英美国家概况之英国课件

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom

1PartIWarm-upquestions1.Whatarethe4constituentcountriesintheU.K.?

England,Scotland,Wales,andNorthernIreland2.Aloose(andvoluntary)organizationexistsamongthecountriesthatusedtobepartoftheBritishEmpire.Whatistheorganizationcalled?

CommonwealthofNations3.WhendidtheU.K.becomeamemberoftheEuropeanUnion?

TheUKhasbeenamemberoftheEUsince19734.WhatistheorganizationG7?IstheU.K.itsmember?

ItisamemberoftheGroupofSeven(theUnitedStates,Britain,Germany,France,Japan,ItalyandCanada)

PartIWarm-upquestions1.Wh2PartIIFocalPoints

1.

Acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatedname

(复杂的名称，复杂的国家)2.

Theeffectsofitsimperialpast

(帝国主义历史的影响)3.

Amultiracialsociety

(多种族的社会)4.

Remarkableclass,regionalandeconomicdifferences

(显著的阶级、地域和经济差异)5.

ThesignificantroleofLondon

(伦敦的重要地位)6.

CulturalandeconomicdominanceofEngland

(英格兰的在文化和经济上的统治地位)7.

TheconquestofBritain（对不列颠的征服）8.

Parliament’sdominanceoverthethrone

(议会成为凌驾于王室权力之上的统治机构)9.

PhysicalfeaturesofScotland

(苏格兰的地理特征)PartIIFocalPoints

1.

Aco310.

Culturaldivisionbetweenhighlandandlowland

(苏格兰高地和低地之间的文化区分)11.

TheBattleofBannockburn

(班诺克本战役)12.

UnionwithEnglandin1707

{1707年(苏格兰)与英格兰合并}13.

StrongScottishidentity

(仍具有很浓的苏格兰特色)14.

BriefintroductionofWales

(对威尔士的简要介绍)15.

CampaignsforindependenceofUK

(威尔士的独立运动)10.

Culturaldivisionbetween4Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.ThedefinitionoftheUK.,GreatBritain&England.England,Scotland,WalesNorthernIreland.

GreatBritainIrelandhundredsofsmallones.

TheUKGreatBritainTheBritishIsles:PartⅢLanguagepoints

1.AcomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatednameOfficialname:theUnited5Twolargeislandsseveralsmallonestwostates

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

England,WalesScotlandBritishIslestheUKGreatBritainTwolargeislandsseveralsmal6NationalEmblem“UnionJack”---NationalFlagNationalEmblem“UnionJack”--7---Nationalanthem：“Godsavethequeen”（如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为“Godsavetheking”）---Nationalflower：Rose---Nationalbird：(robin)---Nationalanthem：“Godsav8英美国家概况之英国课件9

(1)EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.(2)ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Capital:Edinburgh.(3)WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff(4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.(1)Englandisinthesout10Edinburgh,capitalofScotlandCardiff,capitalofWalesEnglandScotlandWalesRepublicofIrelandNorthernIrelandLondon,capitalofEnglandBelfast,capitalofNorthernIrelandDublin,capitalofRepublicofIrelandEdinburgh,Cardiff,EnglandScotl11Population(2002Census)UK 59,289,194England 51,138,831Wales 2,903,085Scotland 5,162,011NorthernIreland 1,685,267Population(2002Census)UK 12UnequallydistributedpopulationUnequallydistributedpopulati13PopulationChangePopulationChange14Population:

byethnicgroups(1987-89)

54.666millionincluding51.6whitesPopulation:

byethnicgroups(15

1)ThedaysofempireendedafterWorldWarII.Buttherearecloserelationshipswhichexistwiththe50ormorecoloniesofthatempire,andwhichmaintainlinksthroughCommonwealthofNations(二战后，帝国主义时代过去了。但是大英帝国的50多个殖民地之间仍然有着紧密的联系，这种联系主要通过英联邦这个组织来维系).2)IthasgreateffectsonthemakeupoftheBritishpopulation:

对英国的人口构成有着很大的影响

BecauseoftheimmigrationfromIndia,Pakistan,orCaribbeancountriesinthe1950sand1960s,1in20arenon-Europeanethnicity(由于在20世纪50、60年代，来自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群岛与中南美洲海域的加勒比国家大量涌入英国，现在1/20的英国人是非欧洲血统的人).

