考研考博-英语-太原旅游职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-太原旅游职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thelegalownershipofthegoods______theselleruntilthefinalpaymenthasbeenmade.

问题1选项

A.relieson

B.consists

C.remainswith

D.fallsinto

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项relyon“依靠；依赖；凭借；信赖”；B选项consists“包括；组成；由；在于”；C选项remainwith“属于；在；翻译；取决于”；D选项fallinto“落入；陷入；陷于；河流注入”。句意：在付清全部货款之前，货物的所有权属于卖方。因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

This（）girlisMary'scousin.

问题1选项

A.prettylittleSwedish

B.Swedishlittlepretty

C.Swedishprettylittle

D.littleprettySwedish

【答案】A

【解析】考查多个形容词修饰名词时的词序。通常顺序是: 限定词—表示说话人评价的形容词—表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词—表示颜色的形容词—表示国别、来源、材料的形容词—表示用途或目的的形容词或分词,名词等类别词—名词中心词。根据规则,选项A正确。

3.单选题

Theteamhasbeenworkingovertimeontheresearchproject（

）.

问题1选项

A.lately

B.justnow

C.late

D.longago

【答案】A

【解析】考察副词词义辨析。lately“近来，不久前”；justnow“刚刚”；late“晚，迟；在晚期”；longago“很久以前”。句意：这个团队近来一直在为这个项目加班。选项A符合题意。

4.单选题

His______haschangedbuthehaskeptthefinequalitiesofascientificresearcher.

问题1选项

A.state

B.status

C.station

D.statue

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项state“情形，状态”；B选项status“社会地位；（进展的）状况，情形”；C选项station“（旧时）（正式）社会地位；站，所”；D选项statue“雕像”。句意：他的______改变了，但仍保持着科研人员的优良品质。根据语境，这里指他的外在的社会地位变了，但内在品质没有改变，加上这是非常生活化的一句话，可知B选项status“社会地位”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

5.单选题

Humansocietiestheworldoverhaveconfrontedthesameexistentialproblemsandhavecometoremarkably（）solutions,differingonlyinsuperficialdetails.

问题1选项

A.identical

B.diverse

C.varied

D.similar

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项identical“完全相同的”；B选项diverse“不同的，多种多样的”；C选项varied“各式各样的”；D选项similar“相似的”。句意：人类社会都会面临同样的生存问题，但都能找到非常相似的解决方案，只是在表面的细节上有所不同。选项D符合语境。

6.单选题

Universitiesarefrequentlyjudgedonthebasisoftheaccomplishmentsoftheirprofessorsandscientists.Scientistswhopublish,therefore,bringprestigetotheircollegeoruniversity.

问题1选项

A.achievement

B.funding

C.wisdom

D.fame

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。prestige表示“威望，声望，声誉”；A项achievement“成就，完成，达到”，B项funding“提供资金”，C项wisdom“智慧，才智，明智”，D项fame“名声，名望，传闻”。句意：人们常常根据教授和科学家的成就来评判大学；因此，发表论文的科学家会给他们的学院或大学带来声望。因此，根据句意可知D选项正确。

7.单选题

Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Itislikelytogiveuppapermoneyinthenearfuture.

B.Itisthefirstcountrytousecreditcardsintheworld.

C.Itistryinghardtodoawaywithdirtymoney.

D.Itishelpingitsbankstoimproveefficiency.

问题2选项

A.Whetheritispossibletotravelwithoutcarryinganyphysicalcurrency.

B.Whetheritispossibletopredicthowmuchmoneyoneisgoingtospend.

C.Whethertheabsenceofphysicalcurrencyisgoingtoaffecteverydaylife.

D.Whethertheabsenceofphysicalcurrencycausesapersontospendmore.

问题3选项

A.Thecashinherhandbagwasmissing.

B.Theserviceonthetrainwasnotgood.

C.Therestaurantcaracceptedcashonly.

D.Therewasnofoodserviceonthetrain.

问题4选项

A.Bydrawingmoneyweekbyweek.

B.Byputtingmoneyintoenvelopes.

C.Bylimitingtheirday-to-dayspending.

D.Byrefusingtobuyanythingoncredit.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】RecordingTwo

SwedenwasthefirstEuropeancountrytoprintandusepapermoney,[19]butitmaysoondoawaywithphysicalcurrencies.

