考研考博-英语-四川铁道职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川铁道职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thedoctortoldthestudentsthata(n)（

）diseasewasonethatcouldbepassedfromonepersontoanother.

问题1选项

A.effective

B.infectious

C.coherent

D.inherent

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项effective“有效的，起作用的”；B选项infectious“传染的”；C选项coherent“连贯的，一致的”；D选项inherent“固有的，内在的”。

句意：医生告诉学生传染病是一种可以从一个人传染给另一个人的疾病。infectiousdisease意为“传染病”，所以选项B正确。

2.单选题

Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion—aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,neitheranxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:Peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:Inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,orbondsamongmemberso£groups.Society’seconomicunderpinningswouldbedestroyed:sincetherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.Foraswewillsee,incentivesimplyacapacitytoenjoythem.

Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.True,weconsiderthelength,shape,size,ortexture,butanobject’sphysicalaspectsarelessimportantthanwhatithasdoneorcandotous—hurtus,surpriseus,angerusormakeusjoyful.Wealsousecategorizationscoloredbyemotionsinourfamilies,communities,andoverallsociety.Outofouremotionalexperienceswithobjectsandeventscomesasocialfeelingofagreementthatcertainthingsandactionsare“good”andothersare“bad”,andweapplythesecategoriestoeveryaspectofoursociallife—fromwhatfoodsweeatandwhatclothesweweartohowwekeeppromisesandwhichpeopleourgroupwillaccept.Infact,societyexplainsouremotionalreactionsandattitudes,suchasloyalty,morality,pride,shame,guilt,fearandgreed,inordertomaintainitself.Itgiveshighrewardstoindividualswhoperformimportanttaskssuchassurgery,makesheroesoutofindividualsforunusualordangerousachievementssuchasflyingfighterplanesinawar,andusesthelegalandpenalsystemtomakepeopleafraidtoengageinantisocialacts.

1.Thereasonwhypeoplemightnotbeabletostayaliveinaworldwithoutemotionisthat（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,people’slearningactivitiesarepossiblebecausethey（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheeconomicfoundationofsocietyisdependenton（）.

4.Emotionsaresignificantforman’ssurvivalandadaptationbecause（）.

5.Theemotionalaspectsofanobjectaremoreimportantthanitsphysicalaspectsinthatthey（）.

问题1选项

A.theywouldnotbeabletotellthetextureofobjects

B.theywouldnotknowwhatwasbeneficialandwhatwasharmfultothem

C.theywouldnotbehappywithalifewithoutlove

D.theywoulddothingsthathurteachother’sfeelings

问题2选项

A.enjoybeingrewardedfordoingtherightthing

B.knowwhatisvitaltotheprogressofsociety

C.believethatemotionsarefundamentalforthemtostayalive

D.benefitfromprovidinghelpandsupporttooneanother

问题3选项

A.theabilitytomakemoney

B.thewilltoworkforpleasure

C.thecapacitytoenjoyincentives

D.thecategorizationsofouremotionalexperiences

问题4选项

A.theyprovidethemeansbywhichpeopleviewthesizeorshapeofobjects

B.theyarethebasisforthesocialfeelingofagreementbywhichsocietyismaintained

C.theyencouragepeopletoperformdangerousachievements

D.theygeneratemorelovethanhateamongpeople

问题5选项

A.helpsocietyexploititsmembersforprofit

B.encourageustoperformimportanttasks

C.helptoperfectthelegalandpenalsystem

D.helpusadaptourbehaviortotheworldsurroundingus

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.根据第一段的第二句“Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive：knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,neitheranxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.”如果知道没有了欢喜也没了快乐,没有了焦虑也没了恐惧,人们可能很难存活。他们有可能重复伤害自己的行为，却认为这是有益的。选项B符合原文。

2.根据第一段“Theycouldnotlearn：theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessworldwouldlackrewardsandpunishments.”因为没有情感的世界里根本不存在奖惩,所以人们无法学习。反之,如果因为做了正确的事情而得到了奖励,那么人们就可能会学习。所以选项A符合原文内容。

