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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽水利水电职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theuniquehumanhabitoftakinginandemployinganimals—evencompetitorslikewolves—spurredonhumantool-makingandlanguage,whichhavebothdrivenhumanity’ssuccess,PatShipmansays,paleoanthropologistofPennStateUniversity.“Whereveryougointheworld,whateverecosystem,whateverculture,peoplelivewithanimals,”Shipmansaid.

Forearlyhumans,takinginandcaringforanimalswouldseemlikeapoorstrategyforsurvival.“Onthefaceofit,youarewastingyourresources.Sothisisaveryweirdbehavior.”Shipmansaid.Butit’snotsoweirdinthecontextsomethingelsehumansweredoingabout2.6millionyearsago:switchingfromamostlyvegetariandiettoonerichinmeat.Thishappenedbecausehumansinventedstonehuntingtoolsthatenabledthemtocompetewithothertoppredators.Quitearapidandbizarreswitchforanyanimal.Soweinventedtheequipment,learnedhowtotrackandkill,andeventuallytookinanimalswhoalsoknewhowtohunt—likewolvesandothercanines.Others,likegoats,cowsandhorses,providedmilk,hairand,finally,hidesandmeat.

Managingalloftheseanimals—orjusttrackingthem—requirestechnology,knowledgeandwaystopreserveandconveyinformation.Solanguageshadtodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges.Trackinggamehasevenbeenarguedtobetheoriginofscientificinquiry,saidPeterRicherson,professoremeritus(名誉退休的)intheDepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandPolicyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.Oneofthesignsthatthishappenedisinpetroglyphs(史前岩画)andotherrockartleftbyancientpeoples.Atfirsttheywereabstract,geometricpatternsthatareimpossibletodecipher(破译).Thentheyconvergeononesubject:animals.

Therehavealsobeengeneticchangesinbothhumansandouranimals.Fortheanimalsthosechangesdevelopedbecausehumanbredthemforspecifictraits,likeacowthatgivesmoremilkorahenthatlaysmoreeggs.Butthisevolutionaryinfluenceworksbothways.Dogs,forinstance,mighthavebeenselectivelytakeninbyhumanswhosharedgenesformorecompassion.Thosehumansthenprosperedwiththedogs’helpinhuntingandsecuringtheirhomes.

31.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphaboutanimals?()

32.WhydidShipmansaytakinginanimalisapoorstrategyforsurvival?()

33.Whydidlanguageshavetodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges?()

34.WhatdowelearnfromthestatementofPatShipmanandPeterRicherson?()

35.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?()

问题1选项

A.Animalshavedrivenhumanity’ssuccess.

B.Tool-makingandlanguageareuniquelyhumanhabits.

C.Employingwolvesisuniquelyhumanhabit.

D.Peoplelivewithanimalseverywhere.

问题2选项

A.Earlyhumanswerepoorinsurvivalresources.

B.Takinginanimalwasaveryweirdbehavior.

C.Earlyhumansdidn’tknowhowtotrackandkill.

D.Earlyhumansswitchedfromavegetariandiettomeat.

问题3选项

A.Earlyhumansshouldhavecommunicationintrackinggame.

B.Languagecanenablehumanstocompetewithothertoppredators.

C.Animalsshouldunderstandtheordersgivenbyhumans.

D.Languagecouldgivearapidandbizarreswitchforanyanimal.

问题4选项

A.Caringforanimalsseemedcommonafterpeopleinventedtools.

B.Afterlanguagedevelopedearlyhumanslearnedhowtotrackandkill.

C.Managingandtrackinganimalsaretheoriginofmodernscience.

D.Languagedevelopedfromabstracttospecificbecauseofanimals.

问题5选项

A.Animalschangesaredevelopedbythemselves.

B.Humanbredanimalsforspecificgenes.

C.Evolutionaryinfluenceworksonbothhumansandanimals.