Bankscansavealotofmoneyandavoidregulatoryheadachesbymovingtoacash-freesystem,andtheycanalsoavoidbankrobberies,theft,anddirtymoney.

ClaerBarrett,theeditorofFinancialTimesMoney,saystheWesternworldisheadedtowardaworldwithoutphysicalcurrency.

AndyHolder—thechiefeconomistatTheBankofEngland—suggestedthattheUKmovetowardsagovernment-backeddigitalcurrency.Butdoesacashlesssocietyreallymakegoodeconomicsense?

“Thefactthatcashisbeingdrawnoutofsociety,islessafeatureofoureverydaylives,andtheeaseofelectronicpayments—isthisactuallymakingusspendmoremoneywithoutrealizingit?”

[20]Barrettwantedtofindoutiftheabsenceofphysicalcurrencydoesindeedcauseapersontospendmore,soshedecidedtoconductanexperimentafewmonthsago.

Shedecidedthatshewasgoingtotrytojustusecashfortwoweekstomakeallofheressentialpurchasesandseewhatthatwoulddotoherspending.Shefoundshedidspendalotlessmoneybecauseitisincrediblyhardtopredicthowmuchcashoneisgoingtoneed—shewasforeverdrawingmoneyoutofcashpoints.Monthslater,shewasstillfindingcashstuffedinhertrouserpocketsandthepocketsofherhandbags.

[21]Duringtheexperiment,Barretttookatrainride.Ontheway,therewasanannouncementthattherestaurantcarwasnotcurrentlyacceptingcreditcards.Thetraincarswerefilledwithgroansbecausemanyofthepassengersweretravelingwithoutcash.

“Itunderlinesjusthowmuchthingshavechangedinthelastgeneration,”Barrettsays.“[22]Myparents,whentheywereyounger,usedtobudgetbyputtingmoneyintoenvelopes—they’dgetpaidandthey’dimmediatelyseparatethecashintopilesandputtheminenvelopes,sotheyknewwhattheyhadtospendweekbyweek.Itwasaveryeffectivewayforthemtokeeptrackoftheirspending.Nowadays,we’realloncreditcards,we’redoingonlinepurchases,andmoneyiskindofbecomingalessphysicalandmoreimaginarytypeofthingthatwecan’tgetourhandsaround.”

19.WhatdowelearnaboutSweden?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问关于瑞典我们能够了解到什么？录音开头便提及，瑞典是第一个印刷并使用纸币的欧洲国家，但是它将很快摒弃实体货币。A选项中giveuppapermoney是对原文中doawaywithphysicalcurrencies的同义替换，因此A选项“它在不久的将来可能放弃使用纸币”正确。B选项“它是世界上第一个使用信用卡的国家”；C选项“它正在努力清除非法钱财”和D选项“它正在帮助银行提高效率”均是利用录音个别字词设置干扰，录音中并没有相关信息涉及，因此不正确。

20.WhatdidClaerBarrettwanttofindoutwithherexperiment?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问ClaerBarrett想从她的实验中发现什么?录音中提及ClaerBarrett为了弄清楚是否不使用实体货币就会导致钱花得更多，她决定做一个实验。D选项“是否不使用实体货币就会导致钱花得更多”与录音原文表述相符，因此正确。A选项“不带任何实体货币旅行是否有可能”和C选项“不使用实体货币是否会影响日常生活”在录音中均没有信息提及，因此排除；B选项“一个人的花费是否能够预测”，录音中虽然提及，要预测一个人需要多少现金是非常困难的，但这并不是ClaerBarrett实验的目的，因此可排除。

21.WhatdidClaerBarrettfindonhertrainride?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问ClaerBarrett在火车上发现了什么?录音中提及，在ClaerBarrett进行实验的期间，有一次，她在搭乘火车旅行的途中遇到了列车广播通知乘客餐车不接受信用卡支付的事件。由此可知，餐车只接受现金支付。因此C选项正确。A选项“她手提包里的现金不见了”；B选项“火车上的服务不好”和D选项“火车上没有餐饮服务”在录音中均没有信息提及，因此可排除。

22.Howdidpeopleofthelastgenerationbudgettheirspending?