3.根据第一段的倒数第二句“Society’seconomicunderpinningswouldbedestroyed:sincetherewouldbenoincentivesofanykind.”社会的经济基础将被摧毁:因为没有任何形式的激励。所以,社会经济基础依赖于享受激励的能力。选项C正确。

4.根据第二段的第一句,“Insuchaworld,thechancesthatthehumanspecieswouldsurvivearenexttozero,becauseemotionsarethebasicinstrumentofoursurvivalandadaptation.”选项B符合原文。

5.根据原文的最后一段可知,“Emotionsstructuretheworldforusinimportantways.Asindividuals,wecategorizeobjectsonthebasisofouremotions.”情感在很多重要的方面构造了世界。作为个体，我们会根据自己的情绪来分类物品。由此可见,情感可以帮助我们适应周围的世界，选项D符合原文。

3.单选题

Thequestionofethicsinthelegalprofessionisonethathasplaguedtheindustrysinceitsinception.Thecommonimageofanattorneyisonewhowillresorttoanyunethicaltrickto（1）thelawstofithispurposes.Inthemorespecificindustryofcriminallaw,defenseattorneysareoftencriticizedforadvocating（2）defendantswhoare“obviouslyguilty,”thusbecomingroadblocksonthepathto（3）.Muchtothecontrary,（4）,defenseattorneysprovideavaluableservicethatshouldearnthempraise,notscorn.

Whileitistruethateverylawyerwilldoeverything（5）tointerpretthelawsinthemannermostbeneficialtohisclient,suchacharacterizationis（6）limitedtodefenseattorneys.Theprosecutorwilldothesamething,employingallhislegalknowledgeandknow-howtoestablishtheguiltofthedefendant.（7）,thevaguenatureofthelawishighlighted,anditbecomesavirtualnecessityforeachsidetouseeverytool（8）,ontheassumptionthattheothersidewillalsouseeverytoolathis.Thenetresultemergesasapositive,（9）thetricksoftheopposingattorneycanceloneanotherout,leavingonlythetruth,clearerand（10）manipulation,（11）thejury’sconsideration.

Further,thedefenseattorneyisavitalelementoftheAmericanjudicialsystem,（12）withouthimthedefendantwouldstandnochancewhatsoever.Undertheconstitution,eventhemost“obviousguilty”defendants（13）therighttoafairtrial,involvingsomeoneableandwillingtoadvocateonhisbehalf.Ofcourse,therearebadapplesintheindustrywhoare（14）andcarenothingforactualjustice,and（15）onlyconcernsaretheirwallets.Generallyspeaking,however,without（16）,thesystemwouldcrumbleintoameremachineinwhichdefendantsareassumedguilty,withoutachancetoargueorprove（17）,andmanyinnocentpeople（18）withcrimeswouldbeseverelypunishedfortransgressionsthattheydidn’tcommit.

ItisabasicfactthattheadversarialsystemofjusticeintheUnitedStatesisnecessaryinordertoensure（19）andmostunbiasedpresentationandevaluationofthefactspossible.Withoutdefenseattorneys,thatsystemcannotbecarriedout,and（20）alossofthecivillibertiesthatthenationenjoysandtreasures.Tothatend,allofthosewhomakethatprocessareality,includingdefenseattorneys,deserveoursupportandadmiration,notoursuspicionanddisdain.

