考研考博-英语-中国石油大学胜利学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-中国石油大学胜利学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

China’sresponsetoNorthKorea’sshellingofYeonpyeongIslandtwoweeksagohasbeenremarkablyflaccid.

问题1选项

A.firm

B.shrewd

C.ambiguous

D.limp

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项firm“坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的；坚决的；牢牢控制的；坚挺的”；B选项shrewd“精明的；狡猾的；机灵的”；C选项ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱两可的；不明确的，不明朗的；引起歧义的”；D选项limp“柔软的，无力的；软弱的”。句意：中国对朝鲜两周前炮击延坪岛的反应，一直表现得非常迟缓。flaccid“松弛的，软弱的；蔫软的；无活力的；不见成效的”，D选项与该词意思最相近，因此D选项正确。

2.单选题

Therearesome65speciesofNewWorldmonkeys.Manyofthesehaveaveryusefulanatomicaladaptationlackingintheiroldworldcounterpartsthatcurious“fifthhand’’,theprehensile（适手抓住的）tail.Andinafewspeciesthegrippingtailhasdevelopedtosuchasextentthatisactuallyhas“fingerprints”onthetip.Whileofcourseatailisnot-acceptedwithfingers,itcansometimesbeevenmoreusefulthananarmoraleg.Aspidermonkey’stail,forinstance,islongerthanitsheadandbodycombined,andisfrequentlyusedinsteadofahandtograspdistantobjects.Othermonkeyslessfortunateareforcedtorelegateatleastonelimbtosupportwhiletheyfeed,whereasmonkeysendowedwithprehensilitycanhangbytheirtailswhiletheyfeastwithbothhandsandfeet.AfewNewWorldmonkeyshavealsoevolvedarmsandshouldersthataresuitableforswinginghandoverhandthroughthetreesliketheAsiaticgibbons.

1.Thepassagemainlydiscusses（

）.

2.Theauthorprobablybelievesthatamonkeyusesitsprehensiletailespeciallyfor

3.Inthesecondsentence,theword“their”refersto（

）.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheAsiaticgibbonsandcertainNewWorldmonkeysaresimilarinwhatrespect?

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.certainevolutionaryadvantagesofNewWorldmonkeys

B.feedinghabitsofthespidermonkey

C.thedevelopmentofarmsandshouldersinNewWorldmonkeys

D.someanatomicaladaptationsofAsiaticgibbons

问题2选项

A.runningoveragrassyplain

B.supportingitselfwhileeating

C.swimmingacrossariver

D.defendingitselfagainstenemies

问题3选项

A.NewWorldmonkeys

B.OldWorldmonkeys

C.spidermonkeys

D.Asiaticgibbons

问题4选项

A.Thelengthoftheirtails

B.Theirmatinghabits

C.Theabilitytogripwiththeirfeet

D.Theirupperbodystructure

问题5选项

A.Somemonkeysusetheirhandstograspobjects.

B.Aspidermonkeyhasaverylongtail.

C.Aprehensiletailhasfingers.

D.Asiaticgibbonscanswingthroughtrees.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.文章主要介绍了新世界猴与其他种类猴相比所具有的进化优势。其中最主要的是进化出适合抓握的尾巴以及类似于亚洲长臂猿的适合在树上摆荡的手臂和肩膀。所以选项A符合题意。

2.文章中提到whereasmonkeysendowedwithprehensilitycanhangbytheirtailswhiletheyfeastwithbothhandsandfeet，可知新世界猴在吃食物的时候能够用尾巴悬挂身体从而使双手双脚抓东西吃。选项B符合题意。

3.their后面接的内容是“它们在旧世界的同类”，可知their指的是新世界猴。选项A符合题意。

4.文章最后一句话AfewNewWorldmonkeyshavealsoevolvedarmsandshouldersthataresuitableforswinginghandoverhandthroughthetreesliketheAsiaticgibbons提到一些新世界猴进化出了类似于亚洲长臂猿那样的手臂和肩膀，所以选项D符合题意。

5.文章提到whileofcourseatailisnot-acceptedwithfingers（尾巴上并没有长手指，选项C符合题意。

3.单选题

Modernformsoftransportationandcommunicationhavedonemuchto（

）theisolationoflifeinAlaska.

