单的活化反应(即引起反应)即可将很多烯类单体分子转变为聚合物,这正如连锁反应这个术语的内涵那样。因为少许的引起剂引起形成大批的聚合物原料(1:1000~1:10000),从表面上看聚合反应很可能是催化反应。因为这个原由,平常把聚合反应的引起剂看作是聚合反应的引起剂,可是,严格地讲它们不是真实意义上的催化剂,因为聚合反应的催化剂进入到反应内部而成为一部分,同时能够在反应产物,既聚合物的尾端发现。其余离子引起剂和自由基引起剂有的是金属络合物引起剂(比方,经过四氯化钛或三氯化钛与烷基铝的反应能够获得),Z引起剂在聚合反应中起到了重要作用,它们催化活动的机理还不是十分清楚。UNIT3Step-GrowthPolymerization第三单元渐渐聚合Manydifferentchemicalreactionsmaybeusedtosynthesizepolymericmaterialsbystep-growthpolymerization.Theseincludeesterification,amidation,theformationofurethanes,aromaticsubstitution,etc.Polymerizationproceedsbythereactionsbetweentwodifferentfunctionalgroups,e.g.,hydroxylandcarboxylgroups,orisocyanateandhydroxylgroups.很多不一样样的化学反应经过渐渐聚合可用于合成聚合资料。这些反应包含酯化、酰胺化、氨4高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料基甲酸酯、芬芳族代替物的形成等。经过反应聚合反应在两种不一样样的官能团,如,羟基和羧基,或异氰酸酯和羟基之间。Allstep-growthpolymerizationfallintotwogroupsdependingonthetypeofmonomer(s)employed.Thefirstinvolvestwodifferentpolyfunctionalmonomersinwhicheachmonomerpossessesonlyonetypeoffunctionalgroup.Apolyfunctionalmonomerisonewithtwoormorefunctionalgroupspermolecule.Thesecondinvolvesasinglemonomercontainingbothtypesoffunctionalgroups.Thesynthesisofpolyamidesillustratesbothgroupsofpolymerizationreactions.Thus,polyamidescanbeobtainedfromthereactionofdiamineswithdiacids全部的渐渐聚合反应依据所使用单体的种类可分为两类。第一类波及两种不一样样的官能团单体,每一种单体仅拥有一种官能团。一种多官能团单体每个分子有两个或多个官能团。第二类波及含有两类官能团的单种单体。聚酰胺的合成说了然聚合反应的两个官能团。因此聚酰胺能够由二元胺和二元酸的反应或氨基酸之间的反应获得。nH2N-R-NH2+nHO2C-R’-CO2H→H-(-NH-R-NHCO-R’-CO-)n-OH+(2n-1)H2O(3.1)orfromthereactionofaminoacidswiththemselvesnH2R-CO2H→H-(-NH-R-CO-)n-OH+(n-1)H20(3.2)ThetwogroupsofreactionscanberepresentedinageneralmannerbytheequationsasfollowsA+B-B→–[-A-A-B-B-]-A-B→–[-A-B-]-两种官能团之间的反应一般来说能够经过以下反应式表示反应式略Reaction(3.1)illustratestheformer,while(3.2)isofthelattertype.反应(3.1)说明前一种形式,而反应(3.2)拥有后一种形式。图3.1渐渐聚合的表示图未反应单体;(b)50%已反应;(c)83.3%已反应;(d)100%已反应(虚线表示反应种类)Polyesterification,whetherbetweendiolanddibasicacidorintermolecularlybetweenhydroxyacidmolecules,isanexampleofastep-growthpolymerizationprocess.Theesterificationreactionoccursanywhereinthemonomermatrixwheretwomonomermoleculescollide,andoncetheesterhasformed,it,too,canreactfurtherbyvirtueofitsstill-reactivehydroxylorcarboxylgroups.Theneteffectofthisisthatmonomermoleculesareconsumedrapidlywithoutanylargeincreaseinmolecularweight.Fig.3.1illustratesthisphenomenon.Assume,forexample,thateachsquareinFig.3.arepresentsamoleculeofhydroxyacid.Aftertheinitialdimmermoleculesfrom(b),halfthemonomermoleculeshavebeenconsumedandtheaveragedegreeofpolymerization(DP)ofpolymericspeciesis2.Astrimerandmoredimermoleculesform(c),morethan80%ofthemonomermoleculeshavereacted(d),DPis4.Buteachpolymermoleculethatformsstillhasreactiveend5高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料groups;hencethepolymerizationreactionwillcontinueinastepwisefashion,witheachesterificationofmonomers.Thus,molecularweightincreasesslowlyevenathighlevelsofmonomerconversion,anditwillcontinuetoincreaseuntiltheviscositybuild-upmakesitmechanicallytoodifficulttoremovewaterofesterificationorforreactiveendgroupstofindeachother.