问题1选项

A.obey

B.break

C.twist

D.adopt

问题2选项

A.atbehalfof

B.atthebehalfof

C.onbehalfof

D.onthebehalfof

问题3选项

A.civilliberties

B.justice

C.transgression

D.ethics

问题4选项

A.thus

B.furthermore

C.moreover

D.however

问题5选项

A.beyondhispower

B.inpower

C.athispower

D.withinhispower

问题6选项

A.bynomeans

B.byanymeans

C.byallmeans

D.bywhatmeans

问题7选项

A.Inonerespect

B.Inthisrespect

C.Insomerespects

D.Innorespect

问题8选项

A.attheirdisposal

B.attheirdisposals

C.athisdisposal

D.athisdisposals

问题9选项

A.atwhich

B.onwhich

C.inwhich

D.forwhich

问题10选项

A.fullof

B.fullwith

C.devoidof

D.devoidfrom

问题11选项

A.presentingfor

B.presentedfor

C.presentingto

D.presentedto

问题12选项

A.inthat

B.forthat

C.inwhich

D.forwhich

问题13选项

A.willguarantee

B.guarantee

C.willbeguaranteed

D.areguaranteed

问题14选项

A.ethical

B.unethical

C.guilty

D.unbiased

问题15选项

A.what

B.who

C.whose

D.where

问题16选项

A.defenseattorneys

B.prosecutors

C.theconstitution

D.defendants

问题17选项

A.further

B.nevertheless

C.otherwise

D.though

问题18选项

A.arefalselycharged

B.werefalselycharged

C.beingfalselycharged

D.falselycharged

问题19选项

A.afair

B.afairer

C.thefairest

D.thefair

问题20选项

A.willresultin

B.wouldresultin

C.willresultat

D.wouldresultat

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:D

第6题:A

第7题:B

第8题:A

第9题:C

第10题:C

第11题:B

第12题:A

第13题:D

第14题:B

第15题:C

第16题:A

第17题:C

第18题:D

第19题:C

第20题:B

【解析】（1）动词词义辨析。obey“服从”；break“打破”；twist“扭曲”；adopt“采取”。句意：律师给人的普遍印象是，不惜使用任何不道德违背法律的手段去达到自己的目的。选项C符合题意。

（2）固定搭配。onbehalfof“代表，为了”，为固定搭配。没有A、C、D搭配，可排除。句意：辩护律师经常因为代表“明显有罪”的被告进行辩护而受到批评。选项C符合题意。

（3）逻辑关系。civilliberties“公民自由”；justice“公平，正义”；transgression“海侵，犯罪”；ethics“伦理学”。通过关键词“thusbecomingroadblocks”，可知律师这样的做法在公平正义的道路上成为了一种障碍，所以空格中应该填入正义。选项B符合题意。

（4）逻辑关系。thus“因此”；furthermore“此外，而且”；moreover“而且”；however“然而”。根据空格前的tothecontrary可知，下文提到的内容将与前文相反，构成转折关系，所以用转折连词however，选项D符合题意。

（5）固定搭配。beyondhispower“超出其权力”；inpower“执政，掌权”；没有athispower这种搭配，选项C可排除。withinhispower“在权力范围之内”。句意：然而，事实是每个律师都会尽一切努力在自己的权力范围内以对他的当事人最有利的方式来阐述法律。选项D符合题意。

（6）固定搭配。bynomeans“决不”；byanymeans“无论如何”；byallmeans“尽一切办法”；bywhatmeans“用什么办法”。句意：这样的特征决不仅限于辩护律师，而是符合所有律师。选项A符合题意。

（7）固定搭配。Inonerespect“在某个方面”；Inthisrespect“在这方面”；Insomerespects“在一些方面”；Innorespect“毫不，完全不”。句意：检察官也会这样做，利用自己所知道的法律知识来判定被告有罪。在这个方面，法律的不明确性得到了强调。选项B符合题意。

（8）语法题。根据上文“anditbecomesavirtualnecessityforeachsidetouseeverytool”，可知每一方都必须使用每一种工具。所以是指公诉人和律师两方，应该用复数their。根据固定搭配atone’sdisposal“由……支配”，可知disposal用单数。选项A符合题意。

（9）语法题。根据题意，空格引导的句子为非限制性定语从句，因为inthisresult“在这种结果下”，所以用inwhich引导，在定语从句中作状语。句意：在这种结果下，对方律师的诡计互相抵消，只留下真相。选项C符合题意。

（10）固定搭配。fullof“充满”；devoidof“缺乏”，没有B和D项搭配，可排除。句意：只留下真相，更清晰并且不可操控。选项C符合题意。

（11）固定搭配和语法。presentfor“递交给……”；presentto“赠送，给予”。根据文章thejury’sconsideration，最终结果要求陪审团共同考虑，所以证据要被递交给陪审团考虑，要用动词的-ed分词，选项B符合题意。

