考研考博-英语-宁夏体育职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁夏体育职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Ifitistruethatmoralitycannotexistwithoutreligion,thendoesnottheerosionofreligionheraldthe______ofmorality?

问题1选项

A.regulation

B.basis

C.belief

D.collapse

【答案】D

【解析】名词词义辨析。regulation“管理，规则”；basis“基础”；belief“信仰”；collapse“倒塌，失败”。句意：如果道德离不开宗教是真实的，那么宗教腐朽不就意味着道德丧失吗？选项D符合题意。

2.单选题

Withoutapropereducation,peoplecould（）allkindsofcrimes.

问题1选项

A.conduct

B.stoop

C.commit

D.sweat

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。conduct“组织，实施”；stoop“辱没，堕落”；commit“犯罪”；sweat“出汗”。commitcrimes犯罪，故C项正确。句意：如果没有接受合适的教育，人们可能会进行各种犯罪活动。

3.单选题

________theendofthewhalingindustrycamehardtimesforseaportslikeNewBedfordandNantucket.

问题1选项

A.With

B.Wasit

C.That

D.Moreover

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：（）捕鲸业的终结，像新贝德福和南塔开特这样的港口迎来了艰难的时刻。withtheendof是固定搭配。因为这里是介词短语提前，所以主句用了完全倒装。选B选项会造成句子有两套主谓结构，不符合语法。C选项“那个”，D选项“此外”不符合句意。

4.单选题

Asthepainteris（）topollens,heregretsalotforlosingthechanceofdrawingthebeautyofspringinthefields.

问题1选项

A.nostalgic

B.insolent

C.acute

D.allergic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项nostalgic“怀旧的，乡愁的”；B选项insolent“无礼的，傲慢的”；C选项acute“急性的，敏锐的”；D选项allergic“对……过敏的，对……极讨厌的”。句意：因为这个画家对花粉……，他很遗憾要失去野外写生的机会。由后面句子heregretsalotforlosingthechanceofdrawingthebeautyofspringinthefields（他很遗憾要……）可知D选项allergic“对……过敏的”（画家对花粉过敏）与前后意思对应。因此D选项符合句意。

5.翻译题

(36)Formany,theglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisishasconfirmedexistinganti-globalizationsentimentsandisbeingreflectedinoppositiontomoreliberalizedtrade.Underthedislocationcausedbythefinancialcrisis,manycountriesareattemptingtocurtailimportsorimposeotherrestrictionsontrade.AtboththeG-20Leaders’Summitandthemeetingsoffinanceministersandcentralbankgovernors,participantsagreedtofightallformsofprotectionismandmaintainopentrade.However,inMarch2009,WorldTradeOrganizationDirector-GeneralPascalLamystatedthatmembersoftheWTOwereshowinga“worryingtendencytowardincreasedtradeprotectionismasaresultofthedeepeningglobaleconomiccrisis.”

(37)Theovertformsofprotectionismorbeggar-thy-neighborpoliciesarelimitedbyrulescountrieshaveagreedtoasmembersoftheWTO.However,thereisamplescope,forincreasesintradebarriersthatareconsistentwithWTOrulesandobligations,includingincreasesinappliedtariffstohigherboundlevels.IfallWTOmembersraisedtheircurrentlyappliedtarifftotoday’sWTOboundrates,tariffsworldwidewoulddouble.TheWTOhassaidthatsuchincreasesintradebarrierscouldcauseworldtradetoshrinkbyupto8%andreduceglobalwelfarebyupto$350billion.

Almostanygovernmentinterventionintoeconomicactivityaffectsinternationaltradeandcapitalflows.Sincegovernmentinterventiongenerallyisinfluencedbypoliticalconsiderationsandmayinvolvetaxdollars,itusuallyfavorsdomesticconstituenciesattheexpenseofforeignconstituencies.(38)Adangerintheprocessofrecoveringfromtheglobalfinancialcrisisisthatcountriesmaytrytocapturealargershareofadecliningvolumeofinternationaltraderatherthanattempttoinducerecoveryintradeflowsbyhelpingtheirmacro-economiesreturntohealth.IntheUnitedStates,the“BUYAmerican”provisionintheFebruary2009stimuluspackagehasbeencharacterizedbysomeasastepdowntheslipperyslopeleadingtoprotectionismandasign,worryingtomany,thattheUnitedStatesmaynotbealeaderofthefree-tradeinitiativesintheyearsahead.TheEuropeanUnionhasraisedquestionsaboutwhetheritsprovisionsarecompatiblewithU.S.internationaltradecommitmentseventhoughtheprovisionappliesonlytosteel,iron,andmanufacturedgoodsusedinconstructionprojectsandlanguagewasincludedthattheprovision“shallbeappliedinamannerconsistentwithUnitedStatesobligationsunderinternationalagreements.”(39)Thecriticismfromothernationsofthisprovisionappearstobebasedonbothitspresumedeffectsandthefearthatevenarelativelysmall“BuyAmerican”provisionatthistimecouldsetaprecedentthatcouldopenthefloodgatesandprovidetheexcuseforacycleof“creepingprotectionism”byothernations.