聚酯化,能否在二元酸和二元醇或羟基酸分子间进行,是渐渐聚合反应过程的一个例子。酯化反应出此刻单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的地点,且酯一旦形成,依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或羧基还可以够够进一步进行反应。酯化的结果是单体分子很快地被耗费掉,而分子量却没有多少增添。图3.1说了然这个现象。比方,假定图3.1中的每一个方格代表一个羟基酸分子。(b)中的二聚体分子,耗费二分之一的单体分子聚合物种类的聚合度(DP)是2。(c)中当三聚体和更多的二聚体形成,大于80%的单体分子已反应,但DP可是还是2.5。(d)中当全部的单体反应完,DP是4。但形成的每一种聚合物分子还有反应活性的端基;因此,聚合反应将以渐渐的方式连续进行,其每一步酯化反应的反应速率和反应机理均与初始单体的酯化作用相同。因此,分子量迟缓增添直至高水平的单体转变率,并且分子量将连续增添直到粘度的增添使其难以除去酯化反应的水或难以找到互相反应的端基。ItcanalsobeshownthatintheA-A+B-Btypeofpolymerization,anexactstoichiometricbalanceisnecessarytoachievehighmolecularweights.Ifsomemonofunctionalimpurityispresent,itsreactionwilllimitthemolecularweightbyrenderingachainendinactive.Similarly,high-puritymonomersarenecessaryintheA-Btypeofpolycondensationanditfollowsthathigh-yieldreactionsaretheonlypracticalonesforpolymerformation,sincesidereactionswillupsetthestoichiometricbalance.在A-A+B-B的聚合反应中也能够看到,精准的当量均衡是获得高分子量所必需的。假如存在一些但官能团杂质,因为链的端基失活,反应将使分子量减少。相同,在A-B类的缩聚反应中高纯度的单体是必需的,并且能够归纳高收率的反应仅是形成聚合物的实质反应,因为副反应会损坏当量均衡。StevensMP.PolymerChemistry.London:Addison-WesleyPublishingCompany,1975.13UNIT4IonicPolymerization第四单元离子聚合反应Ionicpolymerization,similartoradialpolymerization,alsohasthemechanismofachainreaction.Thekineticsofionicpolymerizationare,however,considerablydifferentfromthatofradicalpolymerization.离子聚合反应,与自由基聚合反应相像,也有链反应的机理。可是,离子聚合的动力学明显地不一样样于自由基聚合反应。(1)Theinitiationreactionofionicpolymerizationneedsonlyasmallactivationenergy.Therefore,therateofpolymerizationdependsonlyslightlyonthetemperature.Ionicpolymerizationsoccurinmanycaseswithexplosiveviolence6高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料evenattemperature.below50℃(forexample,theanionicpolymerizationofstyreneat–70℃intetrahydrofuran,orthecationicpolymerizationofisobutyleneat–100℃inliquidethylene).离子聚合的引起反应仅需要很小的活化能。因此,聚合反应的速率仅对温度有较少的依靠性。在很多状况下离子聚合激烈地发生甚至低于50℃(比方,苯乙烯的阴离子聚合反应在-70℃在四氢呋喃中,或异丁烯的阳离子聚合在-100℃在液态乙烯中)。Withionicpolymerizationthereisnocompulsorychainterminationthroughrecombination,becausethegrowingchainscannotreactwitheachother.Chainterminationtakesplaceonlythroughimpurities,orthroughtheadditionofcertaincompoundssuchaswater,alcohols,acids,amines,oroxygen,andingeneralthroughcompoundswhichcanreactwithpolymerizationionsundertheformationofneutralcompoundsorinactiveionicspecies.Iftheinitiatorsareonlypartlydissociated,theinitiationreactionisanequilibriumreaction,wherereactioninonedirectiongivesrisetochaininitiationandintheotherdirectiontochaintermination.2)对于离子聚合来说,不存在经过再联合反应而进行的逼迫链停止,因为生长链之间不可以够发生链停止。