英语新四级写作教案

62/62HYPERLINK"/"2011年6月19日英语新四级写作讲义来自教育部的声音第一部分为30分钟的短文写作，分数占总分的15%。在新四级考试中，短文写作和过去相比改动不大，出题风格和过去的四级考试作文差不多相同。热点问题、图表或漫画、正反论证以及针对某种现象产生的缘故与对策等方面的题目最有可能出现。多读各个类型的范文，模仿并背诵其中的精华部分有助于提高写作水平。写作时一定要字迹清晰整齐，紧扣题目，注意语法的正确使用，最好能够准确多变地运用词汇。二、大学英语新四级写作差不多要求写作能力测试部分比例为15%，体裁包括议论文、讲明文、应用文等。四级作文范文档的要求是：切题；表达思想清晰、文字通顺，连贯性较好；差不多无语言错误，仅有个不小错。该要求蕴涵着大学英语写作的四个差不多考点：1、

切题——所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。2、

表达清晰、条理清晰——本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点明确，有头有尾，论证讲明安排有主次，有轻重。3、

文字通顺，连贯性较好——本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。4、

差不多无语言错误——本要求考查学生语言差不多功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两部分。三、历史的声音我们对真题写作的抽样分析表明，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文必须具备两个条件：一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。温馨提示：帮你对自己有个最初的评价●一篇好的作文应差不多达到：有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句恰当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；语法差不多正确；句法差不多准确，句子与句子，段落与段落之间过渡连贯；有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；讲理清晰，内容充实。●一篇较差的作文表现为：文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；出现专门多差不多语法错误，拼写错误；词汇量专门小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。综上所述，考生一定要洞悉考研英语大纲对写作部分的高分标准涉及以下六个方面：1、内容切题。审题准、不跑题。文不对题会严峻阻碍成绩，导致写作失败。2、表达清晰。语言要简洁、准确，条理清晰；主题明确。3、意义连贯。遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。论点论据展开合理（以因果，对比，分类，定义，列举，概括，详情，时刻，空间，过程或综合等方法展开）。4、句式有变化。采纳适当的句式来表达相应的内容。常用句式包括简单句；并列句；复合句；主被动句；长句；短句；否定句；双重否定句；疑问句；反问句；倒装句；强调句；插入句；独立主格成分等。5、用词有变化。幸免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词；同义词；近义词；关联词；使表达富有动感。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。6、语言规范。符合英语的表达适应，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。四、考研英语文章的段落写作和常规整体构建模式（一）文章的段落的写作一篇文章可由几个自然段组成。文章中的句子和段落均为文章的中心思想服务，形成一个有机的整体。好的段落必须是意思完整，语义连贯，完全体现文章主旨中心，同时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理的。1、段落的组成一个段落由三部分组成：（1）主题句（TopicSentence）:点出段落的主题（文章谈论的是什么）。（2）扩展句（DevelopingSentence）:讲明和支持主题。（3）结尾句（ConcludingSentence）:得出结论。主题句主题句……扩展句3扩展句2扩展句1……扩展句3扩展句2扩展句1结尾句结尾句2、段落的主题一篇文章有中心意思，也确实是题目。而每个段落有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题（centralidea），它用一个句子加以表达，因此称为主题句。主题提出后需要专门多结构严谨的句子来支持和讲明，称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。参看下面段落：Thisissupposedtobeanenlightenedage,butyouwouldn’tthinksoifyoucouldhearwhattheaveragemanthinksoftheaveragewomen.Womenwontheirindependenceyearsago.Afteralong,bitterstruggle,theynowenjoythesameeducationalopportunitiesasmeninmostpartsoftheworld.Theyhaveprovedrepeatedlythattheyareequalandoftensuperiortomeninalmosteveryfield.Thehard-foughtbattleforrecognitionhasbeenwon,butitisbynomeansover.Itismen,notwomenwhostillcarryonthesexwarbecausetheirattituderemainsbasicallyhostile.Eveninthemostprogressivesocieties,womencontinuetoberegardedassecond-ratecitizens.Tohearsomementalk,you’dthinkthatwomenbelongedtoadifferentspecies!3、写好主题句定义：主题句为一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述和讲明该段的主题。位置：主题句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，如此较易掌握和构思。例如：位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题，后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以讲明、支持、补充和解释。Animportantpartofpolicestrategy,rapidpoliceresponseisseenbypoliceofficersandthepublicalikeasofferingtremendousbenefits.Themoreobvioustheabilitiesofpolicetoapplyfirstaidlifesavingtechniquesquicklyare,thegreaterlikelihoodofarrestingpeoplewhomayhaveparticipatedinacrime.Itaidsinidentifyingthosewhowitnessedanemergencyorcrimeaswellasincollectingevidence.Theoverallreputationofapolicedepartmenttooisenhancedifrapidresponseisconsistentandthisinitselfpromotesthepreventionofcrime.Needlesstosayrapidresponseoffersthepublicsomedegreeofsatisfactioninitspoliceforce.