D.Genescouldmakethedogshelppeopleinhunting.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】31.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句“Whereveryougointheworld,whateverecosystem,whateverculture,peoplelivewithanimals(无论你走到世界上的哪个角落,无论那里的生态系统如何、文化如何,人类都和动物生活在一起)”可知在任何地方人类都和动物生活在一起。A选项“动物促进了人类的成功”,文中第一段提到促进人类成功的因素是制作工具和语言能力的发展,因此A选项是不正确的;B选项“制作工具和使用语言是人类独有的习惯”,文中提到驯养和利用动物是人类独有的习惯,该选项偷换了概念。C选项“利用狼是只有人类独有的习惯”,文中说到的“独特习惯”是指驯养和利用动物,该选项也属于偷换概念。D选项“在任何地方人类都和动物生活在一起”符合段意,因此D选项正确。

32.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干定位到第二段的第二句话“Onthefaceofit,youarewastingyourresources.Sothisisaveryweirdbehavior.(从表面上看,你是在浪费资源。所以这是一种非常奇怪的行为。)”,从该句可以推理出收养和照顾动物在浪费生存资源,因为早期时代人类生活资源匮乏。A选项“早期人类缺乏生存资源”符合题意;B选项“收养动物是一种非常奇怪的行为”实际上就是题干的意思,但是题目问的是其原因,因此B选项不是正确答案;C选项“早期人类不知道如何追踪和打猎”和D选项“早期人类从素食转向肉食”都是下文提到的内容,与题干意思不大;因此A选项正确。

33.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段的第一句和第二句话“Managingalloftheseanimals—orjusttrackingthem—requirestechnology,knowledgeandwaystopreserveandconveyinformation.Solanguageshadtodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges.(管理所有这些动物——或者仅仅是追踪它们——需要技术、知识和方式来保存和传递信息。因此,语言必须发展和进化来应对挑战。)”,从该句可以推理出在狩猎过程中和狩猎后,都需要语言交流来使得狩猎顺利进行。A选项“早期人类在追踪游戏中需要进行交流”符合题意;B选项“语言能使人类与其他顶级掠食者竞争”说法错误,人类是因为发明了石器狩猎工具,才使他们能够与其他顶级掠食者竞争;C选项“动物应该理解人类发出的命令”和D选项“语言可以给任何动物迅速而奇异的转变”文中都没有提到,因此A选项正确。

34.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干定位到第三段的第三句话“Trackinggamehasevenbeenarguedtobetheoriginofscientificinquiry(追踪游戏甚至被认为是科学探究的起源)”,由此我们可知管理和追踪动物是现代科学的起源。A选项“在人类发明了工具之后,照顾动物似乎很常见”与第二段PatShipman表示早期人类驯养和照顾动物的行为“是一种很怪异的行为”相反,因此A选项错误;B选项“在语言发展之后,早期人类学会了如何追踪和猎杀”,

从第一段PatShipman的表述可知,是人类驯养和利用动物的独特习惯促进了人类语言能力的发展,B选项颠倒了因果关系,因此B选项错误。C选项“管理和追踪动物是现代科学的起源”符合题意;D选项“由于动物的存在,语言从抽象发展到具体”,文章倒数第二段的最后两句讲的是史前岩画和岩石艺术的发展是从抽象到具体的动物形象的发展,所以D选项不正确。因此C选项正确。

35.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据题干定位到最后一段的第三句话“Butthisevolutionaryinfluenceworksbothways.(但这种进化的影响是双向的。)”,这句话说明人和动物的进化影响是相互的。A选项“动物的变化是自发产生的”,但最后一段说到“Fortheanimalsthosechangesdevelopedbecausehumanbredthemforspecifictraits(对于动物来说,它们发生变化是因为人类为了特定的特性驯养它们)”,因此A选项是不正确的;B选项“人类为了特定的基因饲养动物”,文中说到的是人类为了特定的特性饲养它们,因此B选项不正确;D选项“基因可以让狗帮助人类狩猎”文中没有提及;C选项“人和动物的进化影响是相互的”符合段意,因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Theacceptedcriteriaofadequatediethavebeenchallengedbynewdiscoveriesinnutrition.

问题1选项

A.formations

B.components

C.standards

D.ingredients

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。criteria“标准,条件”;A选项formation“形成;组成,(军)队形”;B选项component“成分;组件”;C选项standard“标准;水准”;D选项ingredient“原料;要素;组成部分”。句意:公认的充足饮食的标准受到营养学上的新发现的挑战。根据句中“adequatediet适当饮食”与“nutrition营养学”可知criteria在这里的意思为标准,因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

We()afigureofamanclingingtothemastoftheship.