（12）逻辑关系。空格前一句提到被告辩护人是美国司法体系最重要的一个部分，空格后提到没有被告辩护人，被告就没有任何机会。所以后一句是前一句的原因解释。inthat后接原因，选项A符合题意。

（13）逻辑关系和语法。根据句意：即使是最明显的被告也被保证有权得到公正的审判。所以应该用被动语态，选项A和B可排除。这里是对宪法保证公平审判的事实，不需要用将来时态。选项D符合题意。

（14）形容词词义辨析。ethical“伦理的，道德的”；unethical“不道德的”；guilty“有罪的，内疚的”；unbiased“公正的”。句意：这个行业里面有些害群之马，这些人没有职业道德，并且不关心实际的公正。选项B符合题意。

（15）语法题。根据文章意思，空格引导的句子应该是一个非限制性定语从句，用来修饰上文提到的那些害群之马，根据名词concerns可知，关系代词应该用whose在定语从句中作定语。句意：那些人的关注点只在他们的钱包上。选项C符合题意。

（16）逻辑关系。根据上下文，可知这里是指没有被告辩护律师，这一体系将崩溃为一个简单的机器，在这个机器里，被告被假定有罪。选项A符合题意。

（17）逻辑关系。further“而且，更远地”；nevertheless“然而，不过”；otherwise“另外，否则”；though“虽然，尽管”。句意：否则，被告将无机会去辩论或证明。选项C符合题意。

（18）语法题。根据空格前的people可知，空格应该作后置定语修饰people，因为无辜的人们是被指控的，所以存在被动关系，用动词的-ed分词作后置定语。选项D符合题意。

（19）语法题。根据空格后mostunbiased用到了最高级，可知and前的空格也相应地要用最高级。选项C符合题意。

（20）语法题。根据文章，“Withoutdefenseattorneys,thatsystemcannotbecarriedout”，可知没有辩护律师，这一制度将无法实施。所以是做出了没有辩护律师的假定，可推断下文空格会用到虚拟语气。woulddo表示对现在的虚拟，句意：将会导致丧失国家享有和珍视的公民自由。又根据固定搭配resultin“导致”，选项B符合题意。

4.单选题

Ifeverybodyhasarrivedthemeetingmay（

）now.

问题1选项

A.commence

B.criticize

C.comment

D.conclude

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。commence“开始；着手”；criticize“批评；评论”；comment“发表评论”；conclude“推断；断定”。句意：如果每个人都到了，那会议就开始了。选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Ifanobjectissuspendedfromanpointontheverticallinepassingthroughitscenterofgravity,theobjectwillremain（）.

问题1选项

A.secure

B.flexible

C.stationary

D.mobile

【答案】C

【解析】句意：如果一个物体从通过其重心的垂直线上的一个点上悬停,该物体将保持静止。选项C符合语境。

6.单选题

Youcanalwaysuse（）glassifyouneedtoblockastreetview.

问题1选项

A.convertible

B.decorous

C.opaque

D.salient

【答案】C

【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项convertible“可改变的；可转换的；可兑换的”；B选项decorous“礼貌得体的”；C选项opaque“（玻璃、液体等）不透明的，不透光的，浑浊的”；D选项salient“显著的；最重要的”。句意：如果你需要遮挡街景，可以使用（）玻璃。opaque“（玻璃）不透明的，不透光的”，glass（玻璃）可以遮挡光，符合语境。因此C选项正确。

7.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之,我们所谓的科学革命,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。”

自由和尊严是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责,并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

很显然,我们已然摒弃了“父母之命、媒妁之言”的婚姻方式及为使女孩们守身如玉而将她们深锁闺中的农业习俗。

现在我们被迫从那种以人们之间相互猜忌和敌视为标志的关系跃进到一个人们之间必须相互尊重和理解的世界。

同样地,语言之所以有价值是因为人们承认它是思维的符号,是人与人之间传输思想的媒介。

【答案】Aleaderfromthenewschoolinsistedonthat“theso-called'scientificrevolution'canbebrieflyexplainedastheimprovement,inventionandapplicationofseriesofequipment,whichinturnprovidesanomnipotentscientificdevelopment.”