温馨提示：写好主题句的方法：1）主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以讲明和支持它，例如：空泛：Englishlanguageisveryimportant.概括：Englishlanguageisveryimportantinourdailylife. 空泛：TheOlympicGamesareexciting.概括：IntheOlympicGamesthefootballteamsfrommanycountriescompeteintensely.2）尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子，例如：：简洁：Collectingstampsisherhobby.复杂:Shelikescollectingstampswhichisherhobby.简洁:IenjoyedwatchingGonewiththewindverymuch.复杂：GonewiththewindwasagoodfilmwhichIenjoyedwatchingverymuch.3）主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思想完整，：例如：不完整：Howtowriteacomposition.完整：Howtowriteacompositionisnotaneasythingtotalkabout.不完整：Iftheweatherhadbeenfine.完整：Ifithadbeenfine,wewouldhavehadagoodtime.4）关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的进展，例如：Thereareseveralwaystoboilthewater.Thetaskcanbefinishedinthreesteps.Thereisanewmethodtoreducethecost.4、写好扩展句和段落围绕主题句展开，支持、讲明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清晰，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。一般来讲，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了3－6个扩展句。因此，写好了扩展句便差不多上完成一个自然段落。做题时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对比、比较关系，转换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词（transitionalwords）来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，因此极为重要。常用的几种扩展句和段落写作模式关联表达方法：表示因果关系常用的表达方法有：because,since,as,seeingthat,thereasonwhy…,becauseof,onaccountof,dueto,so,thus,hence,therefore,accordingly,consequently,sothat,asaresultof,inconsequenceof,resultin,resultfrom,leadto,so…asto,owingto,tohaveaneffecton,forthereason,inthisway等。表示列举或例证法常用的表达方法有：forexample,forinstance,foronething,foranother,toillustrate,oneexampleis,tobeginwith,first,second,furthermore,besides,inaddition,moreover,finally,inconclusion,insummary,also,acaseinpoint,asanillustration,incidentally,namely,thatis等。表示比较对比关系常用的表达方法有：similarly,likewise,like,too,equallyimportant,thesameas,incommon,inthesameway,onthecontrary,ononehand,ontheotherhand,otherwise,insharpcontrast,whereas,ratherthan,conversely,instead,in/bycontrast,but,however,yet,nevertheless表示分类法常用的表达方法有：todivide…into,toclassify…into,group…into,tofallintoclasses,thereare…kinds(types,groups,classes,categories,sorts)of,accordingto,intermsof,dependingon,atthelevelof等。表示定义常用的表达方法有：whatis…？,tobedefinedas,toreferto,thedefinitionof…is…,tobeusedtodescribe,inaveryrealsense,thisis,thismeans,beexplained,itstatesthat,inotherwords,namely等。表示总结关系常用的表达方法有：generallyspeaking,generally,asageneralrule,ingeneral,onalargerscale,totaketheideafurther,totaketheaboveopiniontoanextreme,inasense,inonesense,inaway,tosomeextent,inmyopinion,inmyview,asforme,asfarasIamconcerned,obviously,undoubtedly,intermsof,inconclusion,inshort,inbrief,insummary,inaword,onthewhole,tosumup,toconclude.表示强调关系常用的表达方法有：anyway,certainly,surely,obviously,tobesure,especially,particularly,aboveall,indeed,infact,evenworse,needlesstosay,mostimportantofall,nodoubt表示空间顺序常用的表达方法有：beyond,above,under,nearby,outside,inhere,across,closeto,on(to,at)theleft(right),aheadof,infrontof,above,from,adjacentto,against,around,atthebottom,before,behind,below,beneath,between,beyond,closeathand,closetodown,far,farther,inthecenterof,inthedistance,inthemiddleof,nearby,nearto,nextto,ontheoppositeside,oppositeto,ontopof,over,under,up等。