2.Theeffectsofitsimperialpast1)Thedaysofempireende163.Racial,gender,class,regionalandeconomicdifferencesinthesociety

1)amulti-racialsociety:mostareChristiansandbecauseofimmigration,manyareMuslims;2)genderdifference:maleandfemalelivedifferentlives3)classdifference:theclassstructureofUKsocietyisrelativelyobvious(Awhite-collarworker’slivesareverydifferentfromablue-collarworker’s.)*Economicandregionaldifferencewithineachofthe4countries:1)differencebetweenhighlandandlowlandScots2)differencebetweennorthandsouthEngland(Southisonaveragemorewealthythanthenorth)3.Racial,gender,class,regi174.AsignificantroleofLondon

1)capitalcity2)inthesouth;largestcityinthecountry;1/7ofthenation’spopulation3)culturecenter4)businesscenter5)financialcenter,oneofthe3majorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld(anothertwoareNewYorkandHongKong)6)long-standinghistoricalroleintheUK4.AsignificantroleofLondo18EnglandPopulation:51MillionLanguage:EnglishPeople:Anglo-Saxons,Scots,Welsh,Irish,WestIndians,Pakistanis,Indians,ChineseReligion:ChurchofEngland,Methodist(循道公会),Baptist,Catholic,Muslim,Hindu,andSikhCapitalCity:LondonEnglandPopulation:51Million19英美国家概况之英国课件20WindsorcastleLeedscastleWindsorcastleLeedscastle21TowerofLondonLondonBridgeTowerofLondonLondonBridge22RiverThamesRiverThames23Nightviewof“BigBen”Nightviewof“BigBen”24AgiantFerriswheelAgiantFerriswheel25St.PaulCathedralSt.JamesParkSt.PaulCathedralSt.JamesPa26OlympicStadiumfor2012OlympicStadiumfor201227England1.AculturalandeconomicdominanceofEngland1)LondondominantintheUKingovernment,financeandculture2)England’sdominanceinsize---largestofthe4nationswithlargestpopulationisreflectedinaculturalandeconomicdominance

*Result:peopleinforeigncountriesandEnglishpeoplesometimesmistakeEnglandforU.Kintheirtalks.England282.TheconquestofBritain(BeforeAD.1stC.,madeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople)

Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions:1.Beforethe1stcenturyADBritishwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople;2.In43ADBritishwasinvadedbytheRomanEmpire,andbecamepartoftheRomanEmpirefornearly400years;3.ThenitcameunderthreatfromGermanicpeoples---theAngles,andtheSaxon;2.TheconquestofBritain(Be29StonehengeStonehenge30

4.Fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,theferociousVikingsthreatenedBritain’sshores;KingAlfredthegreatturnedinthetideinthesouthagainsttheVikings;5.ThenextinvadersweretheFrench-speakingNormans,fromnorthernFrance,whoweredescendantsofVikings;WilliamtheConquerorin1066crossedtheEnglishChannel,andbecameWilliamtheFirstofEngland;theTowerofLondon;4.Fromthelate8thcent31EarlyEnglandCreatedbyThreeInvasions1.RomanOccupation55B.C.-410A.D.2.Anglo-SaxonandVikingInvasions410–1066A.D.3.TheNormanInvasion(TheBattleofHastings)in1066A.D.LATINGERMAN(IC)FRENCHEarlyEnglandCreatedbyThree32EnglishisaMeltingPotofIndo-EuropeanLanguages