Freedomanddignityarepossessedbyself-reliantpeopleintherangeoftraditionaltheory,andtheybothserveessentialprerequisitesforresponsibilitiestowhattheyhavebehavedandappraisaltowhattheyhaveperformed.

Obviously,wehaveabandonedthemarriagethatarrangedbyparentsandmatchmakersandalsothecorruptedcustominagriculturalperiodthatgirlsareconfinedintheirchambersforvirginity.

Nowweareforcedtoleapforwardtotheworldthatdemandsmutualrespectandunderstandingsfromrelationsthatfeaturedbymutualsuspicionandhostility.

Similarly,thereasonwhylanguagespossesswiththeirownvaluesisthat,aspeoplehaveacknowledged,theyaresymbolsofthoughtsandalsomediaforthoughtexchanges.

8.单选题

Thedeclineinmoralstandards—whichhaslongconcernedsocialanalysts—hasatlastcapturedtheattentionofaverageAmericans,AndJeanBethkeElshtain,forone,isglad.

Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation’smoralclimate,saysthisethics(伦理学)professorattheUniversityofChicago,isreasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.

Butthechallengeisnottobeunderestimated.MaterialismandIndividualisminAmericansocietyarethebiggestobstacles.“ThethoughtthatI’minitformehasbecomedeeplyrootedinthenationalconsciousness,”MsElshtainsays.

Someofthiscanbeattributedtothedisintegrationoftraditionalcommunities,inwhichneighborslookedoutforoneanother,shesays.Withtoday’sgreatermobilityandwithsomanycouplesworking,thosebondshavebeenweakened,replacedbyagreateremphasisonself.

Ina1996pollofAmericans,lossofmoralitytoppedthelistofthebiggestproblemsfacingtheU.S.AndElshtainsaysthepubliciscorrecttosensethat:DatashowthatAmericansarestrugglingwithproblemsunheardofinthe1950s,suchasclassroomviolenceandahighrateofbirthstounmarriedmothers.

Thedesireforahighermoralstandardisnotalament（挽歌）forsomenonexistent“goldenage,”Elshtainsays,norisitawishful（一厢情愿的）longingforatimethatdeniedopportunitiestowomenandminorities.Mostpeople,infact,favorthelesseningofprejudice.

Moraldeclinewillnotbereverseduntilpeoplefindwaystocounterthematerialisminsociety,shesays.“Slowly,yourecognizethatthethingsthatmatterarethosethatcan’tbebought.”

1.ProfessorElshtainispleasedtoseethatAmericans（）.

2.ThemoraldeclineofAmericansocietyiscausedmainlyby（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthetraditionalcommunities?

4.Inthe1950s,classroomviolence（）.

5.AccordingtoElshtain,thecurrentmoraldeclinemaybereversed（）.

问题1选项

A.haveadaptedtoanewsetofmoralstandards

B.arelongingforthereturnofthegoodolddays

C.haverealizedtheimportanceofmaterialthings

D.areawakeningtotheloweringoftheirmoralstandards

问题2选项

A.itsgrowingwealth

B.theself-centerednessofindividuals

C.underestimatingtheimpactofsocialchanges

D.theprejudiceagainstwomenandminorities

问题3选项

A.Greatmobility

B.Emphasisonindividualeffort

C.Concernforone’sneighbors

D.Ever-weakeningsocialbonds

问题4选项

A.assomethingunheardof

B.attractedalotofpublicattention

C.wasbynomeansarareoccurrence

D.begantoappearinanalysts’data

问题5选项

A.ifpeoplecanreturntothe“goldenage”

B.whenwomenandmenenjoyequalrights

C.whenpeopleridthemselvesofprejudice

D.iflessemphasisislaidonmaterialthings

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第一段的第一二句话Thedeclineinmoralstandards—whichhaslongconcernedsocialanalysts—hasatlastcapturedtheattentionofaverageAmericans（道德标准的下降——长期以来一直困扰着社会分析人士——终于引起了普通美国人的注意。）后文说JeanBethkeElshtain对于这个很开心，由此可知D选项“意识到他们道德标准的降低”正确。A、B、C在原文都没有提到，因此排除。