【答案】36.对许多人来说，全球金融和经济危机证实了现有的反全球化情绪，并且反映在反对更加自由化的贸易。在金融危机造成的混乱下，许多国家正试图减少进口或施加其他贸易限制。

37.对世贸组织成员国而言，公开形式的保护主义或以邻为壑的政策受限于他们所同意的规则。然而，符合世贸组织规则和义务的贸易壁垒仍有很大的增加空间，包括将适用关税提高到更高的上限。

38.在从全球金融危机中复苏的过程中，一个危险在于，各国可能会试图从不断下降的国际贸易量中分得更大的份额，而不是试图通过帮助其宏观经济恢复健康来促进贸易流动的复苏。2009年2月，美国发布经济刺激计划，其中包括“购买美国货”的条款，有的人把这视为导致保护主义的滑坡路，也是一个令许多人担心的迹象，这表明美国在以后可能不再领导自由贸易计划。

39.其他国家对这一条款的批评似乎是基于其假定影响和人们的担心，即使是目前规模相对较小的“购买美国货”条款也可能开创先例，进而打开闸门，为其他国家的“渐进式保护主义”循环提供借口。

6.问答题

Themost(A)acutechallenges(B)facingthefuturearelikelytobenotonlythosepittingmanagainsthisfellowman,butthose(C)involvedhumankind’sstruggletopreservetheenvironmentandensurethe(D)sustainabilityoflifeonearth.

【答案】C；“involved”改为“involving”。

【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：未来面临的最严峻的挑战可能不仅是人与人之间的竞争，而且是涉及到人类努力保护环境和确保地球上生命的可持续性的挑战。句中“those”指代上文提到的“challenges”，“involved”过去分词作后置定语表被动，而“those”和“involve”之间是主动关系，所以将“involved”改为“involving”。

7.单选题

Unfortunately,hisdamagingattacksontheramificationsoftheeconomicpolicyhavebeen（

）byhiswholeheartedacceptanceofthatpolicy’sunderlyingassumptions.

问题1选项

A.supplemented

B.undermined

C.diverted

D.redeemed

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。A选项的supplement“增补，补充”；B选项的undermine“渐渐破坏，授掘地基”；C选项的divert“使转向，使绕道，转移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；D选项的redeem“履行，补偿，赎回”。根据句意‘不幸的是，他对这个经济政策后果的致命攻击被破坏了，因为他完全接受了这个政策暗含的假设’确定B选项正确。

8.单选题

Shebroughtherrageundercontrol,hersmilingface______herrealfeeling.

问题1选项

A.disguised

B.disguising

C.disguise

D.todisguise

【答案】A

【解析】考查时态。英语句子中前后句子时态应统一，前半句的谓语动词用的“bring”的过去式“brought”，因此后半句的谓语动词也应用过去式，选项中只有A选项符合题意。句意：她控制住了自己的愤怒，她的微笑掩饰了她的真实感情。因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

JustimaginetheshockofthePrimeMinisterwhenthreeofhisseniorcabinetcolleagues（

）andresignedinprotestonFridaynight.

问题1选项

A.revolved

B.resolved

C.revived

D.revolted

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析题。根据句意‘试想一下，当他的三个高级内阁同僚都在周五晚上向他递交了辞呈并进行抗议，这对这位首相的打击有多大。’可知这里应选与resignedinprotest“辞职抗议”为并列关系的动词。A选项revolve“旋转”;B选项resolve“解决”；C选项revive“使复活，使恢复”;D选项revolt“反叛，起义”。D选项的revolted与protest相对应，D选项正确。

10.单选题

Itissaidthatthemathteacherseems（

）towardsbrightstudents.

问题1选项

A.preferable

B.partial

C.beneficial

D.liable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项preferable“更好的，更可取的”；B选项partial“部分的，不完全的，偏袒”；C选项beneficial“有利的，有益的”；D选项liable“负有偿付责任，可能受……的影响”。由brightstudents（聪明的学生）可知B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：据说这个数学老师似乎偏袒聪明的学生。

11.单选题

Sometaxonomists,particularlythoseworkinginherbariaandprovidinganidentificationservice,doneedsuch_______.