CelticLatinGermanFrenchEnglishisaMeltingPotofIn333.Legends1).KingArthurandhisRoundTable,givingknightsequalprecedence(优越)andshowingknights’demandforamoredemocraticsystem(DuringAnglo-Saxon’sinvasion)2).RobinHoodhidintheforest,rebelledagainstNormansandrobbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor(DuringtheperiodofNormanrule)---acluetotheEnglishCharacter:arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity

(体现英国人个性的迹象:表面上似乎一致,但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式)3.Legends1).KingArthurand344.Parliament’sdominanceoverthethrone1)ThenextfewhundredyearsfollowingtheNormaninvasion:jointogetherthevariouspartsoftheBritishIsleunderEnglishRule,unitethekingdominternallyandexternally2)Powergraduallytransferredfromthemonarchtotheparliament①CharlestheFirst’sattempttooverruleparliamentinthe1640sledtoacivilwarinwhichparliamentaryforceswerevictorious,andthekingwasexecutedin1649.4.Parliament’sdominanceover35②Englandwasruledbyparliament’sleader,OliverCromwellfor11years.In1660,thesonofCharlesIrestoredthemonarchyandwascalledCharlesII(ruled1660-1685,thatis“Restoration”)

③FurtherconflictsbetweenparliamentandthekingledtoremovaloftheScottishhouseofStuartandthefinalestablishmentofparliament’sdominanceoverthethronein1689.

*JamesII(1685-1689)wastheyoungerbrotherofCharlesII.AfterJamesIIwasoverthrown,hisdaughteranddaughter’shusbandMaryandWilliamwereimportedfromHollandtotakethethrone.(1688,the“BloodlessRevolution”or“GloriousRevolution.”),thusfinallyestablishingparliament’sdominanceoverthethrone.②Englandwasruledbypar36BasicfactsaboutScotland1.ScotlandisthemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecauseithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.2.ThelargestcityisGlasgow,anditscapitalisEdinburgh.Bothcitieshaveancientandinternationallyrespecteduniversitiesdatingfromthe15thcentury.BasicfactsaboutScotland37

3.Hadrian’sWall:astonewallwhichtheRomanemperorHadrianorderedtobebuiltacrossthenorthofEnglandin122ADfromtheeastcoasttothewest,inordertodefendRomanBritainfromattackbynortherntribessuchasPicts,theoriginalScottishCelts.3.Hadrian’sWall:astone38DuringRomanOccupationHadrian’sWallDuringRomanOccupationHadrian39ScotlandPopulation:5.1MillionCapitalcity:EdinburghPeople:Celts,Anglo-SaxonsLanguage:English,GaelicReligion:Presbyterian(天主教长老会)ChurchofScotland,otherPresbyterianchurches,Anglicans,Catholics

ScotlandPopulation:5.1Millio40英美国家概况之英国课件41CastlesinScotlandCastlesinScotland42Scotland1.PhysicalfeaturesofScotland1)the2ndlargestofthe4nations2)mostrugged(崎岖不平)partofUK,themostconfidentofitsownidentity;3)inthenorth---theHighlands---mountainsandlakesinthesouth---theSouthernUplands

inthemiddle---thelowlandzonewith3/4ofthepopulation4)Capital:Edinburgh---eastcoast,famousforitsbeauty,dominatedbyitsgreatcastleonahighrocklargestcity:Glasgow---inthewestofLowlandzone

Scotland1.Physicalfeatureso432.Culturaldivisionbetweenhighlandandlowland

1)ScotlandwasneitherconqueredbytheRomansnorbytheAnglo-Saxons2)AroundtheAD6thC,peoplefromNorthernIrelandinvadedtheSouth-west---thelowlandzone.

3)TheywerecalledScotsandgavethemoderncountryofScotlanditsname

2.Culturaldivisionbetweenh44

4)TheoriginalScottishCelts,calledthePicts(皮克特人)wereleftwiththenon-productivehighlandzone,whereinadditiontoEnglish,somepeoplespeaktheoldCelticlanguage—Gaelic(盖尔语).