链停止反应可是经过杂质而发生,或许说经过和某些像水、醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生,且一般来说(链停止反应)可经过这样的化合物来进行,这种化合物在中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物生成的过程中能够和活性聚合物离子进行反应。假如引起剂可是部分地离解,引起反应即为一个均衡反应,在出现均衡反应的场合,在一个方向进步行链引起反应,而在另一个方向上则发生链停止反应。Ingeneralionicpolymerizationpolymerizationcanbeinitiatedthroughacidicorbasiccompounds.Forcationicpolymerization,complexesofBF3,AlCl3,TiCl4,andSnCl4withwater,oralcohols,ortertiaryoxoniumsaltshaveshownthemselvestobeparticularlyactive.Thepositiveionsaretheonesthatcausechaininitiation.Forexample:平常离子聚合反应能经过酸性或碱性化合物被引起。对于阳离子聚合反应来说,BF3,AlCl3,TiCl4和SnCl4与水、或乙醇,或叔烊盐的络合物供给了部分活性。正离子是产生链引起的化合物。比方:(反应略)三乙基硼氟酸烊However,alsowithHCl,H2SO4,andKHSO4,onecaninitiatecationicpolymerization.Initiatorsforanionicpolymerizationarealkalimetalsandtheirorganiccompounds,suchasphenyllithium,butyllithium,phenylsodium,andtriphenylmethylpotassium,whicharemoreorlessstronglydissociatedindifferentsolvents.TothisgroupbelongalsothesocalledAlfincatalysts,whichareamixtureofsodiumisopropylate,allylsodium,andsodiumchloride.可是,BF3也能够与HCl、H2SO4和KHSO4引起阳离子聚合反应。阴离子聚合反应的引起剂是碱金属和它们的有机金属化合物,比方苯基锂、丁基锂和三苯甲基锂,它们在不一样样的溶剂中或多或少地激烈分解。所谓的Alfin催化剂就是属于这一类,这种催化剂是异丙醇钠、烯丙基钠和氯化钠的混淆物。7高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料WithBF3(andisobutyleneasthemonomer),itwasdemonstratedthatthepolymerizationispossibleonlyinthepresenceoftracesoftracesofwateroralcohol.Ifoneeliminatesthetraceofwater,BF3alonedoesnotgiverisetopolymerization.WateroralcoholsarenecessaryinordertoallowtheformationoftheBF3-complexandtheinitiatorcationaccordingtotheabovereactions.However,oneshouldnotdescribethewaterorthealcoholasa“cocatalyst”.BF3为引起剂(异丁烯为单体),证明仅在痕量水或乙醇的存在下聚合反应是能够进行的。假如除去痕量的水,纯真的BF3不会引起聚合反应。依据上述反应为了能形成BF3-络合物和引起剂离子水或乙醇是必需的。可是不该将水或乙醇描述成“助催化剂”。Justasbyradicalpolymerization,onecanalsopreparecopolymersbyionicpolymerization,forexample,anioniccopolymersofstyreneandbutadiene,orcationiccopolymersofisobutyleneandstyrene,orisobutyleneandvinyethers,etc.Ashasbeendescribedindetailwithradicalpolymerization,onecancharacterizeeachmonomerpairbyso-calledreactivityratiosr1andr2.Theactualvaluesofthesetwoparametersare,however,differentfromthoseusedforradicalcopolymerization.正与自由基聚合反应相同,经过离子聚合反应也能制备共聚物,比方,苯乙烯-丁二烯阴离子共聚物,或异丁烯-苯乙烯阳离子共聚物,或异丁烯-乙烯基醚共聚物,等等。正如对自由基型聚合已经详尽描述过那样,人们能够用所谓的竞聚率r1和r2来表征每单体对。可是,这两个参数的实质意义不一样样于那些用于自由基共聚合反应的参数。8高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料9高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料PARTB聚合反应工程UNIT11Reactortypes第十一单元反应器种类Reactorsmaybecategorizedinavarietyofways,eachappropriatetoaparticularperspective.Forexample,Henglein(1969)choosesabreakdownbasedonthesourceofenergyusedtoinitiatethereaction(i.e.,thermal,electrochemical,photochemical,nuclear).Morecommonbreakdownsareaccordingtothetypesofvesselsandflowsthatexist.