（二）文章的常规整体构建模式关于考生来讲，了解一点作文考试常用的文体知识专门有必要。文章文体一般分为叙述文（Narration）、议论文（Argumentation）、讲明文（Exposition）和描写文（Description）。在实际写作中，这几种文体常常交叉使用，相辅相成，但主体仍以一种为主，其他为辅。从考研作文试题情况来看，要紧为议论文，出题形式常常是针对某一事物或现象让考生提出自己的看法。议论文（Argumentation）作者对某一问题或事件直接或间接地进行分析评论，表明自己的立场、观点、态度、主张，这确实是议论。它常常用于学术论文，各种评论、短文、杂文、辩论等方面，应用广泛。议论文的写作要注意三个要素：1.提出论点；2.组织论据，进行论证；3.得出结论。常用的论证方法包括夹叙夹议法、例举法、比较对比法、因果法、逻辑推理法（包括归纳法和演绎法）。能够从正面论证，也能够从反面进行反驳。常规整体构建模式在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都为文章的中心思想服务，各段落之间，句子与句子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落之间的逻辑关系要紧由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”确实是开头，“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结，一篇文章与一段文章一样都有“启、承、转、合”关系。例如：China’sentryintoWTO（启）NowadaystherehasbeenawidespreadconcernamongthegeneralpublicoverChina’sentryintoWTO,whichiswidelyseentobringusablessingandpromisingfuture.Itseemstobesoatfirstsight.However,onreflection,we’reconvincedthatit’sjustanotherdouble-edgedsword.（承）Ononehand,Chinaistoenjoythebenefitsthattheorganizationprovidesus.Lowertariffsandtaxratesandfewertradebarrierswillfacilitateourswiftandefficientimportsandexportsandothertradeactivities.AccordingtothetradeclausesoftheWTO,theEuropeanUnionshallcutdownthetaxratesitimposesonourexportedtextileproducts,thusavailingthearts-and-craftscompaniesinourcountrytoextractmoreprofitsfromthebusiness.Inasense,theWTOmeansopportunity,anditsetsthestageforourbusinesstocutabrilliantfigureintheinternationaleconomiccircles.（转）Ontheotherhand,theentrywillimposesomenegativeeffectsonChina.China’snationaleconomyissettobefacedwithfiercecompetitionfromtheoutsideworld.WTOpursuesarelativelyequalandfreebusinessenvironmentforallitsmembers,whichposesamajorchallengeforoureconomy.Suchmonopolizedbusinesssectorsusedtoenjoyprotectionsfromgovernmentsofalllevelsastelecommunicationsandbankingwillfindthemselvesnolongerina“safebox”.Theyhavetoadjustorreplacetheircurrentoperativeandmarketingstrategiestocopewiththe“outdoors”shrewdandtalentedcompetitors,ortheywillsufferbiglossesandtoughtimeisawaitingthem.（合）Whateverthereason,theearlyentryintoWTOisbeneficialtoourcountryandourlife.Weshouldmakegooduseofthechancesandmeanwhilesuitablydealwiththeoutsidecompetition.Alloureffortsaretoupgradeourbusinessscalesandgetmoreintegratedintotheinternationalbusinesscommunity.常规段落构建模式考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用，特点和写作方法如下所示。1、开头段开头段一定要语言精练，同时直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四或五句即可。开头段的使用方法使用引语（useaquotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语，习语，以确定文章的写作和方向，例：“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.使用具体详实的数字或数据（usefiguresorstatistics）引用一些具体详实的数字或数据，然后做出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在，例：Inthepast5yearstherehasbeenamarkeddeclineinthenumberofyoungmarriedcoupleswhowanttohavechildren,coupledwithagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearing.Accordingtoofficialstatistics,in2003,about28percentofmarriedcoupleswithwivesunder35gavenobirthtochildren,comparedwiththe1993levelof8percent.提出问题(askaquestion)提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论，例：Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?Money?Promotions?Interestingchallenges?Continuallearning?Work-basedfriendships?Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials?Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.