*ThedivisionbetweenhighlandandlowlandScotlandremainsaculturaldividetoday,inmuchthesamewayasnorthandsouthEnglandseethemselvesasdifferentfromeachother.4)TheoriginalScottishCe453.theBattleofBannockburn(班诺克本战役)

Time:24thJune,1314Who:ScotsundertheleadershipofRobertBruceandEnglisharmyResult:Scotswerevictorious,leadingto300yearsoffullindependence3.theBattleofBannockburn(46StatueofRobertBrucenearBannockburnmonumentthearmiesatBannockburn.

StatueofRobertBrucenearBa474.UnionwithEnglandin1707

1).In1603,QueenElizabethIofEnglanddied.Jamesthe6thofScotlandtookthethrone,calledJamestheFirstofEngland;unitingthetwothrones2).Scotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.3).In1707,ScotlandjoinedtheUnionbyagreementoftheEnglishandScottishParliaments4).Scotlandsends72representativestotheLondonParliament.In1922,only3werefromtheScottishNationalistParty,wantinganindependentScotland;49wasfromtheLaborParty,wantingtosetuparegionalparliamentforScotlandtomanageitsowninternalaffairswithintheUK.

4.UnionwithEnglandin1707

485.StrongScottishidentityScotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience.*RobertLouisStevenson’sfamousnovelDrJekyllandMrHyde《吉基尔医生与海德先生》showsthat:ScotlandwassuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity.5.StrongScottishidentitySco49Wales---Population:2.9Million---Capitalcity:Cardiff---People:Celts,Anglo-Saxons---Language:Welsh,English---Religion:Nonconformist(非国教)Protestants,Anglicans,CatholicsWales---Population:2.9M50英美国家概况之英国课件51BeaumarisCastleinN.WalesCaerphillyCastleinS.WalesBeaumarisCastleinN.WalesCa52Wales1.AbriefintroductionofWales

1)capital:Cardiff,onthesouthcoast2)richcoaldepositsattractforeigninvestmentfromJapanandU.S,etc.---newindustriestoreplacecoalandsteel3)smallestontheBritishmainland;closetocentralEngland;hillyandrugged4)retainsapowerfulsenseofdifferencefromEngland5)retainsitsownlanguage;19%populationspeakingGaelicWales1.Abriefintroductiono532.CampaignsforindependenceofUK---resisttheEnglish1)1267,LlywelynapGruffudd(卢埃林·阿普·格鲁菲德),forcedtheEnglishtoacknowledgehimasPrinceofWalesbyamilitarycampaign,andunifiedWalesasanindependentnation.2)1282,hewaskilled.TheEnglishKingEdwardInamedhissonthePrinceofWales,tryingtobringWalesintotheBritishnation.3)1400,OwainGlyndwr(欧文·格林道瓦尔)ledanunsuccessfulrisingagainsttheEnglish.4)1536,WaleswasbroughtlegallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishParliament.5)Walessends38representativestotheLondonParliament.4arefromtheNationalistParty.2.Campaignsforindependence54NorthernIrelandPopulation:1.6MillionCapitalcity:BelfastPeople:IrishLanguage:English,andIrishReligion:95%RomanCatholic,3.4%ProtestantintheRepublic;60%Protestant,40%RomanCatholicinNorthernIrelandNorthernIrelandPopulation:1.55英美国家概况之英国课件56NorthernIreland

1.PopulationandphysicalfeaturesofNorthernIreland(北爱尔兰的人口和地理特征)1)

oftencalledUlster,smallestofthe4(inarea&population)2)1.5millionpeople,smallerthanmanyChinesecities3)

capital:Belfast,thebiggestcityintheprovince,eastcoast4)

mostlyrural,lowhills,beautifullakedistrictinthesouth-west,ruggedcoastline,includingitsmostfamouslandmark,theGiant’sCauseway(巨型长堤)NorthernIreland

1.Pop57theGiant’sCauseway,theWorldNaturalHeritagetheGiant’sCauseway,theWorl58theGiant’sCausewaytheGiant’sBoottheGiant’sCausewaytheGiant’592.Politicalproblems