2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段第二句话MaterialismandIndividualisminAmericansocietyarethebiggestobstacles.（美国社会的物质主义和个人主义是最大的障碍。）从这句可以看出物质主义和个人主义这两点是美国社会最大的障碍，也是引发道德衰落的原因，由此可知B选项“个人的自我中心”正确。而对物质财富的崇尚，和财富本身的增长没有直接联系，因此A选项错误；C选项出现在第三段的第一句thechallengeisnottobeunderestimated（挑战不应被低估），这里的挑战就是指的Materialism和individualism，但是选项把challenge换成了change，因此属于偷换概念，C选项错误；D选项出现在倒数第二段，根据篇章分析对这一段的说明，这种歧视现象是过去那个道德水平较高时代的现象，因此绝不会是它引起了现今道德水平的下降，因此D选项也错误。

3.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到第四段Someofthiscanbeattributedtothedisintegrationoftraditionalcommunities,inwhichneighborslookedoutforoneanother,shesays.（她说，这在一定程度上可以归因于传统社区的解体，在传统社区中，邻居们互相照顾。）由此可见，对邻居的关照是传统社区的特点，因此C选项“对邻居的关心”正确。A选项体现在Withtoday’sgreatermobilityandwithsomanycouplesworking,thosebondshavebeenweakened,replacedbyagreateremphasisonself.（随着当今社会流动性的增强，以及如此多的夫妻都在工作，这种纽带已经被削弱，取而代之的是对自我的更加强调。）这里提到了高流动性，高流动性实际应该是指人口居住地不断变化，邻居之间相处时间不会很长，也就无法培养良好关系，当然也不会互相关心互相照料。可以说A是造成B和D的原因之一（另一原因是双职工——夫妻二人都去上班，也就很少有机会和邻居交往），而B和D都是现今社会的特点，不是传统社区的特点，因此A、B、D不对。

4.事实细节题。由题干关键词定位到第五段DatashowthatAmericansarestrugglingwithproblemsunheardofinthe1950s,suchasclassroomviolenceandahighrateofbirthstounmarriedmothers（数据显示，美国人正艰难应对问题闻所未闻的1950年代，如课堂暴力和高速率的未婚母亲。）开头是“数据表明”，后面是数据所显示的内容。Americansarestrugglingwithproblemsunheardofinthe1950s，美国人正在同许多问题做斗争，这些问题在五十年代闻所未闻（unheardof），suchas表示例举，说明classroomviolence是problems的一个例子，由此可得A选项“是闻所未闻的”正确。C的说法与A正好相反，bynomeans，绝非；rare，极少，双重否定等于肯定，也就是说班级暴力在五十年代经常发生，是错误的；B的说法与A相互矛盾，既然闻所未闻，也就不可能投入关注；D有一定迷惑性，按照句意，班级暴力肯定存在于分析家的数据中，因为句头就有datashow。但要注意，题目的开头有一句Inthe1950s，也就是说班级暴力进入分析家的数据是在50年代。班级暴力在那时尚且闻所未闻，当然是不可能进入分析数据的。

5.事实细节题。由题干关键词可以直接定位到最后一段，Moraldeclinewillnotbereverseduntilpeoplefindwaystocounterthematerialisminsociety（除非人们找到对抗社会上物质主义的方法，否则道德滑坡是不会逆转的。）因此D选项“如果不太重视物质的东西”正确。A和C都是没有提到的，B选项不是它的条件。

9.单选题

Themeetingwas（）overbythemayortodiscussthetaxraiseinthecity.