给出背景(offerrelevantbackground)描述具体事件的时刻、地点和发生背景等，例：OnceinanewspaperIreadofacrowdofpeoplewhoremainedappallinglyindifferenttothepleaofamother.Asshefailedtooffertherequiredamountofcashasapricetosaveherdrowningson,thewomanatlastwatchedhersonsinktodeath.ThestoryisnotrareinnewspapersandonTV,andthecasualnessanddetachmentourpeoplenowhavedevelopedhasarousednationwideconcern.定义法(givedefinition)针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨，例：Flexibilityisdefinedasbeingadaptabletochange.Inthecourseofyourlifetime,itisessentialthatyoulearntobendandflexaroundeverynewcircumstance,asrigiditydeprivesyouoftheopportunitytoseenewpossibilities.Paradigms（情况，式样）changeovertime,andsomustyou.Yourcompanymayrestructure,andyouwillhavetosurvive.Yourspousemaychoosetoleavethemarriage,andyouwillhavetocope.Technologywillcontinuetoadvanceandchange,andyoumustconstantlylearnandadaptorriskbecomingadinosaur.Flexibilityallowsyoutobereadyforwhatevercurveliesaheadinlifeinsteadofgettingblindsidedbyit.主题句法（useoftopicsentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行进展，例：Now,peoplebecomeincreasinglyawareoftheimportanceofacquiringamasteryofaforeignlanguage.Tothem,theknowledgeofaforeignlanguage,say,English,oftenmeansagoodopportunityforaperson’scareer,evenapassporttoaprosperousfuture.Manyofthemequatesuccessinlifewiththeabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguage.议论文段首句式1.Nowadays,aheateddebate/discussionabout...isunderwayinChina.Somepeoplebelievethat...whereasothersarguethat...2.Inrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears,therehasbeenagrowing(widespread/general)realization(awareness/feelingtowards)that...3.Nowadayspeopleinasignificant/increasingnumberarebeginning(getting/coming)torealize/believethat..4.Althougheveryonebelievesthat...,Idoubt/wonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis.5.Thisisaveryconventionalissue,butwecanapproachitfromanewangle/anewpointofview.6.Thisproblemisamuch-debatedoneinthatitaffectseverybodyintheirdailylives.Peoplemaypreferonetoanother,althoughsomehavenoopinionaboutit.ButifIamconcerned,Icanonlydisagreewiththetitlestatementandthereasonsaregivenbelow.7.Thereisageneraldiscussiontodayontheissueof...Thosewhocriticize...arguethat...Theybelievethat...butpeoplewhoadvocate...claimthat…Theyholdtheopinionthat…8.Inamodernsociety,peoplehavethefreedomtochoose...or...Althoughtheynormallycoexistpeacefully,theydeservesomecloseexamination.Ifthethirdcriteriaweretakenintoaccount,bycomparison,peoplewouldprefer...9.Whenwetalkabout...,weusuallymeanthat...,oreventhat...Thetrue...isnot...,butthat...10.Contrarytowidelyheldideas,Ibelievethat...2.中间段中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段的一般特征：篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。每段有相应的主题句。包含定义、解释，描写，讲明主题思想的扩展句能够采纳实例，数据或个人经历等写作手段。不同种类的段落采纳不同的扩展手段。中间段展开的差不多方法：列举法Thereareanumberofwaysforustokeepfit.First,nomatterhowbusyweare,weshouldhaveexerciseeverydaytostrengthenourmuscles.Second,itisimportanttokeepgoodhours.Forexample,ifweareinthehabitofgoingtobedearlyandgettingupearly,wecanavoidoverworkingourselvesandgetenoughsleep.Finally,entertainmentisalsonecessarysothatwemayhavesomemomentsofrelaxation.Ifwefollowthoseinstruction，wewillcertainlybeingoodhealth.