问题1选项

A.approach

B.confidence

C.faith

D.expertise

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项approach“方法，方式；接近；接洽”；B选项confidence“信心；信任；秘密”；C选项faith“信仰；信念；信任；忠实”；D选项expertise“专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见”。句意：一些分类学家，特别是那些在标本室工作并提供鉴定服务的分类学家，确实需要这样的专业知识。因此D选项正确。

12.单选题

Theambulanceservicesworked（）haulingpeopletrappedinthebuildingtosafety.

问题1选项

A.onthedecline

B.onthecontrary

C.forachange

D.roundtheclock

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。onthedecline在衰退中；onthecontrary正相反；forachange为了改变一下；roundtheclock昼夜不停地，不知疲倦地。由ambulance以及后面的“haulingpeopletrappedinthebuildingtosafety.把困在楼里的人拉到安全的地方”可知急救车昼夜不停地运输被困人员。故D项符合题意。句意：救护车服务不分昼夜地把困在大楼里的人拉到安全的地方。

13.单选题

Histrialisfixedfornextweek,buthehasbeenallowedouton（）.

问题1选项

A.parole

B.leave

C.bail

D.perjury

【答案】C

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项onparole“被假释；假释”；B选项onleave“休假；在休假中；放假”；C选项onbail“保释；保释中”；D选项perjury“伪证；伪证罪；背信弃义”，没有onperjury这个说法。bail与parole的区别：在欧美，被告如果没有逃亡或串供之虞，法官常常裁定保释，类似于我国的取保候审；假释是指已经在服刑的犯人，如果服完了最低刑期标准，同时在狱中表现良好，经假释审查委员会评估通过，就可以提早出狱。句意：他的审判定在下周，但他已获准保释。

14.问答题

ThereisextraordinaryexposureintheUnitedStatestotheriskofinjuryanddeathfrommotorvehicleaccidents.Morethan80percentofallhouseholdsownpassengercarsorlighttrucksandeachoftheseisdrivenanaverageofmorethan11,000mileseachyear.Almostone-halfoffatallyinjureddrivershaveabloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)of0.1percentorhigher.Fortheaverageadult,overfiveouncesof80proofspiritswouldhavetobeconsumedoverashortperiodoftimetoattaintheselevels.Athirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinking,butfewerthan4percentofalldrivers,demonstratetheselevels.Althoughlessthan1percentofdriverswithBAC'sof0.1percentormoreareinvolvedinfatalcrashes,theprobabilityoftheirinvolvementis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.

Thereareanumberofdifferentapproachestoreducinginjuriesinwhichintoxicationplaysarole.Basedontheobservationthatexcessiveconsumptioncorrelateswiththetotalalcoholconsumptionofacountry'spopulation,ithasbeensuggestedthathighertaxesonalcoholwouldreduceboth.Whiletheheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemost,anyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepenalizedbythisapproach.

Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatintoxicateddrivers.Insomestates,thelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestofdriverscitedforanytrafficoffenseandelevatedBACcanbethebasisforeveryarrest.TheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationestimates,however,thatevenwithincreasedarrests,thereareabout700violationsforeveryarrest.Atthislevelthereislittleevidencethatlawsserveasdeterrentstodrinkingwhileintoxicated.InBritain,motorvehiclefatalitiesfell25percentimmediatelyfollowingimplementationoftheRoadSafetyActin1967.AsBritishersincreasinglyrecognizedthattheycoulddrinkandnottobestopped,theeffectivenessdeclined,althoughinthefollowingthreeyearsthefatalityrateseldomreachedthatobservedinthesevenyearspriortotheAct.

【答案】IntheUnitedStates,peopletakeaveryhighriskofmotorvehicleaccidentcasualties.Almostone-halfdeadlyaccidentscausedbyexcessivedrinking.Andonethirdofdriverswhohavebeendrinking,butfewerthan4percentofalldrivers,reached0.1%orhigher.Althoughonlyfewoftheminvolvedinfatalcrashes,theprobabilityoftheirinvolvementis27timeshigherthanforthosewithoutalcoholintheirblood.

Therearemanydifferentwaystoreducetheinjuriesofintoxication.Someonesuggestsraisingtaxesonalcohol.Theheaviestdrinkerswouldbetaxedthemost,anyonewhodrinksatallwouldbepenalized.