Irelandhasbeendividedbyalongandbloodyconflictasaresultofitscolonialhistory.Until1921thefullnameoftheUKwas“TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland”.Oneofthekeyissuesinlate19thcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled“theHomeRuleBill”---IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.1)Ordinarylifecontinues,andtroublesareanaddition.2)Crimeisverylow.3)Problemsaremainlyconcentratedinparticularareas.3.Activeculturallife---theatres,restaurants,pubsandmuseums2.Politicalproblems60

4.Economy1)hasproblems:①partlybecausethetroublesdiscouraginginvestment

②partlybecauseofitsperipherality(周边)inrelationtotheUK2)wealthperheadisthelowestofUK3)livingcostsarecomparativelylow4)Industrialcompaniesincludetheaircraftmanufacturers.4.Economy61

5.TheHomeRuleBill(自治法案)From1801to1921,thefullnameofUKwas“TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland”,becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain.ButduetoIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstate,acampaigninparliamentfor“Home-rule”waslaunched,andtheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914.从1801年到1921年，英国的全名是大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国，因为整个爱尔兰岛在政治上都与大不列颠是一体的但是由于爱尔兰人想要建立一个独立的爱尔兰国家，由爱尔兰人管理自己管理爱尔兰的事务，国会中掀起了一场争取自治的运动，自治法案在1914年最终得以通过。5.TheHomeRuleBill(自治法62

6.GuerillaorterroristactivitiesagainsttheBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces1)

TheEasterRisingof1916(复活节起义)---therebelsoccupiedDublin’sPostOfficeandforcedtheBritishtotakeitbackbymilitaryforce.TheleadersoftherebellionwereexecutedbytheBritishauthorities.2)

theSinnFeinParty(“OurselvesAlone”新芬党)---alegalpoliticalparty,supportersoftheIrishterrorists;supporttheIRA’s(爱尔兰共和军)righttofightbyatwincampaign,bothpoliticalandmilitarywhichtheycallthepolicyof“theBulletandtheBallotBox”(暴力和民主手段)6.Guerillaorterrorista63PatrickPearse,headofthe'ProvisionalGovernment'proclaimedintheEasterRising.

TheProclamationoftheRepublicreadbyPatrickPearseoutsidetheGPOin1916.PatrickPearse,headofthe'P64

7.ReligiousconflictsbetweentheIrishandtheBritish(爱尔兰人和不列颠人之间的宗教冲突)---IrelandwasnotinvadedbytheRomansortheAnglo-Saxons---mostIrishareCatholics;mostBritainareProtestants---Inthe17thC.,peopleemigratedfromScotlandandNorthernEnglandtothenorthofIreland.ThepeoplesofthispartthoughtofthemselvesasBritish,andwishedtoremainapartoftheBritishstate.TheywereProtestants.7.Religiousconflictsbet658.ApartitionofIrelandin1921(1921年爱尔兰的分裂)Acompromise:theSouthern26counties---anindependent“freestate”(theRepublicofIreland)The6north-easterncounties---apartoftheUK.

*End700yearsofBritishruleinsouthernIreland.NorthernIrelandwasgivenitsownParliamenttodealwithNorthernIrishinternalaffairs,basedatStormont.(斯多蒙特)8.ApartitionofIreland66

9.Troublesandsolutions(冲突与解决办法)Themajority,theProtestantscontrolledthelocaldemocratically-electedparliamentandusedthatpowertosupporttheirowneconomicandsocialdominanceintheprovince.40%ofthepopulationwereCatholicIrish,whofoundithardertogetjobs,ortobenefitfromsocialprogramssuchaspublichousing.Thearmedconflict“troubles”developed.9.Troublesandsolutions(冲671)aCivilRightsMovement(北爱民权运动)In1960s,Catholicsoftenmarchedinthestreetsandfoughtforequality.2)thepresenceofBritishsoldiersonNorthernIrelandsince1969---firsttoprotecttheCatholicpeople,laterwereseenasthesymbolofBritishruleinNorthernIreland.1)aCivilRightsMovement683)IRA’sviolenceinthe1970s(IRA:IrishRepublicArmy爱尔兰共和军，unofficiallyparamilitaryforce)①

setupin1919,OfficialIRA(正式派):concentrateonapoliticalprocess,runcandidatesforelection②splitin1969,ProvisionalIRA(临时派):feltarmedforcewastheonlyway③IRAbombedandshotsecurityforcesandcity-centersin1970s.ProtestantstookrevengeonCatholics