比较对比法Theolderformofcommunicationisspeech.Inthebeginningofhumanhistory,peoplecouldonlyusedirectverbalspeechtocommunicate.Butithadmanyshortcomings.Forinstance,wecouldnotspeaktoapersonfarawaywhenweneeded.Sodistancewasaproblem.Andthespokenwordcouldnotbekeptsecreteasily.Sopeoplewantedtoinventanewmethodofcommunication.Thenextbigstepforwardincommunicationwastheinventionofwriting.Writingisoneofhumanbeing’smostimportantinventions.Itsolvedtheproblemofdistanceandkeepingsecrets,butittoohaddisadvantages.Thewrittenwordcouldnotbepassedonquickly,sopeopletriedtofindanewquickermethodofcommunication.Themostrecentdevelopmenthadbeenelectronicmeansofcommunication,includingthewirelesstelegraph,radio,telephoneandtelevision.Theinventionanduseofelectronicmeanshassolvedalltheproblemsmentionedabove.Theyarethemosteffectivemethodsofcommunication.Peoplewillcertainlytrytheirbesttoinventevenmoremodemandusefulmethods.因果法ThehamburgeristhemostpopularfooditemintheUnitedStates.EveryyearAmericansconsumebillionsofthem.Theyaresoldinexpensiverestaurantsandinhumbledinners.Theyarecookedathomeonthekitchenstoveoroverabarbecuegrillinthebackyard.Whyaretheysopopular?First,ahamburgerisextremelyeasytoprepare.Itisnothingmorethanapieceofgroundbeef,cookedforafewminutes.Thenitisplacedinaslicedbun.Nothingcouldbesimpler.Evenanunskilledcookcanturnouthundredsoftheminanhour.Besidesthat,thesimplehamburgercanbevariedinmanyways.Youcanmeltsomecheeseontopofthebeeftocreateacheeseburger.Youcanalsoaddsomegrilledbaconforaninterestingflavourcontrast.Inaddition,youcangarnishthehamburgerwithotherthingssuchaslettuce,tomato,onion,mushrooms,avocado,pickles,hotpepper,ketchup,relish,mayonnaise,mustardorwhateveryouwish!例证法Thesaying“Nopains,nogains”isuniversallyacceptedbecauseoftheplainyetphilosophicalmoralitteaches:ifonewantstoachievesomething,hemayseekit.Acaseinpointisboxing.Whileweheapcheersonthewinner,fewhappentoimaginethathisgoldbeltiswonatthecostofhissweat,tears,blood,evenlifeoveryearsbeforethearrivalofthatexcitingmoment.进展过程法Tobuildyourownsunscope,getacartonandcutaholeinoneside,bigenoughtopokeyourheadthrough.Pastewhitepaperontheinsidesurfacethatyouwillbefacing.Thenpunchapinholeintotheoppositesidehighenoughsothatthelittleshaftoflightwillmissyourhead.Forasharperimageyoucanmakeabetterpinholebycuttingaone-inchsquareholeinthecarton,tapingapieceofaluminiumfoiloverthishole,andthenmakingthepin-holeinthefoil.Finally,tapetheboxshutandcoveralllightleakswithblacktape.定义法Diligenceisthekeytosuccess.Itmeanspersistentworkanddoesnotmeanthatwearetoexertourselvesalldayandnightwithoutrest,withoutfoodandwithoutsleep.Thetruemeaningofdiligenceisthecarefuluseoftimeforthepurposeofimprovement,ortoworkpersistentlywithoutanywasteoftime.分类法Nowadaysthenewsmediamainlyconsistofradio,televisionandnewspapers.Eachtypehasitsownadvantagesanddisadvantages.Newspapersaretheoldestformforcommunicatingthenews.Todaymanypeoplestillbegintheirdaybyreadingthemorningpaperwhilehavingbreakfast,andendtheirdaybyreadingtheeveningpaperwhilehavingdinner.Theinventionoftheradiohashadatremendousinfluenceontheworld.Itisabletobringup-to-minutenewstodistantplacesinamatterofseconds.Thusthedevelopmentoftheradiohasmadetheworldasmallerplace.Televisionisthemostrecentlydevelopeddeviceforcommunication.Itallowsustoseeaswellastohearthenews.Thefactthatitenablespeopletoseevisualimageshashadaconsiderableeffectonourperceptionsofworldevent.议论文段中句式1.SofarasIknow,suchaphenomenoncomesupasaresultofthefollowingfacts.Tobeginwith,...Andmorethanthat,...Lastbutnottheleast,...2.SofarasIknow,somefactorsthatcontributetotheabovetendencymaybesummarizedasbelow.Firstofall,...What’smore,...Thelastoneis...3.Somepeoplefavor...as...,andtheyarguethat..Itseemstobesoatthefirstsight,however,onreflection,weareconvincedthatitisjustanothercoinwithtwosides.Firstly,...is,ofcourse,validasfarasitgoes,andwecanbenefitfromthispoint...However,wemustbefullyawareofitspotentialdanger,takingintoaccounttheriskresultingfrom...4.AsfarasIknow,theabovetendencymayinevitablygiverisetosomeeffectsasfollows.5Consideringthesocialatmospheretoday,itisnotatimeto...Itishightimeto...Thefactthat...iswhatshouldbeemphasized.Thosewhoobjecttothisideaforgetauniversaltruththat...AsIremember...Inaddition...Aninstancethataccompaniesthisreasonisthat...Ontheotherhand,...Finally...6.Thereareseveralsignificantreasonsasfollows.Firstly,...Secondly,...Thirdly,...7.Itwouldbepossibletothinkthat...,butitwouldbemorefoolishtoclaimthat...,anditwouldbemorefoolishtobelievethat...8.Weallknowthat...playsanimportantrolein...However,manypeoplebelievethat...dependsontwoaspectsof...Thefirstis...Thesecondis...Afurtherargumentis...9.Inmanycases,however,thereissomethingbeyondourexpectation:yetwecancompareandcontrastalltherelevantfactorsandfindawayout/in/between.10.Thereare,Ithink,atleasttwopossiblewaystocopewithit.Thefirstwaytotackleitistoappealtotheauthoritiestotakedrasticmeasuresto(do)...Theotherpolicythatisworthadoptingistoworkoutnewregulationsto(do)...Onlyinthiswaycanwesucceedindealingwiththeprobleminthenearfuture.3.结尾段结尾段的写作方法能够归纳为下列若干种：总结归纳1）简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象，例：Inconclusion,Iwouldliketosaythatchangeisaproblemconfrontingmostofustoday.Thechangeswhichhavealreadytakenplaceineveryfieldofourlifeareirreversible.Continuationofthegrowthwhichhasalreadybegunisinevitable.Duringthisevolutiontherearegreatrewardstobewon—bythosewhoarewillingtotaketheopportunitiesbeingoffered.2)重申主题再次强调和确定文章开头阐述的中心思想，例：Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman’senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.3)预测展望立足当前，放眼以后，例：Itistimethatthegovernmentshouldspeakoutagainstcorruptionandtakestrongactiontopunishwhoevertakesbribesorembezzlesfund.Forpresentofficialcorruption,ifpermittedtocontinue,willnotonlytarnishthegovernment’spopularity,butleadtoitsultimatedownfall.4)提出建议提出解决问题的途径，方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动，例：Collegeathleticsplayssuchavitalrolethatitdeservescloseattentionandpersistenteffort.Itissuggestedthatphysicaltrainingshouldberegardedasarequiredcoursewedgedintocollegecurricula,howevercrowdeditmaybe,andthatafairsharecollegebudgetshouldbedevotedtoathleticprograms.Wesincerelyhopethatthissuggestionwillbeacommitmentthatallcollegesanduniversitieswilltakeup.5)提出问题提出具有发人深省的问题，从而突出中心思想，例：Oldpeoplemaychoosetolivealoneforthemselvesandevenembracethislivingpattern.Butinthedeeppartoftheirhearts,theymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrentostaywith,totalkwith,andtakecareofthem.Whycan’tyoungpeoplethinkofthedayswhentheyaregettingold?6)引用格言用格言，谚语或习语总括全中文思想，例：Manyyearsago,agreatphilosopherFrancisBaconremarkedthat“Knowledgeispower.”Thiscannowbetranslatedintocontemporaryterms.Inoursocialsetting,“Knowledgeischange”andacceleratingknowledge-acquisition,fuellingthegreatengineoftechnology,meansacceleratingchange.议论文段尾句式1.Ifallthosefactorsarecontemplated,theadvantagesof...carrymoreweightthanthoseof...Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat...2.Nodoubtthatwecan’tcontroltheproblem...unlessthereisanimmediateaction...Thechanceisverygoodthat...3.FromwhatIhavementionedabove,wecanseeclearlythatviolenceonTVhas(a)greatinfluenceonyoungadults’behavior.Therefore,onecannaturallyreachthisconclusionthat...4.Inconclusion,.../Inshort,.../Allinall,.../Byandlarge.../Tosummarize...5.Inaword,thewholesocietyshouldpaycloseattentiontotheproblemof...Ohefuture.6.Takingintoaccountallthesefactorsofferedabove,wemaycarefullyreachtheconclusionthat...7.