【试题答案】B

【试题解析】题目问上一代的人是如何预算他们的开支的？录音结尾提到ClaerBarrett回想起自己父母（即上一代人）年轻时，常常通过将现金放进信封的方式来进行预算开支。B选项是录音原文原词的复现，因此正确。A选项“通过每星期取款”；C选项“通过限制他们的日常开支”和D选项“通过拒绝赊购任何东西”在录音中均未提及，因此排除。

8.单选题

Inmostdevelopedcountries,menhavehighersalaries,onaverage,thanwomen.Muchofthesalarydifferentialresultsfromthetendencyofwomentobeinlower-payingoccupations.Thequestionofwhetherthisoccupationalemploymentpatterncanbeattributedtosexdiscriminationisacomplexone.Infact,wagedifferentialsamongoccupationsarethenormratherthantheexception.SuccessfulathletescommonlyearnmorethanNoblePrize-winningacademics;giftedartistsoftencannotearnenoughtosurvive,whilemediocreinvestmentbankersprosper.Givensuchdifferences,thequestionnaturallyarises:talentandabilitybeingequal,whydoesanyone—manorwoman—enteralow-payingoccupation?Oneobviousanswerispersonalchoice.Anindividualmayprefer,forexample,toteachmathatamodestsalaryratherthantobecomeamorehighlypaidelectricalengineer.

Somepeoplearguethatpersonalchoicealsoexplainssex-relatedwagedifferentials.Accordingtothisexplanation,manywomen,becausetheyplaceahighpriorityonparentingandperforminghouseholdservices,choosecertaincareersinwhichtheyarefreetoenterandleavetheworkforcewithminimumpenalty.Theymaychoosetoacquireskills,suchastypingandsalesclerking,thatdonotdepreciaterapidlywithtemporaryabsencesfromtheworkforce.Theymayavoidoccupationalspecialtiesthatrequireextensivetrainingperiods,longandunpredictablehours,andwillingnesstorelocate,allofwhichmakespecializationindomesticactivitiesproblematic.Bychoosingtoinvestlessindevelopingtheircareerpotentialandtoexpendlesseffortoutsidethehome,womenmust,accordingtothisexplanation,payapriceintheformoflowersalaries.Butwomencannotbeconsideredthevictimsofdiscriminationbecausetheypreferthelower-payingoccupationstohigher-payingones.

Analternativeexplanationforsex-relatedwagedifferentialsisthatwomendonotvoluntarilychooselower-payingoccupationsbutareforcedintothembyemployersandsocialprejudices.Accordingtoproponentsofthisview,employerswhodiscriminatemayrefusetohirequalifiedwomenforrelativelyhigh-payingoccupations.Moregenerally,subtlesociety-wideprejudicesmayinducewomentoavoidcertainoccupationsinfavorofothersthatareconsideredmoresuitable.Indeed,the“choice”ofwomentospecializeinparentingandperforminghouseholdservicesmayitselfresultfromthesesubtleprejudices.Whetherthediscriminationisbyemployersinaparticularoccupationorbysocietyasawholeisirrelevant;theeffectwillbethesame.Further,ifsuchdiscriminationdoesoccur,womenexcludedfromcertainoccupationswillfloodothers,andthisincreaseinsupplywillhaveadepressingeffectonwagesinoccupationsdominatedbywomen.

1.Instatingthat“successfulathletescommonlyearnmorethanNobelPrize-winningacademics”,theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Whichoneofthefollowingcasesisleastlikelytoinvolvesexdiscrimination,asitisdescribedinthepassage?

3.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisthebestcompletionofthelastparagraphofthepassage?

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsexdiscriminationasanexplanationforwagedifferentialscanbestbecharacterizedas（

）.

5.Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Demonstratethateducationhaslittletodowithmakingmoney

B.Suggestthatpeoplewithtalentandabilityshouldnotenterlow-payingoccupations

C.Showthathighlypaidoccupationsgenerallyrequirelonghoursandextensivetraining

D.Giveanexampleofhowcertainoccupationsarebetterpaidthanothersregardlessofinherentworthortalentrequired

问题2选项

A.Anemployerhiresamanratherthananequallyqualifiedwoman.

B.Awomanchoosestoenterahigh-payingoccupationthatuseshertalentandability.

C.Awomanchoosesanoccupationthatisalreadydominatedbywomen.

D.Awomanchoosesalow-payingjobthatallowshertodevotemoretimetoherfamily.

问题3选项

A.Wagedifferentialswillbecomemoreexaggeratedandeconomicparitybetweenmenandwomenlessandlesspossible.

B.Unlesssocietychangesitsviews,womenmayneverescapetheconfinesofthefewoccupationsdesignated“ForWomenOnly”.