反应器能够用很多方法分类,各自合用于特定的目的。比方,Henglein(1969)鉴于用于产生反应的能量根源,即,热量,电化学,光化学,原子核,选择了一种详目分类。更多一般的详目分类是依据所存在的容器和流量的种类。BatchReactors间歇反应器Thebatchreactor(BR)isthealmostuniversalchoiceinthechemist’slaboratorywheremostchemicalprocessesoriginate.Thereasonisthesimplicityandversatilityofthebatchreactor,whetheritbeatesttube,athree-neckflask,anautoclave,oracellinaspectroscopicinstrument.Regardlessoftherateofthereaction,theseareclearlylowproductionratedevices.Asscaleupisdesired,themoststraightforwardapproachistomovetoalargerbatchreactorsuchasalargevatortank.10高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料间歇反应器在化学实验室几乎是一般的选择,大部分的化学过程在那里产生。间歇反应器的原理具简单性和通用性,不论它是一支试管,一个三颈瓶,一个高压釜,还是一个光谱仪器的比色皿。不论反应比率,很清楚这些是低产率设施。当要求放大反应器时,大多斩钉截铁的门路是移至一个较大的间歇反应器如一个较大的大桶或罐。Commercialbatchreactorscanbehuge,100000galormore.Thecycletime,oftenadayormore,typicallybecomeslongerasreactorvolumeincreasesinordertoachieveasubstantialproductionratewithaninherentlyslowreaction.Fabrication,shipping,orotherfactorsplacealimitthesizeofabatchreactor.Forexample,transportationcapacitycanlimitthesizeofabatchreactorforwhichshop,asopposedtoon-site,fabricationoftheheatexchangesurfaceisrequired.Thislimitstheproductionratesforwhichbatchreactorsmaybeeconomicallyutilized.Also,batchreactorsmustbefilled,emptied,andcleaned.Forfastreactionstheseunproductiveoperationsconsumefarmoretimethanthereactionitselfandcontinuousprocessescanbecomemoreattractive.商业化的间歇反应器是弘大的,10万加仑或更大。对于慢化学反应,为提升生产率必然增添反应器体积,而这经常致使反应器的循环周期变长,经常以天计算。制造、运输以及其他因素限制了反应器的规模,如热传达能力会限制间歇反应器的尺寸,热互换器必然在制造厂而不是在现场加工。这限制了产率因为这间歇反应器能够被经济地利用。间歇反应器也必然装料、卸料和冲洗。为了加速反应这些非生产性的操作耗费了多于反应自己的时间,连续化过程可能更有吸引力。SemibatchReactors(SBR)半间歇反应器Somereactionsmayyieldaproductinadifferentphasefromthereactionmixture.Exampleswouldbeliberationofagasfromaliquid-phasereactionortheformationofaprecipitateinafluid-phasereaction.Todrivethereactiontocompletion,itmaybedesirabletocontinuouslyseparatetherawproductphase.Asemibatchoperationmayresultaswellfromdifferingmodesoffeedingtheindividualreactants.Forreasonswewilldiscusslater,itmaybedesirabletochargeonereactanttothereactorattheoutsetandbleedasecondreactantincontinuouslyovertime.Suchreactorshavebothabatchandaflowcharacterand,likebatchreactors,areusefulforslowreactionsandlowproductionrates.一些反应器能够从反应混淆物的不一样样相态中生产出某种产品。比方液相反应中气体的开释,或流动相反应中积淀的生成。为了驱遣反应完满,希望连续分别粗产物相。个别反应物的不一样样加入方式也致使半连续操作。原由我们今后讨论,可希望一开始加入一种反应物今后连续加入第二种反应物。这种反应器同时拥有一个间歇和一个流动的特色,像间歇反应器,合用于慢反应和低产率。