*Result:NorthernIrishcitiesweredividedintoexclusivelyProtestantandexclusivelyCatholicareas.Twocommunitieshardlymixatall.3)IRA’sviolenceinthe1694)BloodySunday(血腥星期日，1972/1/30)In1972,468peoplewerekilledinNorthernIreland,ofwhom13wereCatholicswhohadbeentakingpartinapeacefulcivilrightsmarch.ItisanimportantsymbolofBritishoppression.

*Result:strengthenCatholicoppositiontotheBritishpresence.由于宗教冲突和政治问题不断升级，1972年1月30日,468人在北爱被杀，其中13名是参加民权运动和平游行的天主教徒这一天被称为血腥星期日，是英国人压迫北爱的天主教徒的代表性。它加剧了天主教徒对英国人的反抗情绪。4)BloodySunday(血腥星期日，1970

5)thePower-Sharingmechanism①1973,anagreementofaPower-Sharingmechanismwasreached,allowingtheminorityCatholicpoliticalinfluence.②TheProtestantmajoritywasoutragedandwentonstrike,leadingtothecollapseofit.③TheNorthernIrishparliamentwassuspendedandreplacedby“direct-rule”fromLondonuntilnow5)thePower-Sharingmecha716)cooperationbetweentheBritishandIrishgovernmentsIn1985,theAnglo-Irishagreementwassignedbetweenthetwogovernments,givingtheIrisharighttoconsultationonNorthernIrishmatters.6)cooperationbetweenthe72

7)IRA’srefusaltohandovertheirweapons①

InAugust1994,theIRAdeclaredaceasefire.②TomaketheSinnFeinpresenceatthetalksacceptabletoUnionistpoliticians,theBritishgovernmentaskedtheIRAtohandoveratleastsomeofitsweaponstoshowitseriousness.TheIRArefused,andinFebruary1996,theysetofftwoexplosionsinLondon.

*Result:ThefutureforNorthernIrelandisstillindoubt.7)IRA’srefusaltohandov73

10.TheGoodFridayAgreement

(《北爱和平协议》)Asaresultofmulti-partynegotiations,theGoodFridayAgreementwasapprovedon10April1998.ThisagreementassurestheloyalistcommunitythatNorthernIrelandremainspartoftheUnitedKingdomanditwon’tchangeitspoliticalstatusunlessthemajorityofthepeopleofNorthernIrelandagree.Underthetermsoftheagreement,NorthernIrelandshouldbegovernedbythreeseparatejurisdictions:thatoftheRepublicofIreland,thatofGreatBritainandthatofitsownelectedexecutivegovernmentoftenministers.

由于多党协商的结果，《北爱和平协议》于1998年4月10日获准通过。这一协议向亲英派保证，北爱属于英国，并且只有征得北爱大多数人同意才能统一爱尔兰。按照此协议，北爱由爱尔兰政府、英国政府以及由北爱自行选出的十名部长组成的政府三方共同实施司法管辖。10.TheGoodFridayAgreem74ClassExercisesⅠI.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:()1.Britainisnolongeranimperialcountry.(

)2.TheCommonwealthofNationsincludeallEuropeancountries.(

)3.1in10oftheBritishpopulationareofnon-Europeanethnicity.(

)4.ThestereotypeoftheEnglishgentlemanneverappliedthemajorityoftheBritishpeople.

(

)5.GreatBritainincludes3constituentcountries:England,Scotland,andWales.