C.Thequestionis:howlongwillwomenallowthemselvestobeexcludedfrommale-dominatedoccupations?

D.Inthelastanalysis,womenmayneedtoaskthemselvesiftheycanreallyaffordtoallowsexdiscriminationtocontinue.

问题4选项

A.skepticalthatdiscriminationisafactor

B.criticalofsociety’sacceptanceofdiscrimination

C.convincedthattheproblemwillgetworse

D.neutralwithrespecttoitsvalidity

问题5选项

A.WageDifferentialsBetweenMenandWomen

B.WomeninLow-PayingOccupations:DoTheyHaveaChoice?

C.Homevs.Office:HowDoestheModemWomenChoose?

D.TheRoleofSocialPrejudiceinWomen’sCareers

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。“Infact,wagedifferentialsamongoccupationsarethenormratherthantheexception.事实上，职业之间的工资差距是常态，而不是例外”与D项“举例说明某些职业的薪水如何比其他职业高，而不考虑其内在价值或所需的才能。”相符。

2.细节事实题。定位到最后一段开头“employerswhodiscriminatemayrefusetohirequalifiedwomenforrelativelyhigh-payingoccupations.歧视女性的雇主可能会拒绝为薪酬相对较高的女性安排工作”以及“Bychoosingtoinvestlessindevelopingtheircareerpotentialandtoexpendlesseffortoutsidethehome,womenmust,accordingtothisexplanation,payapriceintheformoflowersalaries.Butwomencannotbeconsideredthevictimsofdiscriminationbecausetheypreferthelower-payingoccupationstohigher-payingones.根据这一解释，妇女选择减少对发展其职业潜力的投资，减少在家庭以外的努力，就必须付出工资较低的代价。但是妇女不能被认为是歧视的受害者，因为她们更喜欢低收入的职业而不是高收入的职业。”可知D项“女人选择一份薪水低的工作，这样她就能有更多的时间来陪伴家人。”是自愿的行为。

3.推理判断题。“ifsuchdiscriminationdoesoccur,womenexcludedfromcertainoccupationswillfloodothers,andthisincreaseinsupplywillhaveadepressingeffectonwagesinoccupationsdominatedbywomen.如果这种歧视真的发生了，那么女性之间的竞争会扩大，这样以女性为主的公司就会有工资方面的问题。”由全文可知性别差异导致工资差异不断扩大，女性和男女经济平等是越来越不可能的事情。A项“工资差距将变得越来越大，男女经济平等的可能性越来越小。”符合题意。

4.观点态度题。纵观全文，都是不同的人对性别差异这个问题在进行探讨“somepeopleargue”或者“analternativeexplanationforsex-relatedwage”,作者对该问题的态度并没有清晰地表现出来。

5.主旨大意题。由Bychoosingtoinvestlessindevelopingtheircareerpotentialandtoexpendlesseffortoutsidethehome,womenmust,accordingtothisexplanation,payapriceintheformoflowersalaries.Butwomencannotbeconsideredthevictimsofdiscriminationbecausetheypreferthelower-payingoccupationstohigher-payingones.根据这一解释，妇女选择减少对发展其职业潜力的投资，减少在家庭以外的努力，就必须付出工资较低的代价。但是妇女不能被认为是歧视的受害者，因为她们更喜欢低收入的职业而不是高收入的职业。”可知本文主要是围绕女性对于低收入的问题探讨，女性自愿选择低收入工作，是因为要教育小孩和做家务活。B项“从事低收入职业的女性：她们有选择的余地吗?”符合题意。

9.单选题

Stressisastateofimbalancebetweendemandsmadeonusfromoutsidesourcesandourcapabilitiestomeetthosedemands.Often,itprecedesandoccursconcurrentlywithconflict.Stress,asyouhaveseen,canbebroughtonbyphysicalevents,otherpeople’sbehavior,socialsituations,ourownbehavior,feelings,thoughts,oranythingthatresultsinheightenedbodilyawareness.Inmanycases,whenyouexperiencepain,anger,fear,ordepression,theseemotionsarearesponsetoastressfulsituationlikeconflict.

Sometimes,inhighlystressfulconflictsituations,wemustcopewiththestressbeforewecopewiththeconflict.Relievingsomeoftheintensityoftheimmediateemotionalresponsewillallowustobecomemorelogicalandtolerantinresolvingtheconflict.

