2016年6月18六级听力真题整体复习

A)

Project

organizerPublic

relations

officer.Marketing

manager.Market

research

consultant.tative

advertising

research.Questionnaire

design.Resear

ethodology.Interviewer

training.They

are

intensive

studies

ofpeople’sspending

habits.They

examine

relations

between

producersand

customers.They

look

for

new

and

effective

ways

topromote

products.They

study

trends

or

customer

satisfactionover

a

long

period.The

lack

of

promotionopportunity.Checking

charts

and

tables.Designing

questionnaires.The

persistent

intensity.M:

[1]

So

how

long

haveyou

been

a

Market

Research

Consultant?W:

Well,

I

started

straight

after

finishing

university.M:

Did

you

study

market

research?W:

Yeah,

and

it

really

helped

me

to

get

into

the

industry,but

I

haveto

say

that

it's

more

important

to

getexperience

in

different

types

of

market

research

tofind

out

exactly

what

you're

interested

in.M:

So

what

are

you

interested

in?W:

[2]

Well,

at

the

moment,

I

specialize

in

tative

advertising

research,

whi

eans

that

I

do

two

types

of

projects.

[3]

Trackers,

which

are

ongoing

projects

that

look

at

trends

or

customer

satisfaction

over

a

long

period

of

time.

The

only

problem

withtrackers

is

that

ittakes

up

a

lot

of

yourtime.

Butyoudo

build

up

a

good

relationship

with

the

client.I

also

do

a

couple

of

ad-hoc

jobs

which

are

muchshorter

projects.M:What

exactly

do

you

mean

by

ad-hoc

jobs?W:

It'sbasically

whencompanies

need

quickanswers

totheir

questions

about

theirconsumers'

habits.

They

just

ask

for

onequestionnaire

to

be

sent

out

for

example,

sothe

timeyouspend

on

an

ad-hoc

projecttends

to

be

fairly

short.M:

Which

do

you

prefer,

trackers

or

ad-hoc?W:

I

like ng

both

and

in

fact

Ineed

to

doboth

at

the

same

timeto

keep

me

fromgoing

crazy.

I

need

the

variety.M:

Can

you

just

explain

what

process

you

gothrough

with

a

new

client?W:

Well,

together

we

decide

onthemethodology

and

the

objectives

of

theresearch.

I

then

design

a

questionnaire.Once

the

interviewers

have

been

briefed,I

send

the

client

a

schedule

and

then

theyget

back

to

me

with

deadlines.

Once

thefinal

charts

and

tables

are

ready,

I

have

tocheck

them

and

organize

a

presentation.M:

Hmm,

one

last

question,

what

do

you

likeand

dislike

about

your

job?W:

[4]

AsIsaid,

variety

is

important

and

as

for

what

I

don't

like,

it

has

to

be

the

checking

of

charts

and

tables.Q1:

What

position

does

the

woman

hold

in

thecompany?Q2:

What

does

the

woman

specialize

in

at

themoment?Q3:

What

does

the

womansay

about

trackers?Q4:

What

does

the

woman

dislike

about

her

job?His

view

on

Canadian

universities.His

understanding

of

higher

education.His

suggestions

for

improvements

in

highereducation.His

complaint

about

bureaucracy

inAmerican

universities.Itis

well

designed.It

is

rather

inflexible.It

varies

among

universities.It

has

undergone

great

changes.The

United

States

and

Canada

can

learnfrom

each

other.Public

universities

are

often

superior

toprivate

universities.Everyoneshould

be

given

equal

accesstohigher

education.Private

schools

work

more

efficiently

thanpublic

institutions.A)

University

systems

vary

from

countrytocountry.Efficiency

is

essential

to

universitymanagement.It

is

hard

to

say

which

is

better,

a

publicuniversity

or

a

private

one.Many

private

universities

in

the

U.S.

areactually

large

bureaucracies.W: o,

I'm

here

withFrederick.

Now

Fred,youwent

to

university

in

Canada?M:

Yeah,

that's

right.W:

[5]

OK

and

you

have

very

strong

views

about

universities

in

Canada.