3.ContinuousStirredTankReactors(CSTR)连续流动搅拌反应器ItisasmallstepfromthebatchreactortotheCSTR.Thesamestirredvessel11高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料maybeusedwithonlytheadditionofpipingandstoragetankstoprovideforthecontinuousin-andoutflow.Fasterreactionscanbeaccommodatedandlargerproductionratescanbeachievedbecauseoftheuninterruptedoperation.CSTRsaremostoftenusedforliquid-phasereactions,suchasnitrationandhydrolysis,andmultiphasereactionsinvolvingliquidwithgasesand/orsolids.Exampleswouldbechlorinationandhydrogenation.从间歇反应器到连续流动搅拌反应器是小小的一步。相同的搅拌式容器的使用可可是增添管道和储罐以供给连续进料和出料。因为连续操作可加速反应并提升产率。平常大部分连续流动搅拌反应器用于液相反应,比方硝化和水解,多相反应器波及液-气和/或液-固。比方氯化和加氢。4.CSTRinSeries多级串联连续流动搅拌反应器ItwasshownthatconsiderablegainsinproductionrateandeconomicscanbeachievedbypassingthereactingmixturethroughaseriesofCSTRs.Again,weseehoweasyitistoachieveagradualscaleup,sayforaspecialtychemicalforwhichisincreasing.CSTRsinseriesareusuallyusedforliquid-phasereactions.事实证明经过一系列多级串联连续流动搅拌反应器的混淆能够获得高产率和重要的经济效益。再者,这种反应器简单放大,比方某种化学品的需求渐渐增添经常这样做。多级串联连续流动搅拌反应器平常用于液相反应。5.TubularReactors管式反应器Astheproductionraterequirementincreases,batteriesofCSTRsbecomeincreasinglycomplexandtubularreactorsbecomeattractive.Withthetransitiontotubularreactors,someversatilityislostandmoreprocessintegrationisrequired.Nevertheless,tubularreactorsfindextensiveapplicationinliquid-phasereactions,forexample,polymerization,andarealmostalwaysthecontinuousreactorofchoiceforgas-phasereactions,forexample,pyrolysis.Exceedinglyhighproductionratescanbeachievedwithtubularreactorseitherbyincreasingthediameterofthetubeormorecommonlybyusingasufficientnumberoftubesinparallel.当产率需要增添时,增添很多套连续搅拌式反应器变得复杂,而管式反应器变得诱人。转变为管式反应器失掉了一些通用性并要求综合很多操作。只管这样,管式反应器在液相反应中起着广泛作用,比方,聚合反应,气-液反应几乎老是选择连续反应器,比方,高温裂解。采纳管式反应器能够获得特别高的产率,要么增添管的直径要么经过使用充分数目的并列管提升更大的通用性。6.Recyclereactors循环反应器Recyclereactorcanbebatch,CSTR,tubular,andsooninnaturewiththepurposeoftherecyclevaryingfromonecasetothenext.Manylarge-scale12高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料commercialprocessesincorporatetherecycleofoneormorestreamsbacktoanearlierpointintheprocesstoconserverawmaterials.Thispracticeoftenresultsintheaccumulationofimpurities,whichinturnrequiresseparation.Usuallyitisnotsimplythereactoroutletstreamthatisrecycledbacktothereactorinlet,butitcanbe.Forexampleinabatchreactorthereactingmixturecanberecycled,orpumpedaround,throughaheatexchangertoprovidethermalcontrol.循环反应器出于从一种状况到下一种状况循环变化的目的,在种类上能够是间歇反应器、连续流动搅拌反应器、管式反应器等等。回到较早的看法,在节俭粗原料的过程中,很多大规模的商业操作归并了一个或多个循环。这一实践平常致使了杂质的积累,它们挨次需要分别。平常不是简单地将反应器的出料返回到进口,自然也能够这样做。比方,在间歇反应器中反应混淆物能够回收,或用泵打循环,经过热互换器控制热。Recyclereactorhavealsofoundvaluableapplicationinthelaboratoryandpilotplantbecauseoftheirspecialcharacteristics.Atoneextreme,inwhichalloftheproductisrecycled(nonetflow),thereactoristheexactequivalentofthewell-stirredbatchreactor.Attheotherextremeofnorecycle,thereactorissimplythetubularvariety.Ifthereissomenetflowbuttherecyclerateishigh,theoverallreactorperformslikeaCSTR.Yetthereactiontubeitselfbehaveslikedifferentialtubularreactor.Thisversatilityoftherecyclereactorcanbeexploitedtogreatadvantageinresearchanddevelopment.