Peopleresponddifferentlytoconflictjustastheyresponddifferentlytostress.Somepeoplehandlebothbetterthanothersdo.Individualdifferencesarenotasimportantaslearninghowtomanagethestresswefeel.Thegoalinstressmanagementisself-control,particularlyinthefaceofstressfulevents.

Controllingphysicalsymptomsofstressrequiresrelaxation.Sitinacomfortablepositioninaquietplacewheretherearenodistractions.Closeyoureyesandpaynoattentiontotheoutsideworld.Concentrateonlyonyourbreathing.Slowlyinhaleandexhale.Now,witheachexhaledbreathsay“relax”gentlyandpassively.Makeitarelaxingexperience.Ifyouusethismethodtohelpyouinconflictsituationsoveraperiodoftime,theword“relax”willbecomeassociatedwithasenseofphysicalcalm;sayingitinastressfulsituationwillhelpinduceasenseofpeace.

Controllingyourthoughtsisthesecondmajorelementinstressmanagement.Managingstresssuccessfullyrequiresflexibilityinthinking.Thatis,youmustconsideralternativeviews.Yourcurrentviewiscausingthestress!Youmustalsokeepfromattachingexaggeratedimportancetoevents.

Everythingseemslife-threateninginamomentofpanic;thingsdiminimportancewhenviewedinretrospect.

1.Themainpointofthisreadingisthat____________.

2.Controllingyourthoughtsalwaysinvolves____________.

3.Humanresponsetostressis____________.

4.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeinwritingtheselectionisto____________.

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsincludedintheselectionmostdirectlysupportsthewriter’sviewthatstressiscontrollable?

问题1选项

A.Stressisanimbalanceofinternalandexternaldemands

B.Controllingphysicalreactionsandthoughtsisaneffectivemeansofmanagingstress

C.Relaxationisthekeytosuccessfulstressmanagement

D.Stressmanagementrequiresaproblem-solvingapproach

问题2选项

A.consideringthesituationinalternativeviewpoints

B.visualizingyourselfmanagingthestressful

C.relaxationtechniquestoeliminatephysicalsymptoms

D.asenseofbeingoverwhelmedbythesituation

问题3选项

A.universal

B.variableaccordingtosex

C.unchanging

D.individual

问题4选项

A.explaintherelationshipbetweenstressandconflict

B.instructthereaderhowtocontrolstress

C.describerelaxationtechniques

D.persuadethereadertoreducestressthroughbreathing

问题5选项

A.Thingsdiminimportancewhenviewedinretrospect.

B.Stressisanimbalancebetweendemands.

C.Peopleresponddifferentlytoconflict,justastheyresponddifferentlytostress.

D.Managingstresssuccessfullyrequiresflexibilityinthinking.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.观点态度题。文章第一二段对压力这个话题进行引入后，第三段最后一句Thegoalinstressmanagementisself-control（压力管理的目标是自我控制）交代下文主要内容，第四段讲述Controllingphysicalsymptomsofstressrequiresrelaxation.（可以控制压力的身体症状需要放松。），第五段讲述Controllingyourthoughtsisthesecondmajorelementinstressmanagement.（控制思想是压力管理的第二个主要因素），第六段对文章进行结尾，文章用了一半多的篇幅讲述如何管理压力，综上可知，本文的主要观点是B选项“控制身体的反应和思想是管理压力的有效方法”。A选项“压力是内在和外在需求的不平衡”：仅在第一段提到作为引入，没有贯穿全文，故错误。C选项“放松是成功管理压力的关键”：仅仅是主要观点的一个方面，故错误。D选项“压力管理需要一种解决问题的方法”：文章没有提到在解决问题的层面缓解压力，故错误。因此B选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据第五段第三句Thatis,youmustconsideralternativeviews.（也就是说，你必须考虑不同的观点。），可知控制思想需要考虑不同观点，所以A选项“用不同的观点来考虑情况”正确。B选项“想象自己管理压力”文章没有提到，故错误。C选项“消除身体症状的放松技巧”：属于身体范畴，不是思想范畴，故错误。D选项“被形势压倒的感觉”：根据第五段最后一句Youmustalsokeepfromattachingexaggeratedimportancetoevents.（你也必须避免夸大事件的重要性），表明要避免被形势压倒的感觉，故错误。因此A选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句Peopleresponddifferentlytoconflictjustastheyresponddifferentlytostress.（人们对冲突的反应和对压力的反应是不同的。），可知人们对压力的反应因人而异，所以D选项“个人的”正确，A选项“普遍的”错误。B选项“根据性别变化”：文章没有提到男女在面对压力的不同。C选项“不变的”：文章主要内容讲如何调节压力，可知对压力的反应可以改变，故错误。因此D选项正确。