问题1选项

A.propelled

B.picked

C.postponed

D.presided

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项propel“推进，驱使”，B选项pick“挑选，采摘”，pickover“择优，分档挑选”；C选项postpone“延迟，缓办”；D选项preside“主持”，presideover“主持，负责”。句意：会议由市长主持，讨论城市税收增加问题。由选项意思和固定搭配可知，D选项符合句意。

10.单选题

Backin1992,ThomasEdisonpredictedthat“themotionpictureisdestinedtorevolutionizeoureducationalsystemandinafewyearsitwillsupplantlargely,ifnotentirely,theuseoftextbooks.”Well,weallmakemistakes.ButatleastEdisondidnotsquandervastquantitiesofpublicmoneyoninstallingcinemascreensinschoolsaroundthecountry.

Withcomputers,thestoryhasbeendifferent.Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools,convincedthattheirpresencewouldimprovethepaceandefficiencyoflearning.Largenumbersofstudies,somemoreacademicallyrespectablethanothers,havepurportedtoshowthatcomputershelpchildrentolearn.Now,however,astudythatcomparesclasswithcomputersagainstsimilarclasseswithoutthemcastsdoubtonthatview.

InthecurrentEconomicJournal,JoshuaAngristoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandVictorLavyoftheHebrewUniversityofJerusalemlookataschemewhichputcomputersintomanyofIsrael’sprimaryandmiddleschoolsinthemid-1990s.DrAngristandDrLavycomparethetestscoresformathandHebrewachievedbychildreninthefourthandeighthgrades(ie,agedaboutnineand13)inschoolswithandwithoutcomputers.Theyalsoaskedtheclasses’teachershowtheyusedvariousteachingmaterials,suchasXeroxedworksheetsand,ofcourse,computerprograms.TheresearchersfoundthattheIsraelischemehadmuchlesseffectonteachingmethodsinmiddleschoolsthaninelementaryschools.Italsofoundnoevidencethattheuseofcomputersimprovedchildren’stestscores.Infact,itfoundthereverse.Inthecaseofthemathscoresoffourth-graders,therewasaconsistentlynegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores.

Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe.First,theintroductionofcomputersintoclassroomsmighthavegobbledupcashthatwouldotherwisehavepaidforotheraspectsofeducation.Butthatisunlikelyinthiscasesincethemoneyfortheprogrammercamefromthenationallottery,andthestudyfoundnosignificantchangeinteachingresources,methodsortraininginschoolsthatacquiredcomputersthroughthescheme.

Asecondpossibilityisthatthetransitiontousingcomputersininstructiontakestimetohaveaneffect.Maybe,saytheauthor,buttheschoolssurveyedhadbeenusingthescheme’scomputersforafullschoolyear.Thatwasenoughforthenewcomputerstohavehadalarge(andapparentlymalign)influenceonfourth-grademathscores.Thethirdexplanationisthesimplest:thattheuseofcomputersinteachingisnobetter(andperhapsworse)thanotherteachingmethods.

Thebottomline,saysDrAngrist,isthat“thecostsareclear-cutandthebenefitsaremurky”.Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Dr.AngristandDr.Lavyhavedonethefollowingexcept（）.

3.AccordingtoDr.AngristandDr.Lavy,intheIsraelischeme,studentsdidn’tmakeimprovementintheirtestscoresbecause（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsgovernments’packingcomputersinschoolsseemstobe（）.

问题1选项

A.motionpicturehasrevolutionizededucationsystem

B.Edison’spredictionhasbeenprovedwrong

C.Edisonencouragedschoolstoinstallcinemascreens

D.SchoolsarecautiousaboutEdison’sidea

问题2选项

A.comparingthetestscoresofstudentsindifferentagegroups.

B.interviewingteachersabouttheirteachingmethods.

C.launchingthecomputerprograminmanyIsraelischools.

D.explainingstudents’schoolperformance.