Could

you

please

explain?M:

Well,

we

don't

have

private

universities

in

Canada.They’re

all

public.

[6]

All

the

universities

are

owned

by

the

ernment,

so

there

is

the

Ministry

of

Education

in

charge

ofcreating

thecurriculum

for

the

universities

and

so

there

is

not

much

room

for

flexibility.

Sinceit'sa ernment

operated

institution,

things

don't

movevery

fast.

If

you

wantsomething

to

be

done,

then

theirstaffs

do

not

have

so

much

incentive

to

help

youbecausehe's

a

worker

for

the ernment.

SoI

don't

think

it'svery

efficient.

However,

there

are

certain

advantagesof

public

universities,

such

as

the

fees

being

free.

Youdon't

have

to

pay

for

your

education.

But

the

systemisn't

efficient,

and

itdoes

not

work

thatwell.W:

Yeah,

I

can

see

your

point,

but

in

the

United

Stateswe

have

many

private

universities,

and

I

think

theyare

large

bureaucracies

also.

Maybepeople

don'tact

that

much

differently,

because

it’s

the

samething

working

for

a

private

university.

They

get

paidfortheir

job.

I

don’t

know

ifthey're

that

mu

oremotivated

to

help

people.

Also,

we

have

aproblemin

the

United

States

that

usually

only

wealthy

kids

goto

the

best

schools

and

it's

kind

of

a

problem

actually.M:

I

agree

with

you.

[7]

I

think

it's

a

problem

because

you're

not

giving

equal

access

to

education

to

everybody.

It’s

not

easy,

but

having

only

publicuniversities

also

might

not

be

the

best

solution.Perhaps

we

can

learn

from

Japan

where

theyhavea

system

of

private

and

public

universities.

Now,in

Japan,

public

universities

are

considered

to

bethe

best.W:

Right.

It's

the

exact

opposite

in

the

United

States.M:

[8]

So,

as

you

see,

it's

very

hard

to

say

which

one

is

better.W:

Right,

a

good

point.Q5:

What

does

the

woman

want

Frederick

to

talkabout?Q6:

What

does

the

man

say

about

the

curriculumin

Canadian

universities?Q7:

On

what

point

do

the

speakers

agree?Q8:

What

point

does

the

man

make

attheconversation?of9.

A)ernment’s

role

in

resolving

an

economiccrisis.The

worsening

real

wage

situation

aroundthe

worldIndications

of

economic

recovery

in

theUnited

States.The

impact

of

the

current

economic

crisisonpeople’s

life.They

will

feel

less

pressure

to

raiseemployees’

wages.They

will

feel

free

to

choose

the

mostsuitable

employees.They

will

feel

inclined

to

expand

theirbusiness

operations.They

will

feel

more

confident

in

competingwith

their

rivals.11.

A)

Employees

and

companies

cooperate

topull

through

the

economic

crisis.B)ernment

and

companies

join

hands

tocreate

jobs

for

the

unemployed.Employees

work

shorter

hours

to

avoid

layoffs.Team

work

will

be

encouraged

in

companies.[9]

A

recent

international

labor

organization

report

says

that

the

deteriorate

of

real

wages

around

the

world

causing

to

question

that

true

extend

of

an

economic

recovery

especially

if

ernment

rescue

packages

are

faced

out

too

early.

The

report

warns

the

picture

onindicationswages

is

likelyofto

get

worse

this

year,

despitean

economic

rebound.

PB,

aninternational

labor

organization

specialist

says

decliningwages

rates

are

linked

to

the

levels

of

unemployment.The

quite

dramatically

unemployment

figures

which

wenow

see

in

some

of

the

countries

strongly

suggest

thatthey

will

be

great

pleasure

on

wages

in

the

future.[10]

As

more

people

will

be

unemployed,

more

people

will

be

looking

for

jobs,

and

a

pressure

on

employers

to

raise

wages

to

attract

workers

will

decline,

so

we

expect

the

second

part

of

the

year,

will

not

be

very

good

and

in

terms

of

wage

growth.

The

report

finds

more

than

aquarter

of

the

countries

experienced

flat

or

fallingmonthly

wages

in

real

terms.