循环反应器因为其特其余特色在实验室和中试车间也发现了应用价值。一个极端是将全部的产物循环(没有净的流出),此时循环反应器严格等效于全混间歇反应器。另一个极端是没有循环,反应器是简单的管式类。假若有一些净的流出但循环率很高,全部的反应器运行近似于连续流动搅拌反应器。可是反应器自己的近似于不一样样的管式反应器。在研究和发展中循环反应器的通用性能够开发出更大的长处(势)。——BisioA.,KabelRL.ScaleupofChemicalProcesses.NewYork:JohnWiley&SonsInc.,1985.255~257T14Styrene-ButadieneCopolymer第十四单元丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物Thesyntheticrubberindustry,basedonthefree-radicalemulsionprocess,wascreatedalmostovernightduringWorldWarII.Styrene-butadiene(GR-S)rubbercratedatthattimegivessuchgoodtiretreadsthatnaturalrubberhasneverregainedthismarket.合成橡胶工业,以自由基乳液过程为基础,在第二次世界大战时期几乎很快地形成。那时,丁苯橡胶制造的轮胎性能相当优胜,使天然橡胶在市场相形见拙。TheGR-Sstandardrecipeis丁苯橡胶的标准制法是13高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料组分重量分数组分重量分数丁二烯72过硫酸钾苯乙烯25肥皂片十二烷基硫醇水180Thismixtureisheatedwithstirringandat50℃givesconversionsof5%~6%perhour.Polymerizationisterminatedat70%~75%conversionbyadditionofa“short-stop”,suchashydroquinone(approximately0.1part),toquenchradicalsandpreventexcessivebranchingandmicrogelformation.Unreactedbutadieneisremovedbyflashdistillation,andsyrenebysteam-strippinginacolumn.Afteradditionofanantioxidant,suchasN-phenyl-β-naphthylamine(PBNA)(1.25parts),thelatexiscoagulatedbytheadditionofbrine,followedbydilutesulfuricacidoraluminumsulfate.Thecoagulatedcrumbiswashed,dried,andbaledforshipment.混淆物在搅拌下50℃加热,每小时转变5%~6%,在转变率达70%~75%时经过加入“停止剂”聚合反应停止,比方对苯二酚(大概0.1的重量百分含量),控制自由基并防备过分支化和微凝胶形成。未反应的丁二烯经过闪蒸去除,苯乙烯在萃取塔中经过蒸汽萃取(剥离)。在加入抗氧剂后,比方N-甲基-β-萘胺(1.25的重量百分含量),加入盐水,其次加入稀释的硫酸或硫酸铝后乳液凝胶。凝胶碎片被清洗、干燥并包装装运。diagramCourtesyofHydrocarbonProcessingandPetroleumRefiner.图丁苯橡胶厂流程图取自烃类加工和石油产品精制Thisprocedureisstillthebasisforemulsionpolymerizationtoday.Animportant14高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料improvementiscontinuousprocessingillustratedinFig.14.1;computermodelinghasalsobeendescribed.今日这种生产过程还是胶体聚合反应的基础。如图14.1所示一个重要的进步是连续操作;也采纳计算机模型描述。Inthecontinuousprocess,styrene,butadiene,soap,initiator,andactivator(anauxiliaryinitiatingagent)arepumpedcontinuouslyformstoragetanksthroughaseriesofagitatedreactorsatsucharatethatthedesireddegreeofconversionisreachedatthelastreactor.Shortstopisadded,thelatexwarmedwithsteam,andtheunreactedbutadieneflashedoff.Excessstyreneissteam-stripped,andthelatexfinishedasshowninFig.14.1.在连续操作中,苯乙烯、丁二烯、肥皂、引起剂和活化剂(一种助引起剂)用泵从储罐通过一系列的混淆反应器,泵送流率依据末釜的转变率控制。加入停止剂,乳液用蒸气加热,未反应的丁二烯被闪蒸。节余的苯乙烯被蒸气剥离,如图14.1表示乳液达成。表14.1冷丁苯胶的典型配方组分配方1配方2丁二烯7271苯乙烯2829特十二烷基硫醇过氧化二异丙苯过氧化薄荷烷硫酸亚铁七水合物焦磷酸钾磷酸钠十水合物乙二胺四乙酸钠甲醛次硫酸钠15高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料松香酸水180200SBRpreparedfromtheoriginalGR-Srecipeisoftencalledhotrubber;coldrubberismadeat5℃byusingamoreactiveinitiatorsystem.TypicalrecipesaregiveninTable14.1At5℃,60%conversiontopolymeroccursin12~15h.