Tomakedrinkinganddrivingacriminaloffenseisanapproachdirectedonlyatintoxicateddrivers.However,thelawhardlythreatendrinkingwhileintoxicated.Insomestates,thelawempowerspolicetorequestbreathtestofdriverscitedforanytrafficoffenseandelevatedBACcanbethebasisforeveryarrest.Evenso,withincreasedarrests,therearestillabout700violationsforeveryarrest.

15.单选题

LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenowextinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow.（1）.

Veryoccasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thekindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenoftheplantsthatgrewonit,andevenofitsclimate.

（2）.Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocks

formedbywateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammals,birds,andinsectsofwhichweknownothing.

（3）.Therewerealsocrab-likecreatures,whosebodieswerecovered

withahomysubstance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandybottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.

（4）.Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.ThousandsofthesecanbeseenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.

（5）.

About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammals,thoughnowextinct,wereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.

问题1选项

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

问题2选项

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

问题3选项

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

问题4选项

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

问题5选项

A.Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

B.Nevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howtheywalked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

C.Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothonlandandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,andintheair.

D.Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

E.Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlivedinthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesealilies,relationsofthestarfishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabed,ortorocks.

F.Whenananimaldies,thebody,itsbones,orshell,mayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakesortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaitsbodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfalluponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.

G.Manyfactorscaninfluencehowfossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedbyminerals,dissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpression,orsimplyreducedtoamorestableform.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:F

第3题:E

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】（1）空前指出许多动物灭绝了，而接下来第二段指出，我们可以根据石头推测已灭绝的动物形状。前后为对立的两种情况,而B项开头的nevertheless正好表示转折，意思是：尽管如此，我们对它们了解很多，因为它们的骨头和贝壳是作为化石保存在岩石中的。从它们我们可以看出它们的大小和形状，它们走路的方式，它们吃的食物种类。该选项起到了衔接第一段和第二段的作用。

（2）此空时衔接第二段和第三段,选项F的最后一句与空白后的第一句密切相关。空白后第一句讲：我们所知道的几乎所有化石都是被保存在了由于水的作用而形成的岩石中，而且大多都是生活在水里或水边的动物。选项F提到：becarriedawaybystreamsintolakesorthesea,getcoveredbymud等，都是在讲水的作用形成化石；而最后一句“直到其骨头或外壳嵌进石头并被保存下来”，空格后也有一个preserved与之对应。因此F为此处正确答案。F意为：动物死后，其身体、骨骼或外壳通常会被溪流带走，流入湖泊或海洋，并被泥土覆盖。如果这只动物生活在海里，它的身体可能会下沉并被泥土覆盖。越来越多的泥土会落在上面，直到骨头或贝壳被嵌入并保存下来。

（3）53空后一句:还有像螃蟹一样的生物，其身体表面是一层角状物。紧接着后面部分介绍了这类动物的外貌特征。空后一句有一个“also”，由此推测空格处应该是关于另一种海洋生物。选项E提到starlilies这种海洋生物。E意为：最早被发现的动物都是非常简单的动物，生活在海里。后来的形态更为复杂，其中包括海百合、星鱼的关系，星鱼有长长的手臂，被一根长茎附在海床或岩石上。

（4）空格处后一句为:Ofthese,theammonitesare…shell…animal,说明ammonites是前面所提某种动物中的一个例子，它们的特点是“有壳"。据此推测此处应为A项。A意为：有壳的水生动物在化石中的历史很久了，而且已知的有很多不同的种类。

（5）55空上段主要讲的是有壳水生动物。下段第一句讲：大约7500万年前，爬行动物时代结束了。由此可知，要填入的文字应该既承接上段提到的有壳水生动物，又能够引出下文的爬行动物这样的内容。只有选项C中有相关的词gaverisetothereptiles。C意为：第一批真正有脊椎的动物是鱼类，最早出现在3.75亿年前的岩石中。大约3亿年前，两栖动物出现了，它们能够在陆地和水中生活。它们是巨大的，有时长达8英尺，其中许多生活在我们的煤层或岩层形成的沼泽水池中。两栖动物产生了爬行动物，在近1.5亿年的时间里，这些爬行动物是陆地、海洋和空中的主要生命形式。

16.单选题

Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.

Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense.Hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.

1.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause________.

2.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto________.

3.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis________.

4.Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat________.

问题1选项

A.thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged

B.theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped

C.moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade

D.ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance

问题2选项

A.socialrecognition

B.graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges

C.socio-economicstatus

D.certainbehavioralchanges

问题3选项

A.elevenyearsold

B.sixteenyearsold

C.twenty-oneyearsold

D.betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold

问题4选项

A.oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy

B.noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one

C.oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver’slicense

D.inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexisted

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause________.在工业社会，青春期要