问题3选项

A.otheraspectsofeducationwereaffectedduetocashshortage

B.itwasnotlongenoughfortheprogramtotakeeffect

C.therewasanegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores

D.theuseofcomputerwasnobetterthanotherteachingmethods

问题4选项

A.therehasn’tbeenaproperstudyonthisissueyet

B.schoolauthoritiesshouldprovideprooftosupportthecomputerprogram

C.installingcomputersinschoolscoststoomuch,buthaslittleornoeffect

D.chalkandtalkworkbetterthancomputerinteaching

问题5选项

A.biased

B.indifferent

C.disapproving

D.puzzling

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者提到爱迪生的预言，随后指出“weallmakemistakes.”说明爱迪生的这个预言是错误的，所以选项B正确。

2.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的内容可知，发动计算机项目是国家政府做的，两位研究人员只是负责该项目的研究，所以选项C不正确。

3.细节事实题。由原文可知，作者提出了三种可能性，最后一种的可能性最大。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Thethirdexplanationisthesimplest:thattheuseofcomputersinteachingisnobetter(andperhapsworse)thanotherteachingmethods.”第三种解释是最简单的：在教学中使用计算机并不比其他教学方法更好(也许更糟)。选项D符合原文。

4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,...”要证明他们的观点，唯一可靠的方法当然是进行适当的研究。由此可推断吗，目前关于这个问题还没有一个恰当的研究，选项A符合原文。

5.观点态度题。根据原文第一段的内容可知，作者提到虽然爱迪生的预言是错误的，但至少爱迪生没有浪费大量的公共资金在全国各地的学校里安装电影屏幕。随即在下文提到有的国家却这样做了，以及这样做并没有带来好的反响。说明作者对政府在学校里包装电脑的态度是否定的，选项C正确。

11.单选题

IntheUS88percentofsmokershadstartedbeforetheywere18,despitethefactthatitis（）tosellcigarettestoanyoneunderthatage.

问题1选项

A.liable

B.liberal

C.irrational

D.illegal

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。beliableto“易于…的，有…倾向的”；beillegaltodosth“非法做…”。由后半句可知卖烟给18岁以下的人是违法的。故D项正确。句意：在美国88%的人在18岁前就开始吸烟了，尽管卖烟给18岁以下的人是非法的。

12.单选题

Alittlemorethanacenturyago,MichaelFaraday,thenotedBritishphysicist,managedtogainaudiencewithagroupofhighgovernmentofficials,todemonstrateanelectrochemicalprinciple,inthehopeofgainingsupportforhiswork.

Afterobservingthedemonstrationclosely,oneoftheofficialsremarkedbluntly“It’safascinatingdemonstration,youngman,butjustwhatpracticalapplicationwillcomeofthis?”

“Idon’tknow,”repliedFaraday,“butIdoknowthat100yearsfromnowyou’llbetaxingthem”.

Fromthedemonstrationofaprincipletothemarketingofproductsderivedfromthatprincipleisoftenalong,involvedseriesofsteps.Thespeedandeffectivenesswithwhichthesestepsaretakenarecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone.JustasmanagementappliestothewondersthathaveevolvedfromFaradayandotherinventors,soitappliedsome4,000yearsagototheworkingsofthegreatEgyptianandMesopotamianimportandexportfirms,toHannibal’sremarkablefeatofcrossingtheAlpsin218B.C,with90,000footsoldiers,12,000horsemenanda“conveyorbelt”of40elephantsortotheearlyChristianChurch,withitsworld-shakingconceptsofindividualfreedomandequality.

Theseancientinnovatorsweredeeplyinvolvedintheproblemsofauthority,divisionoflabor,discipline,unityofcommand,clarityofdirectionandtheotherbasicfactorsthataresomeaningfultomanagementtoday.ButtherealimpetustomanagementasanemerginprofessionwastheIndustrialRevolution.Originatingin18th-centuryEngland,itwastriggeredbyaseriesofclassicinventionsandnewprocesses;amongthemJohnKay’sFlyingShuttlein1733,JamesHargreaves’SpinningJennyin1770,SamuelCrompton’sMuleSpinnerin1779andEdmundCartwright’sPowerLoomin1785.

1.TheanecdoteaboutMichaelFaradayindicatesthat（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,managementisdefinedas

（

）.

3.Inthepassagewecanseethatmanagementcameintoitsown（

）.

问题1选项

A.politicianstaxeverything

B.peopleareskepticalaboutthevalueofpureresearch

C.taxesareuppermostinscientists’minds

D.hewasrejectedbyhisgovernment

问题2选项

A.