由常例丁苯制法制备的丁苯胶常称作热胶;冷胶经过使用一种更高活性的引起系统在5℃制成。典型的配方在表14.1中给出。5℃、60%转变率、12~15h聚合物形成。ColdSBRtiretreadsaresuperiortothoseofhotSBR.Polymerswithabnormallyhighmolecularweight(andconsequentlytootoughtoprocessbyordinaryfactoryequipment)canbeprocessedaftertheadditionofupto50partsofpetroleum-baseoilsperhundredpartsofrubber(phr).Theseoilextendersmaketherubbersmoreprocessibleatlowercostandwithlittlesacrificeinproperties;theyareusuallyemulsifiedandblendedwiththelatexbeforecoagulation.冷丁苯橡胶轮胎优于那些热丁苯胶。拥有异样高的分子量的聚合物(因此采纳常例的工厂设施因为太黏稠而难以加工)在每一百份的橡胶中加入大于50份的石油基础油后能够加工。这些油增添剂使橡胶更易加工表此刻低成本和性能方面低耗费;他们在凝胶以前平常乳化并与胶乳混淆。Recenttrendshavebeentowardproductsdesignedforspecificuses.ThecolorofSBR,whichisimportantinmanynontireuses,hasbeenimprovedbytheuseoflighter-coloredsoaps,shortstops,antioxidants,andextendingoils.Forexample,dithiocarbamatesaresubstitutedforhydroquinoneasshortstop;thelatterisusedonhotSBRwheredarkcolorisnotobjectionable.Ashortstopsuchassodiumdimethyldithiocarbamateismoreeffectiveinterminatingradicalsanddestroyingperoxidesatthelowertemperaturesemployedforthecoldrubbers.近来偏向于设计特别用途的产品。丁苯橡胶的颜色,在很多非轮胎使用中十分重要,经过使用淡色的肥皂、停止剂、抗氧剂和扩展油加以改进。比方,二硫化氨基甲酸盐代替对苯二酚作为停止剂;后者合用于不被人反对的黑色丁苯橡胶。在冷胶的制备中如二硫化氨基甲酸钠的停止剂在低温状况下对停止自由基和消灭过氧化物更有效。Free-radicaldissociativeinitiatorsthatfunctionbydissociationofamoleculeorionintotworadicalspeciesarenormallylimitedtoinorganicpersulfatesinthecaseofbutadienepolymerization.在丁二烯聚合反应过程中自由基分解的引起剂即一分子分解或离子成两个自由基物种的引起剂平常限制于过硫酸盐。Theotherimportantclassoffree-radicalinitiators,redoxsystems,containtwoormorecomponentsthatreacttoproducefreeradicals.Dodecylmercaptanaddedtocontrolmolecularweightalsoappearstoaidfree-radicalformationbyreactionwithpersulfate.Thecommercialimportanceofsuchchain-transferagentsor16高分子专业英语选授课文翻译资料modifierscannotbeoveremphasized.Withoutmolecularweightcontroltherubberswouldbetootoughtoprocess.其余重要的自由基引起剂种类,氧化复原系统,包含反应产生自由基的两种或多种组分。加入控制分子量的十二烷基硫醇与过硫酸盐反应也出现了助自由基的形成。这种链转移剂或调理剂拥有极其重要的商业价值。不控制分子量橡胶将过于黏稠难以加工。TateDp,BecheaTW.EncyclopediaofPolymerScienceandEngineering,2nded.Vol.2.Editor-in-chilfKroschwitzJI.NewYork:Johnwiley&Sons,1985.553~555聚合物质料的加工、性能和应用UNIT21PolymerProcessing第二十一单元聚合物加工Polymerprocessing,initsmostgeneralcontext,involvesthetransformationofasolid(sometimesliquid)polymericresin,whichisinarandomform(e.g.powder,pellets,beads),toasolidplasticsproductofspecifiedshape,dimensions,andproperties.Thisisachievedbymeansofatransformationprocess:extrusion,molding,calendering,coating,thermoforming,etc.Theprocess,inordertoachievetheaboveobjective,usuallyinvolvesthefollow

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