问题1选项

A.discerned

B.dispatched

C.dissipated

D.diminished

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析。句意:我们()那个倚靠在船桅杆的人。discerned认出,识别;dispatched派遣,分派;dissipated驱散,放荡;diminished减少,缩小。因此,A项符合句意。

4.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingChineseintoEnglish.

对于希望利用中国大量廉价劳动力的国内外企业来说,多年来,中国沿海制造业中心一直是生产基地的上上之选。然而,自今年5月份以来,中国境内劳资争端明显增多,加之人民币走强以及政府采取行动遏制污染和产能过剩,表明这种低成本的生产模式己不再稳固。

【答案】Overtheyears,China’scoastalmanufacturingcenterhasalwaysbeenthebestchoiceforproductionbasesforenterprisesathomeorabroadwhowanttotakeadvantageofthelargenumberofChinesecheaplabors.However,sinceMaythisyear,thesignificantincreaseofindustrialdisputes,theappreciationofRMBaswellastheactionsadaptedbygovernmentsinordertocurbpollutionandexcesscapacityshowthatthiskindofproductionpatterninlowcostisnolongerstable.

5.单选题

Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmangersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.

Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandhands-onexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninanAha!experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallyleeryofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytoengenderaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.

Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.

Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.

1.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysexceptto(

).

2.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagementmentionedinline1,paragraph2?

3.ItcanbereferredfromthetextthatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?

4.Thetextprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext?

问题1选项

A.speedupofthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.

B.identifyaproblem.

C.bringtogetherdisparatefacts.

D.stipulatecleargoals.

问题2选项

A.Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.

B.Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.

C.Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.

D.Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.

问题3选项

A.ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts;ManagerYdoesnot.

B.ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.

C.ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.

D.ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblemsManagerXdoesnot.

问题4选项

A.Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.

B.Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions.

C.Managers’intuitionwinkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.

D.Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.

问题5选项

A.Anassertionisnudeandaspecificsupportingexampleisgiven.

B.Aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.

C.Theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.

D.Twoopposingpointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.文章第二段提到高级经理们有五种方式来使用直觉:1.他们直觉得感到有问题存在;2.他们依靠直觉迅速做出训练有素的行为模式;3.利用直觉来对图片进行加工,对碎片信息进行整合;4.使用直觉来进行理性分析;5.使用直觉来避开深入的分析并立即想出一个可行的方案。选项A符合第五点,选项B符合第一点,选项C符合第三点。因此,选项D符合题意。

2.文章第二段第一句Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers’intuitionisneitherofthese提到Isenberg调查发现经理们依赖于直觉既不是理性的对立面,也不是反复无常的借口。所以选项D“这些作者误解了在做商业决定时经理们如何使用直觉”符合题意。

3.本题的题干是假设经理X使用直觉做决定,而经理Y使用正式的分析,他们最大的不同是下列哪个选项。文章倒数第二段提到直觉型经理认为思考与形容不可分割(Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting)。文章最后一句提到行为只是确定问题,而不是实施方案,因此选项C符合题意。

4.文章提到直觉型的经理们认为想和做不可分割,高级经理们总是在不同的实际案例中学习更多解决问题的方法,然后利用这些实践得来的方法对问题进行更深入的了解(seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue),选项D符合题意。

5.文章第一段提到很多高级职业经理人不按照传统模式而依靠直觉(Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodelof…Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitionto),选项B符合题意。

6.单选题

Thestudentstakea()testinMarch,andthemainexamisinJuly.

问题1选项

A.previous

B.preliminary

C.preceded

D.elementary

【答案】B

【解析】句意:学生们在三月份参加初试,正式考试在七月份

考查形容词辨析。previous先前的;preliminary初步的,预备的;preceded前面的;elementary初步的,基本的。由后面句子关键词“正式考试”可知这里指“初试”,故选B。

7.单选题

Itissaidthatthemathteacherseems(

)towardsbrightstudents.

问题1选项

A.preferable

B.partial

C.beneficial

D.liable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项preferable“更好的,更可取的”;B选项partial“部分的,不完全的,偏袒”;C选项beneficial“有利的,有益的”;D选项liable“负有偿付责任,可能受……的影响”。由brightstudents(聪明的学生)可知B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意:据说这个数学老师似乎偏袒聪明的学生。

8.单选题

High-gradewrittenpaperisfrequentlyobtainedfromcottonrags.