They

include

the

UnitedStates,

Austria,

Coast

Rica,

South

Africa,

and

Germany.International

labor

organization

economists

say

somenations

have

come

up

with

policies

to

lengthen

impactof

lower

wages

during

the

economic

crisis.

An

exampleof

these

is

worksharing

with

ernment

subsidies.[11]

Under

this

scheme,

the

number

of

individual

workinghours

is

reduced

in

an

effort

to

avoid

layoffs.

For

this

scheme

to

work,

the

ernmentmust

provide

wages

subsidies

to

compensate

forlost-pay

due

tothe

shorter

hours.Q9 what

is

the

international

labor

organizationreport

mainly

about?Q10

according

to

an

international

labor

organizationspecialist

how

will

employers

feel

if

there

aremore

people

looking

for

the

jobs?Q11

what

does

the

speaker

mean

by

the

worksharing

scheme?Whether

memory

supplements

work.Whether

herbal

medicine

works.Whether

exercise

enhances

one’s

memory.Whether

a

magic

memory

promises

success.They

help

the

elderly

more

than

the

young.They

are

beneficial

in

one

way

or

another.They

generally

do

not

haveside

effects.They

arenot

based

on

real

science.They

are

available

at

most

country

fairs.They

are

taken

in

relatively

high

dosage.They

are

collected

or

grown

by

farmers.They

are

prescribed

by

trained

practitioners.They

have

often

proved

to

be

as

helpful

asng

mental

exercise.Taking

them

with

other

medications

mightentail

unnecessary

risks.Their

effect

lasts

only

a

short

time.Many

havebenefited

from

them.Is

there

really

a

magic

memory

pill

or

a

herbalrecall

remedy?

[12]

I

have

been

frequently

asked

if

these

memory

supplements

work.

You

know,

one

ofthe

things

I

like

to

l

people

when

they

ask

meabout

the

supplements,

is

that

a

lot

of

them

arepromoted

as

a

cure

for

your

memory.

But

yourmemory

doesn’t

need

a

cure.

What

your

memoryneeds

is

a

good

work-out.

So

really

thosesupplements

aren’t

going

to

give

you

that

perfectmemory

in

the

way

that

they

promise.

The

otherthing

is

that

a

lot

of

these

supplements

aren’tnecessarily

what

they

claim

to

be,

and

you

reallyhave

to

be

warywhen

you

take

any

of

them.[13]

The

science

isn'tthere

behind

most

of

them.

They're

not

really

well-regulated

unless

theyadhere

to

some

industry

standard.

You

don'treally

know

that

what

they

say

is

in

there,

isn'tthere.

What

you

must

understand

is

that

thosesupplements,

especially

in

some

easterncultures,

are

part

of

a

medical

practice

tradition.People

don't

just

go

in

a

local

grocery

store

andbuy

these

supplements.[14]

In

fact,

they

are

prescribed

and

they're

given

ertain

level,

a

dosage

that

is

understood

bya

practitioner

who's

been

trained.

And

that's

notreally

the

way

they're

used

in

this

country.

Theother

thing

people

do

forget

is

that

these

aremedicines,

so

they

do

have

an

impact.

[15]

A

lot

of

times

people

are

not

really

aware

of

the

impactthey

have,

or

the

fact

that

taking

them

incombination

with

other

medications

might

put

youat

increased

risk

for

something

that

you

wouldn’totherwise

being

countering

or

be

atrisk

for.Q12.

What

question

is

frequently

put

to

the

speaker?Q13.

What

does

the

speaker

say

about

mostmemorysupplements?Q14.

What

do

we

learn

about

memorysupplementsin

eastern

cultures?Q15.

What

does

the

speaker

say

about

memorysupplements

at

?How

catastrophic

natural

disasters

turn

outto

be

todevelo

nations.How

the

World

Meteorological

Organizationstudies

natural

disasters.How

powerless

humans

appear

to

be

in

faceof

natural

disasters.How

the

negative

impacts

of

naturaldisasterscan

be

reduced.Bytraining

rescue

teams

for

emergencies.By

taking

steps

to

prepare

people

for

them.By

changing

people’s

views

of

nature.By

relocating

people

tosafer

places.How

preventive

action

can

reduce

thelossof

life.How

courageous

Cubans

are

in

face

ofdisasters.How

Cubans

suffer

from

tropical

storms.How

destructive

tropical

storms

can

be.The

negative

impacts

of

natural

disasters

canbe

seen

everywhere.