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelydrawtheconclusionthat...8.Thisfactprovidesstrongreasonforthinkingthat...,thus...isactuallypreferableto...ratherthanthereverse.9.Judgingfromallgivenevidences,wecansafelycometothedecisionthat...10.Withthetwooppositeopinionsdiscussedabove,itisclearthatneitherofthemisreasonable.Asfor...,Ithink,thelatter....If,ontheotherhand,...,theformer...各部分关联过渡举例：1、“启”，常用于引导文章开头的过渡词有：Itisoftensaidthat…Generallyspeaking…Astheproverbsays…Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…Itisclear/obviousthat…Manypeopleoftenask…2、“承”，常用于第一年扩展段开渡词有：Itistruethat…Everybodyknowthat…Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat…Noonecandenythat…Onethingwhichisequallyimportanttotheabovementionedis…Thechiefreasonwhy…isthat…Wemustrecognizethat…Thereisnodoubtthat…Iamoftheopinionthat…Thiscanbeexpressedasfollows…Totake…asanexample(instance)…Thereforeweshouldrealizethat…Wehavereasontobelievethat…Weknowthat…Whatismoreseriousisthat…3、“转”，常用于第二个扩展段开头的过渡词有：Anotherspecialconsiderationinthiscaseisthat…Besides,weshouldnotneglectthat…However,…Buttheproblemisnotsosimple,…Butitisapitythat…Ontheotherhand,…Idonotbelievethat…Perhapsyou’llaskwhy…Thismaybetrue,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto…Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith…,…Thetroubleseemsthat…Yetdifferenceswillbefound,that’swhyIfeelthat…Solongasyouregardthisasreasonable,youmay…4、“合”，常用结尾段的过渡词有：Inaword,…Insum,…Inconclusion,…Fromthispointofview,…Tosumup…Onaccountofthiswecanfindthat…Theresultisdependenton…Therefore,thesefindingsrevealthefollowinginformation…Thus,thisisthereasonwhywemust…范文分析：1.Directions:Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:1)statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears;2)givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;3)drawyourownconclusions.Youshoulddrawasfewfiguresaspossible.FoodYearFoodYear20052006200720082009Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit&Vegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%ChangesinPeople’sDietInthepastfiveyearstherehavebeenmanychangesinpeople’sdiet.Grain,asthemainfoodofmostChinese,isnowplayingalessimportantrole,whiletheproportionofsomehigh-energyfoods,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreased.Whathascausedthesechanges?Ithinktherearetworeasons.First,peoplenowhavemoremoney.Thepriceofmeatandmilkismuchhigherthanthatofgrain,sointheolddayspeoplecouldn’taffordthem.Nowtheyhaveenoughmoneytobuybothmeatandmilk.Second,peoplenowadayspaymoreattentiontotheelementsoftheirdiet.Theylookforawell-balanceddietthatwillbegoodfortheirhealth.Inshort,therehavebeenchangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyearsbecauseoffinancialandhealthreasons,andtherewillbefurtherchangesinthefuture.2.Directions:Youaretowriteinnolessthan120wordsonthetopic“EnteringCollege:helptheneedyyoungsterstoAchieveTheirDreams”YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheChinesecluegivenbelow.中央电视台“圆梦行动”的公益节目旨在动员社会力量捐助贫困学子圆大学之梦。你的作文能够：对贫困学子是否应受到捐助发表你的看法：或者举一个贫困学子需要关心的例子。EnteringCollege:HelptheNeedyYoungsterstoAchieveTheirDreamThoughgreatimportanceisattachedtopubliceducation,manyqualifiedstudentsinpoverty-strickenregionsfailtoenteruniversityduetoeconomicreasons.Thesestudentsaregenerallyfromtheleastdevelopedpartofourcountry.Onlyhighereducationcanchangetheirfate:theywillbeotherwisejustliketheirforefatherstoilinginthefieldsdayafterdayandseeingnofuture,whichsimplymeansthewholere