4.作者意图题。根据第一段stressisastateofimbalance（压力是一种失衡的状态）讲述压力是什么，通过Often,itprecedesandoccursconcurrentlywithconflict.（它通常伴随冲突出现，并出现在冲突之前。）讲述为什么产生压力，根据第二段Relievingsomeoftheintensityoftheimmediateemotionalresponsewillallowustobecomemorelogicalandtolerantinresolvingtheconflict.（减轻一些强烈的即时情绪反应将使我们在解决冲突时变得更有逻辑性和宽容）讲为什么要管理压力，在第三到第五段讲怎样管理压力，综上分析，可知作者的主要目的是让读者认识压力和学习管理压力，所以B选项“指导读者如何控制压力”正确。A选项“解释压力和冲突之间的关系”：属于为什么产生压力，不全面，故错误。C选项“描述放松技巧”和D选项“说服读者通过呼吸来减轻压力”：属于怎样管理压力，不全面，故错误。因此B选项正确。

5.推理判断题。A选项“回想起来，事情就不那么重要了”：事情重要与否和压力能否控制不是一回事，不能相提并论，故错误。B选项“压力是需求之间的不平衡”：这里点出为什么会有压力，却没有表示需求和控制压力的关系，故错误。C选项“人们对冲突的反应不同，就像他们对压力的反应不同一样”：只是点出压力因人而异，没有提到能否控制，故错误。D选项“成功地管理压力需要思维上的灵活性”：这里点出了成功地管理压力，表示压力可以通过管理而得到控制，因此D选项正确。

10.单选题

Ifsheisstupid,she’s（）pleasanttolookat.

问题1选项

A.atanyrate

B.bychance

C.ataloss

D.bytheway

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。atanyrate“无论如何，至少”；bychance“偶然，意外地”；ataloss“困惑不解”；bytheway“顺便说说，顺便问一下”。句意：即使她很愚笨，至少她很好看。选项A符合题意。

11.单选题

Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologistMarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewhealitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,not'theexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.

Otherresearchersagree,JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicinehasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisOneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.

Oneofthemoststartingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned（便形成条件反射）micetoavoidsaccharin（糖精）bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweeterandinjectingthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthe'highestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.

1.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhoturnofftheelectricity（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto（

）.

3.ThereasonwhythemiceinAcer'sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat

（

）.

4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablyreasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder'sexperimentwasthat

（

）.

5.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofanimals（

）.

问题1选项

A.wasstrengthened

B.wasnotaffected

C.wasaltered

D.wasweakened

问题2选项

A.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli

B.turnofftheelectricity

C.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations

D.becomeabnormallysuspicious

问题3选项

A.theydislikeditstaste

B.itledstomachpains

C.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems

D.theyassociateditwithstomachaches

问题4选项

A.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybysaccharin

B.thesweetenedwaspoisontothem

C.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind

D.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning

问题5选项

A.canbeweakenedbyconditioning

B.canbesuppressedbydruginjections

C.canbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharin

D.canbealteredbyelectricshocks

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.（Laudenslager发现，无助的老鼠的免疫反应低于正常水平，而那些能关掉电源的老鼠去没有受到影响）可知选B。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.（但是，如果这些动物遇到了它们无法控制的情况，那么当它们面对他们能够控制的经验时，它们会表现出被动的行为）可知选C。

3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.（把糖精和胃痛联系起来，老鼠很快就学会了避免吃甜味剂）可知选D。

4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的第一句Oneofthemoststartingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.（人们偶然发现了大脑如何改变免疫反应的最开始的例子之一）和最后一句Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.（他只能推测，他已经成功地对老鼠进行了调节，现在单用糖精就足以削弱它们的免疫系统，足以杀死它们）可推测Ader’s的实验中老鼠死亡的最可能原因是大脑改变了它们的免疫系统，因此选C

5.主旨大意题。文章第一段中提出了本文的主题stressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimals（压力似乎会影响低等动物的免疫防御能力），然后举例证明其观点。第一段中Laudenslager的实验证明：对事物缺乏控制力造成了免疫系统的弱化，而不是由实验本身造成的；第二段中JayWeiss认为：被允许控制不愉快刺激的动物不会产生睡眠障碍或典型的应激大鼠的大脑化学变化；最后一段中Ader’s的实验表明：他已经成功地对老鼠进行了调节，现在单用糖精就足以削弱它们的免疫系统。这些实验是在一些特定条件下进行的，因此可推断动物的免疫系统能被条件反射所削弱，因此选A。

12.单选题

Theuniverse（）weknowitmighthavebegunwithagreatexplosion.