In

just

the

past

few

weeks,the

world

has

witnessed

the

destructive

powers

ofearthquakes

in

Indonesia,

typhoons

in

thePhilippines,

and

the

destructive

sea

waves

thatstruck

Samoa

and

neighboring

islands.A

study

by

theCenterforResearch

ontheEpidemiology

of

Disasters

finds

that,

between1980

and

2007,

nearly

8,400

natural

disasterskilled

more

than

two-million

people.

Thesecatastrophic

events

caused

more

than

$1.5

trillionin

economic

losses.U.N.

weather

expert

Geoffrey

Love

says

that

isthe

bad

news.

"Over

the

last

50

years,

economiclosseshave

increased

by

a

factor

of50.

Thatsounds

pretty

terrible,

but

the

loss

of

life

hasdecreased

by

a

factor

of

10

simply

because

weare

getting

better

at

warning

people.

[16]

We

are

making

a

difference.

Extreme

events,

however,

will

continue

to

occur.

But,

the

message

is

that

they

may

not

be

disasters."Love,

who

is

director

of

Weather

and

DisasterRisk

Reduction

atMeteorologicalOrganization,

sayseconomic

lossesthe

Worldmostwereof

the

deaths

andcaused

by

weather,climate,

or

water-related

extremes.

These

includedroughts,

floods,

windstorms,

strong

tropicalwinds

and

wildfires.He

says

extreme

events

will

continue.

[17]

But,

he

says

extreme

events e

disasters

onlywhen

people

fail

to

prepare

for

them."Many

of

the

remedies

are

well-known.

From

aplanning ,

it

is

pretty

simple.

Buildbetter

buildings.

Don’t

build

where

the

hazardswill

destroy

them.

From

an

early-warning,

make

sure

the

warnings

go

rightdown

to

thecommunity

level.

Build

communityaction

plans.

”[16]

[18]

The

World

Meteorological

Organization

points

to

Cuba

and

Bangladesh

as

examples

of

countries

that

have

successfully

reduced

the

loss

of

life

caused

by

natural

disasters

by

takingpreventive

action.It

says

tropical

cyclones

formerly

claimeddozens,

if

not

hundreds

of

lives,

each

year,

inCuba.

But,

the

development

of

an

early-warningsystem

has

reversed

that

trend.

In

2008,

Cubawas

hit

by

five

successive

hurricanes,

but

onlyseven

people

werekilled.Bangladesh

also

has

achieved

substantialresults.

Major

storm

surges

in

1970

and

1991caused

the

deaths

of

about

440,000

people.Through

careful

preparation,

the

death

toll

from

asuper

tropical

storm

in

November

2007

was

lessthan3,500.Q16.

What

is

the

talk

mainly

about?Q17.

How

can

we

stop

extreme

events

from

turninginto

events?Q18.

What

does

the

example

of

Cuba

serve

to

show?Pay

back

their

loans

to

the

Americanernment.Provide

loans

tothose

in

severe

financialdifficulty.Contribute

more

tothe

goal

of

a

wider

recovery.Speed

up

their

recovery

from

the

housing

bubble.Some

banks

may

haveto

merge

withothers.Many

smaller

regional

banks

aregoing

to

fail.It

will

be

hard

for

banks

to

provide

more

loans.Many

banks

will

have

tolay

offsome

employees.It

will

work

closely

with

the

ernment.It

will

endeavor

to

write

off

bad

loans.It

will

try

to

lower

the

interest

rate.It

will

try

to

provide

more

loans.It

won’t

help

the

American

economy

toturnaround.It

won’t

doany

good

tothe

major

commercialbanks.It

will

win

the

approval

of

the

Obamaadministration.It

willbe

necessary

if

the

economy

starts

toshrinkagain.As

U.S.

banks

recovered

with

the

help

of

Americanernment

and

the

American

taxpayers,Obama

held

meetings

with

top

bank

executives,ling

them

it’s

time

to

return

the

favor. [19]

“The

wayI

see

it

are

banks

now

having

a

greater

obligation

tothe

goal

of

a

wide

recovery,”

he

said.