问题1选项

A.High-grade

B.written

C.frequently

D.obtained

【答案】B

【解析】根据题意,B选项应该用来修饰paper,意为“写字的纸”,所以应该改用writingpaper。句意:高级的用来写字的纸应该由棉布制成。选项B符合题意。

9.单选题

Humansocietiestheworldoverhaveconfrontedthesameexistentialproblemsandhavecometoremarkably()solutions,differingonlyinsuperficialdetails.

问题1选项

A.identical

B.diverse

C.varied

D.similar

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项identical“完全相同的”;B选项diverse“不同的,多种多样的”;C选项varied“各式各样的”;D选项similar“相似的”。句意:人类社会都会面临同样的生存问题,但都能找到非常相似的解决方案,只是在表面的细节上有所不同。选项D符合语境。

10.问答题

Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.Thisperiodwasmoredisastrousforfarmersthanearliertimeshadbeen,becausefarmerswerenolongerself-sufficient.Theywerepayingformachinery,seedandfertilizer,andtheywerealsobuyingconsumergoods.Thepricesoftheitemsfarmersboughtremainedconstant,whilepricestheyreceivedfortheirproductsfell.ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1939s.

In1929,underPresidentHerbertHoover,theFederalFarmBoardwasorganized.Itestablishedtheprincipleofdirectinterferencewithsupplyanddemand,anditrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.

PresidentHoover’ssuccessorattachedevenmoreimportancetothisproblem.OneofthefirstmeasuresproposedbyPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltwhenhetookofficein1933wastheAgriculturalAdjustmentAct,whichwassubsequentlypassedbyCongress.ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.However,newlawswerepassedimmediatelythatachievedthesameresultofrestingsoilandproviding,flood-controlmeasures,butwhichwerebasedontheprincipleofsoilconservation.TheRooseveltAdministrationbelievedthatrebuildingthenation’ssoilwasthenationalinterestandwasnotsimplyaplantohelpfarmersattheexpenseofothercitizens.Laterthegovernmentguaranteedloanstofarmerssothattheycouldbuyfarmmachinery,hybrid(杂交)grain,andfertilizers.

1.WhatimpactdidthedecliningdemandforAmericanfarmproductshaveonAmericanfarmproducts?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatworsenedAmericanfarmers’financialsituationin1930s?

3.WhywastheFederalFarmBoardestablishedin1929?

4.WhatwasplannedintheAgriculturalAdjustmentActtoraisefarmprices?

5.WhywastheAgriculturalAdjustmentActdeclaredunconstitutional?

【答案】答:

1.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.

2.GreatDepression.

3.Toprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.

4.Encouragedfarmersreducethescaleoftheproduction.

5.Thelawbenefitedfarmersattheexpenseofothers.

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干意思是“对美国农产品需求的下降对美国农产品产生了什么影响?”。文章第一段提到Inthe1920sdemandforAmericanfarmproductsfell,asEuropeancountriesbegantorecoverfromWorldWarIandinstitutedausterity(紧缩)programstoreducetheirimports.Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices.(随着欧洲国家开始从第一次世界大战中恢复过来,并开始实施紧缩计划以减少进口,20世纪20年代对美国农产品的需求下降了;结果是农产品价格急剧下降),因此答案为Theresultwasasharpdropinfarmprices(结果是农产品价格急剧下降)。

2.细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章,是什么恶化了20世纪30年代美国农民的财政状况?”。第一段最后一句提到ThesedevelopmentsweremadeworsebytheGreatDepression,whichbeganin1929andextendedthroughoutthe1939s.(从1929年开始并延续到1939年的大萧条使这些发展更加恶化),由此可知答案为GreatDepression(经济大萧条)。

3.细节事实题。题干意思是“为什么联邦农业委员会成立于1929年?”。第二段最后一句提到itrepresentedthefirstnationalcommitmenttoprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers.(代表了为农民提供更大经济稳定性的第一个国家性的承诺),由此可知答案为Toprovidegreatereconomicstabilityforfarmers(为农民提供更大的经济稳定性)。

4.推理判断题。题干意思是“农业调整法案中有什么提高农产品价格的计划?”。第三段第三句和第四句提到ThislawgavetheSecretaryofAgriculturethepowertoreduceproductionthroughvoluntaryagreementswithfarmerswhowerepaidtotaketheirlandoutofuse.Adeliberatescarcityoffarmproductswasplannedinanefforttoraiseprices.(这项法律赋予农业部长权力,通过与农民签订自愿协议减少产量,这些农民得到报酬,不再使用他们的土地;故意的农产品短缺是为了提高价格而计划的),由此可知,通过与农民签订自愿协议,给予农民补贴减少土地使用权,降低农产品产量可以提高农产品价格;即缩小生产规模。因此答案为Encouragedfarmersreducethescaleoftheproduction(鼓励农民缩小生产规模)。