问题1选项

A.as

B.that

C.andwhich

D.and

【答案】A

【解析】考查连词词义辨析。A选项as“正如”；B选项that“那个”；C选项andwhich“大概”；D选项and“并且”。句意：宇宙……我们知道它可能始于一次巨大的爆炸，结合句意，宇宙正如我们所知道的，由此可知A选项正确。

13.单选题

Everyonehasamomentinhistory,whichbelongsparticularlytohim.Itisthemomentwhenhisemotionsachievetheirmostpowerfulswayoverhim.andafterwardwhenyousaytothisperson“theworldtoday”or“life”or“reality”，hewillassumethatyoumeanthismoment,evenifitisfiftyyearspast.Theworld,throughhisunleashedemotions,imprinteditselfuponhim,andhecarriesthestampofthatpassingmomentforever.

Forme,thismoment—fouryearsinamomentinhistory一wasthewar.Thewarwasandisrealityforme,Istillinstinctivelyliveandthinkinitsatmosphere.Thesearesomeofitscharacteristics:FranklinDelanoRooseveltisthepresidentoftheUnitedStates,andhealwayshasbeen.TheothertwoeternalworldleadersareWinstonChurchillandJosephStalin.Americaisnot,neverhasbeen,andneverwillbewhatthesongandpoemscallit,alandofplenty.

Nylon,meat,gasoline,andsteelarerare.Therearetoomanyjobsandnotenoughworkers.Moneyisveryeasytoearnbutratherhardtospend,becausethereisn'tverymuchtobuy.Trainsarealwayslateandalwayscrowdedwith“servicemen".ThewarwillalwaysbefoughtveryfarfromAmerica,anditwillneverend.NothinginAmericastandsstillforverylong,includingthepeoplewhoarealwayseitherleavingoronleave.PeopleinAmericacryoften.Sixteenisthekeyandcrucialandnaturalageforahumanbeingtobe,andpeopleofallotheragesarerangedinanorderlymanneraheadofandbehindyouasaharmonioussettingforthesixteen-year-oldsoftheworld.Whenyouaresixteen,adultsareslightlyimpressedandalmostintimidatedbyyou.Thisisapuzzlefinallysolvedbytherealizationthattheyforeseeyourmilitaryfuture:fightingforthem.Youdonotforeseeit.TowasteanythinginAmericaisimmoral.Stringandtinfoilaretreasures,Newspapersarealwayscrowedwithstrangemapsandnamesoftowns,andeveryfewmonthstheearthseemstolurchfromitspathwhenyouseesomethinginthenewspapers,suchasthetimeMussolini,whoalmostseemedoneoftheeternalleaders,isphotographedhangingupsidedownonameathook.

1.Whichstatementbestdepictsthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?

2.Theauthorstillclearlyremembersthewarbecause（

）.

3.Whichstatementbestdescribestheauthor'sfeelingsaboutthewar?

4.Theauthorthinksthatadultsareimpressedwithsixteen-year-oldsbecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.Realityiswhatyoumakeofit.

B.Timeislikeariver.

C.Emotionsarepowerful.

D.Everypersonhasaspecialmoment.

问题2选项

A.FranklinDelanoRooseveltwasPresident.

B.itwashispersonalrealityandpartofhislife.

C.therewasnotmuchtobuy

D.thewarwouldneverend.

问题3选项

A.Itwaseverrealforhim,yethewasnotactivelyinvolved.

B.Itwasrealforhimbecausehewasasoldieratthattime.

C.Itwasveryunrealtohim.

D.Thewarwasverydisruptivetothepeopleathome.

问题4选项

A.adultswouldliketobeyoung

B.sixteen-year-oldsdonotwastethings

C.sixteen-year-oldsreadnewspapers

D.theywillbefightingsoonforadults.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由第一段第一句“Everyonehasamomentinhisto