But

themay

be

giving

the

financial

sector

too

muchcredit.

“It

was

in

a

free

fall,

and

it

was

a

very

scaryperiod.”

Economist

Martin

Neil

Baily

said.

After

thefailure

of

Lehman

Brothers,

many

of

the

world’slargest

banks

feared

the

worst

as

the

collapse

of

thehousing

bubble

exposed

in

investments

in

risky

loans.Although

he

says

the

worst

is

just

over,

Baileysays

the

banking

crisis

is

not.

More

than

130

USbanks

failed

in

2009.

[20]

He

predicts

high

failure

rates

for

smaller,

regional

banks

in

2010

ascommercial

real

esta

oans

come

due."So

there

may

actually

be

a

worsening

of

creditavailability

to

small

and

medium

sizedbusinesses

in

the

next

year

or

so."unemployment,

which

weakens

demandysts

say

the

biggest

problem

is

highandmakes

banks

reluctant

to

lend.

But

US

Bankcorpchief

Richard

Davis

sees

the

situation

differently."We're

probably

more

optimistic

than

theexperts

might

be.[21]

With

that

in

mind,

we're

putting

everything

we

can;

lending

is

the

coal

to

our

engine,

so

we

want

to

make

more

loans.

We

have

to

find

a

wayto

qualify

more

people

and

not

put

ourselves

atrisk."ysts

say

the

biggest

problem

is

highunemployment,

which

weakens

demand

and

makesbanks

reluctant

to

lend.

But

US

Bankcorp

chiefRichard

Davissees

the

situation

differently."We're

probably

more

optimistic

than

the

expertsmight

be.[21]

With

that

in

mind,

we're

putting

everything

we

can;

lending

is

the

coal

to

our

engine,

so

we

want

to

make

more

loans.

We

have

to

find

a

way

to

qualifymore

people

and

not

put

ourselves

at

risk."While

some

economists

predict

continued

recoveryin

the

future,

Baily

says

the

only

certainty

is

thatbanks

are

unlikely

to

make

the

same

mistakes

-

twice."You

know,

forecasting's e

a

very

hazardousbusiness

so

I

don't

want

to

commit

myself

too

much.

Idon't

think

we

know

exactly

what's

going

to

happenbut

it's

certainly

possible

that

we

could

get

very

slowgrowth

over

the

next

year

or

two.”[22]

If

the

economy

starts

to

shrink

again,

Baily

says

it

would

make

a

strong

case

for

a

secondstimulus

--

something

the

Obama

administrationhopes

willnot

be

necessary.Q19.

What

dosebanks

will

do?Obama

hope

theQ20.

What

is

Martin

Neil

Baily’s

prediction

aboutthe

financial

situation

in

the

future?Q21.

What

does

U.S.

Bankcorp

chief

RichardDavis

say

about

its

future

operation?Q22.

What

does

Martin

NeilBaily

think

of

asecond

stimulus

to

the

economy?Being

unable

to

learn

new

things.Being

rather

slow

to

make

changes.Losing

temper

moreand

more

often.Losing

the

ability

to

get

on

with

others.Cognitive

stimulation.Community

activity.Balanced

diet.Fresh

air.Ignoring

the

signs

and

symptomsof

aging.Adopting

an

optimistic

attitude

towards

life.Endeavoring

togive

up

unhealthy

lifestyles.Seeking

advice

from

doctorsfrom

time

totime.A

new

study

has

failed

to

find

any

conclusiveevidence

that

lifestyle

changes

can

preventcognitive

decline

in

older

adults.Still

there

are

still

good

reasons

to

makepositive

changes

in

howwe

live

and

what

we

eatas

we

age.[23]

Cognitive

decline

is

the

loss

of

ability

to

learn

new

skills,

or

recall

words,

names,and

faces

that

is

most

common

as

we

age.

Toreduce

or

avoid

it,

researchers

have

examinedthe

effect

of