5.细节推理题。题干意思是“为什么《农业调整法案》被宣布为违宪?”。第三段第五句提到ThislawwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtonthegroundsthatgeneraltaxeswerebeingcollectedtopayonespecialgroupofpeople.(最高法院宣布这项法律是违反宪法的,因为全民的税收都被用来为一个特殊群体服务),由此可知,《农业调整法案》被宣布为违宪是因为它以损害别人的利益来使农民受益;故答案为Thelawbenefitedfarmersattheexpenseofothers(这项法律以损害他人利益为代价使农民受益)。

11.单选题

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionaryflyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtothearts,eventhoughvalidforthescience.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoal.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower,norisPicasso’spaintingGuernicaprimarilyaprepositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistsextendorexploit,ratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofallartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdiwhocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherhand,Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaro(费力罗的婚礼)issurelyamongthemaster-piecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimitsoftherules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach,instrikinglyoriginalways.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,distinctionsbetweenthoseengagedinthecreativeartsandinnaturalsciencescaninpartbeexplainedby____.

2.WhydoestheauthorsuggestthattheworkofBeethovenwas,highlycreative?

3.Thepassageimpliesthatanoriginalcontributioninscienceisonethat____.

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthefinalsentenceofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.thedifferentobjectivesofthoseinvolvedintheirrespectivepursuits

B.thedifferentmethodstheyemployinthecollectionofdatatosupporttheirtheories

C.thedifferentwaysinwhichtheyattempttoextendacceptedconventionalforms

D.thedifferentprinciplesoforganizationthattheyutilizeinordertocreatenewworks

问题2选项

A.Becausehesoughttobecometheonlycomposerofhistimetochallengeacceptedmusicalconventions.

B.Becauseheadoptedanewprincipleoforganizationinhisworkbyutilizinginnovativestrategies.

C.Becausehecreativelymanipulatedtheacceptedrulesandformsgoverningmusicalcomposition.

D.Becausehesynthesizedatransitionbetweentheolderstylisticconventionandthenewermusicalform.

问题3选项

A.isoftenquotedintheworkofotherscientists

B.iscarefulnottomakeavaluejudgmentabouttheuseofdata

C.isapplaudedbyalldistinguishedexperimentalists

D.generatesanovelandwell-foundedgeneralization

问题4选项

A.Inthesimilarmanner,severalmoderncomposerssuccessfullyestablishedmusicalconventions.

B.Similarly,thesucceedinggenerationofcomposersmanipulatedacceptedmusicalforms.

C.IncontrasttoBeethoven,however,evengreatmoderncomposerslikeBelaBertokdidnotattempttoalteracceptedmusicalconventions.

D.Musicologistsarecontinuingtostudythecompositionalstylesofcomposersinordertodeterminewhethertheircontributionshavebeeninnovative.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Accordingtotheauthor,distinctionsbetweenthoseengagedinthecreativeartsandinnaturalsciencescaninpartbeexplainedby____.作者认为,创造性艺术和自然科学之间的区别可以在某种程度上解释为____。

A.thedifferentobjectivesofthoseinvolvedintheirrespectivepursuitsA.它们各自追求的目标不同

B.thedifferentmethodstheyemployinthecollectionofdatatosupporttheirtheoriesB.它们用不同的方法来收集数据以支持它们的理论

C.thedifferentwaysinwhichtheyattempttoextendacceptedconventionalformsC.它们用不同的方式尝试扩展已被接受的传统形式

D.thedifferentprinciplesoforganizationthattheyutilizeinordertocreatenewworksD.它们用不同的组织原则来创作新作品

【答案】A

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词distinctions、creativearts和naturalsciences定位到原文第1段第4句,该句提到“高度创造性的艺术和高度创造性的科学之间的差异,部分原因在于它们的目标不同(adifferenceintheirgoal)。”由此可知,A选项“它们各自追求的目标不同”表述正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“它们用不同的方法来收集数据以支持它们的理论”,原文第1段第5句提到“新的理论是科学创造追求的目标(anewtheoryisthegoalandendresult),数据是支持新理论的手段。”由此可知,该选项只体现了其中的一方,并且不是两者之间的区别,属于以偏概全;