TFFTFClassExercisesⅠTFFTF75II.Choosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowing.1.WhichofthefollowingisnotconsideredacharacteristicofLondon?(a)Theculturalcentre(b)Thebusinesscentre(c)Thefinancialcentre(d)Thesportscentre2.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutthecharacteristicsofBritain?(a)Economicdifferencesbetweennorthandsouth.(b)DifferencesofsocialsystemsbetweenScotlandandWales.(c)Classdifferencesbetweenawhite-collarworkerandablue-collarworker.(d)CulturaldifferencesbetweenimmigrantsandtheBritish.

II.Choosethecorrectanswer763.WhichofthefollowingcannotbefoundinLondon?(a)Teahouses(b)Galleries(c)Museums(d)Theatres4.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutBritain?(a)Itusedtobeanimperialcountryintheworld.(b)ItplaysanactiveroleasamemberofEuropeanUnion.(c)Itisarelativelywealthyanddevelopedcountry.(d)Itusedtobeoneofthesuperpowersintheworld.

3.Whichofthefollowingcan77SupplementaryreadingsArtisticandCulturalActivityintheU.K.ArtisticandculturalactivityinBritainrangesfromthehighestprofessionalstandardstoawidevarietyofamateurinvolvement.Londonisoneoftheleadingworldcentersfordrama,music,operaanddance.Some650professionalartsfestivalstakeplaceeachyear.TheEdinburghInternationalFestivalisthelargestofitskindintheworld.Supplementaryreadings78TheatreBritainhasabout300theatresintendedforprofessionaluse,ofwhichabout100areinLondon,includingtheRoyalNationalTheatre.TheRoyalShakespeareCompanyperformsinStratford-upon-Avon,Shakespeare'sbirthplace,andinLondon.Sixty-fourcompaniesreceivesubsidiesfromtheArtsCouncils.ContemporaryBritishplaywrightswhohavereceivedinternationalrecognitionincludeHaroldPinter,AlanAyckbourn,CarylChurchillandDavidHare.ThemusicalsofSirAndrewLloydWebber,including"Evita","Cats"and"PhantomoftheOpera",havebeenhighlysuccessfulinBritain,NewYorkandaroundtheworld.Theatre79

MusicThereismusicforeverytasteinBritainincludingopera,choralandclassicalorchestraspieces,rockandpop,folkandjazz,militaryandbrassbands,acousticandnewlyemergingmusicalcollaborationssuchasmusictheatre,musicvideoandmusicwithlivearts.Inmusicalcomposition,experimentationisinvogue,withcomposersmixingtheirsources:medievalmodesandminimalism,quotationsfromWagnerandfromDebussy,IndianmelodiesandAfricanrhythms.Sincetheearly60swiththeemergenceoftheBeatles,TheRollingStones,andtheWho,throughthe70swithGenesis,LedZeppelinandPinkFloydandthe80swithDireStraitsandThePoliceandpunkpioneerslikeTheSexPistolsandothers,Britishbandshavegeneratedmajorfollowingsworldwiderepresentingamulti-milliondollarindustry.Andthelegacycontinuedintothe90withPopphenomsTheSpiceGirlsandgroupslikeOasis,TheVerve,Jamiroquai,andthelistgoeson.BritishPopmusicisaliveandwellandwillcontinuetobein2000andbeyond.

Music80

Britain'sleadingsymphonyorchestrasincludetheLondonPhilharmonic,theCityofBirminghamSymphony,andtheUlsterandtheRoyalScottishOrchestras.TherearealsochamberorchestrassuchastheEnglishChamberOrchestraandtheAcademyofSt.Martin-in-the-Fields.BritishconductorssuchasSirColinDavis,SimonRattleandJaneGloverreachawideaudiencethroughtheirrecordingsaswellastheirperformances.WellknowncomposersincludeSirMichaelTippettandSirHarrisonBirtwistle,PercussionistEvelynGlennieandviolinistNigelKennedyareamongsoloperformerscurrentlyenjo