C选项“它们用不同的方式尝试扩展已被接受的传统形式”,原文第1段第7句提到“艺术创造的目标是现象本身(thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproduct),为此会延伸和开发原有的形式。”由此可知,该选项只体现了其中的一方,并且不是两者之间的区别,属于以偏概全;

D选项“它们用不同的组织原则来创作新作品”,原文第1段第2句提到“高度创造性的活动超越了现有形式的限制,并建立了新的组织原则(establishesanewprincipleoforganization)”,但原文并没有说创造性艺术和科学的区别在于组织原则不同,该选项属于过度推理。

第2题:【选项释义】

WhydoestheauthorsuggestthattheworkofBeethovenwas,highlycreative?为什么作者认为贝多芬的作品很有创造力?

A.Becausehesoughttobecometheonlycomposerofhistimetochallengeacceptedmusicalconventions.A.因为他试图成为那个时代唯一一个挑战公认音乐传统的作曲家。

B.Becauseheadoptedanewprincipleoforganizationinhisworkbyutilizinginnovativestrategies.B.因为他在工作中采用了新的组织原则,运用了创新的策略。

C.Becausehecreativelymanipulatedtheacceptedrulesandformsgoverningmusicalcomposition.C.因为他创造性地运用了公认的音乐创作规则和形式。

D.Becausehesynthesizedatransitionbetweentheolderstylisticconventionandthenewermusicalform.D.因为他形成了新旧音乐形式之间的过渡。

【答案】C

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词Beethoven定位到原文第2段最后三句话。倒数第一句提到“他是一位无与伦比的战略家,他从……等前辈那里继承了规则(rules)、形式(forms)和惯例(conventions),并以惊人的原创方式(originalways)加以利用。”由此可知,作者认为贝多芬作品的创造力来自对规则、形式和惯例的创造性继承,C选项“因为他创造性地运用了公认的音乐创作规则和形式”表述正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“因为他试图成为那个时代唯一挑战公认音乐传统的作曲家”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;

B选项“因为他在工作中采用了新的组织原则,运用了创新的策略”可定位到原文第2段倒数第2句,该句提到“贝多芬的作品并没有推翻任何基本的规则(overturnednofundamentalrules)。”由此可知,该选项表述错误;

D选项“因为他形成了新旧音乐形式之间的过渡”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有。

第3题:【选项释义】

Thepassageimpliesthatanoriginalcontributioninscienceisonethat____.这篇文章暗示,在科学上的原创贡献是____。

A.isoftenquotedintheworkofotherscientistsA.一种在其他科学家的作品中经常被引用的贡献

B.iscarefulnottomakeavaluejudgmentabouttheuseofdataB.一种很谨慎不对数据的使用做出价值判断的贡献

C.isapplaudedbyalldistinguishedexperimentalistsC.一种受到所有杰出的实验家的赞扬的贡献

D.generatesanovelandwell-foundedgeneralizationD.一种生成新颖并且有充分根据的概括表达的贡献

【答案】D

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词anoriginalcontributioninscience定位到原文第1段第5句,该句提到“对于科学来说,新理论(anewtheory)是创造行为的目标和最终结果。”由此可知,科学创新就是要建立新的理论。另外,第1段第7句提到“像一颗灿烂的钻石或一只筑巢的鸟这样的现象,被降级为数据的角色,作为形成或检验新理论的手段(servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory)。”由此可知,新的理论形成之前会通过现象数据的检验。综上,D选项“一种生成新颖且有充分根据的概括表达的贡献”表述正确,一种新的概括表达就是指一种新的理论。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“一种在其他科学家的作品中经常被引用的贡献”,原文并未提及“被引用”,该选项属于无中生有;

B选项“一种很谨慎不对数据的使用做出价值判断的贡献”,原文只是提到某些现象作为数据用来检验新的理论,并没有提及“数据的价值判断”,该选项属于无中生有;

C选项“一种受到所有杰出的实验家的赞扬的贡献”,原文并未提及“杰出的实验家的赞扬”,该选项属于无中生有。

第4题:【选项释义】

Whichofthefollowing

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