问题1选项

A.breakthrough

B.breakdown

C.breakinto

D.breakout

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A项breakthrough表示“突破，突围”；B项breakdown表示“打破；出故障”；C项breakinto表示“闯入”；D项breakout表示“突发，爆发”。根据Modernformsoftransportationandcommunication以及isolation可知，句意应为现代交通运输和通信方式非常有利于打破阿拉斯加生活的闭塞，因此本题正确答案为B项。

4.翻译题

TheEnglishlanguageoftodayreflectsmanycenturiesofdevelopment.ThepoliticalandsocialeventsthathaveinthecourseofEnglishhistorysoprofoundlyaffectedtheEnglishpeopleintheirnationallifehavegenerallyhadarecognizableeffectontheirlanguage.TheRomanChristianizingofBritainin597broughtEnglandintocontactwithLatincivilizationandmadesignificantadditionstoourvocabulary.TheScandinavianinvasionsresultedinaconsiderablemixtureofthetwopeoplesandtheirlanguages.TheNormanConquestmadeEnglishfortwocenturiesthelanguagemainlyofthelowerclasseswhilethenoblesandthoseassociatedwiththemusedFrenchonalmostalloccasions.AndwhenEnglishoncemoreregainedsupremacyasthelanguageofallelementsofthepopulation,itwasanEnglishgreatlychangedinbothformandvocabularyfromwhatithadbeenin1066.

【答案】今天的英语反映了许多世纪的发展。在英国历史进程中深刻影响英国人国家生活的政治和社会事件，通常也对他们的语言产生了明显的影响。597年罗马人对不列颠的基督教化使英国接触了拉丁文明，并大大增加了我们的词汇。斯堪的那维亚人的入侵导致了这两个民族及其语言的大量混合。诺曼征服使英语在长达两个世纪的时间里成为下层阶级的主要语言，而贵族和与他们有关的人几乎在所有场合都使用法语。当英语再次成为所有人口的语言时，它的形式和词汇都比1066年发生了巨大的变化。

5.翻译题

Inthedeliveryofahighstandardofmedicalcare,thesafetyofthepatientisparamount.Itseemsthatmedicalblundersareemergingalmostonadailybasis.Butweneedtokeepasenseofperspective.

Whilesuchincidentsareworrying,theyshouldnotnecessarilybeseenasasignthatthingsaregettingworseandthatpatientsarebeingexposedtoincreasingrisks.Theymaysimplyhavebeencomingtolightmorefrequently.Ifso,thatisgood.Thehospitalparthasrightlypromisedtoseethattheyarealwaysbroughttopublicattentionfromnowon.Promptdisclosureofpossibledefectsinthehealthcaresystemandtransparentactiontoremedythemcanonlyhaveapositiveeffectonthestandardofcareinthelongrun.

【答案】在提供高标准的医疗服务时，病人的安全是最重要的。医疗事故似乎每天都在发生。但我们需要保持一种洞察力。

虽然这类事件令人担忧，但它们并不一定意味着情况正在恶化，或者病人暴露在面临越来越多的风险中。它们可能只是被曝光得更频繁了。如果是这样，那很好。医院方面恰当地承诺，从现在起一定要让公众注意到他们。及时披露医疗体系中可能存在的缺陷，并采取透明行动加以补救，从长远来看，只会对医疗标准产生积极的影响。

6.单选题

Thenewmiracleofthemedicalworldisthestemcell,amarvelofhumannatureinthatitcanbecomeanyofnearly220celltypesthatconstitutethehumanbody.Itisoftencalledablankcellthatcanbeprogrammedtobecomeothercells.Researcherspredictthat,byusingstemcells,theycancreateorgansthatcanbetransplantedintopeoplewhodesperatelyneedthemtosavetheirlives.Themostcommonsourceofstemcellsisthehumanembryo,theinitialstageofhumanlifeafterafemaleeggisimpregnatedbyamalesperm.InthisveryfactliesanethicalconundrumthathasrockedboththemedicalandpoliticallandscapeoftheUnitedStatesandothercountries.Coupledwiththisisnewresearchincloning,whichhasseensomesuccessindevelopinganimalspecieswithouttheuseofnormalbirthingprocedures.Alloftheseareasofresearcharemakingquiteafewpeoplenervousaboutboththesourcesofstemcellsandwheretheresearchistakingmankind.

Moststemcell-containingembryoscomefromfourdifferentsources:fertilityclinicswhichoftenstoremorehumanembryosthanareneeded;fetusesfromunwantedpregnanciesthatareaborted;therapeuticcloning,whichiswhenahumaneggisstimulatedintoanembryo-likestate;andcustom-fertilizationinwhichahumaneggisdeliberatelyfertilizedwithspermtocreateanembryoinordertoharvestitsstemcells.Morallymanypeopleareoutragedbythesesources,claimingthathumanlifeisnotsomethingthatshouldbetamperedwithandcreatedjustforscientificandmedicalpurposes.Atthecoreofthisdebateistheissueofwhatreallyconstitutesahumanbeing,withonesideclaimingahumandoesnotexistuntilbornfromitsmotherwhiletheothersideclaimsthatonceeggandspermmeet,lifehasbegun.

TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthastakenanactiveroleinthedebateandisconsciouslylookingatthevotingboothwhilemakingdecisionsregardingstemcellresearch.Thegovernmentgavethego-aheadforfederalspendingonstemcellresearchbutlimitedactivitytospecimensthatalreadyexisted,meaningnonewembryoscouldbecreatedsolelyforstemcellresearch.Similarlawsregardingcloningresearchhavebeenproposed,includingtherapeuticcloning.Manyuniversitiesandresearchcentersworrythattheselawsmaycausetheirbestandbrightestscientiststoseekappointmentsoverseas,wherestemcellresearchisnotsocontroversial.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,astemcellisunlikeothercellsbecause（）.

2.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,allofthefollowingaresourcesofsteincellsEXCEPT（）.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,themaindebateconcerningstemcellsourcesrevolvesaround（

）.

4.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlinedsentenceinthelastparagraph?

5.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,Americanuniversitiesandresearchinstitutesareworriedabout（

）.

问题1选项

A.ithasatleast220differentparts

B.itcandevelopintoanyothercell

C.ithasbeenusedtocureillness

D.itisatthecenterofacontroversy

问题2选项

A.artificiallyimpregnatedwomen

B.humaneggsthatactliketheyarefertilized

C.embryosmadeforpeoplewhocannotconceive

D.theremainsofunwantedbabies1.（）.

问题3选项

A.howtheyareextractedfromthesource

B.whatthestemcellareusedfor

C.themethodsusedtoproducethem

D.whensomeonebelieveslifebegins

问题4选项

A.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentisinvolvedinthedebateonstemcellsonlybecauseitisworriedaboutthevoters.

B.ThevotersaremakingtheUnitedStatesgovernmentworriedaboutitspositiononstemcellresearch.

C.TheissueofstemcellresearchisonethatUnitedStatesvotersareconcernedabout

D.TheUnitedStatesgovernment’sdecisionsonstemcellresearchreflectwhatitsvotingpublicwants.2.（）.

问题5选项

A.notgettingenoughfundsforstemcellresearch

B.losingpeopleforbetteropportunitieselsewhere

C.havingthegovernmentshutdowntheiroperations

D.havingtofindnewsourcesofstemcells

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段指出:Thenewmiracleofthemedicalworldisthestemcell,amarvelofhumannatureinthatitcanbecomeanyofnearly220celltypesthatconstitutethehumanbody(医学界的新奇迹是干细胞。令人惊叹的是，它可以成为构成人体的近220种细胞中的任何一种),故选B“它能发展成任何其它的细胞”。

2.细节事实题。题干问:根据第二段,以下哪项不是干细胞的来源。A:人工怀孕的女性,B:类似于已受精状的人类卵子,C:为不孕的人所做的胚胎,D:意外怀孕产出的婴儿的遗体。根据题干定位至第二段:Moststemcell-containingembryoscomefromfour

differentsources:fertilityclinicswhichoftenstoremorehumanembryosthanareneeded;fetusesfromunwantedpregnanciesthatareaborted;therapeuticcloning,whichiswhenahumaneggisstimulatedintoanembryo-likestate;andcustom-fertilizationinwhichahumaneggisdeliberatelyfertilizedwithspermtocreateanembryoinordertoharvestitsstemcells(大多数包含干细胞的胚胎来自四个不同的来源：经常储存有多余人类胚胎的产科；因意外怀孕而被流产的胎儿；治疗性克隆（即人类卵子被刺激成胚胎状）和特定的受精（即人类卵子被故意地与精子受精来创造一个胚胎，以便获取其干细胞）),因此只有A未被提及。故选A。

3.细节事实题。第二段指出:Atthecoreofthisdebateistheissueofwhatreallyconstitutesahumanbeing,withonesideclaimingahumandoesnotexistuntilbornfromitsmotherwhiletheothersideclaimsthatonceeggandspermmeet,lifehasbegun(这场争论的中心是什么真正地构成了人类，一方的人宣称直到从母亲身体生出来之后，人才真正存在，然而另一方的人却宣称一旦卵子和精子结合生命就开始了)。故选D“人们认为生命是从何吋开始”。

4.判断推理题。最后一段划线句句意为:美国政府己积极参与这场争论，在做有关干细胞研究的决定吋正有意识地看着投票站。由此可知D项“美国政府有关干细胞研究的决定反映出其投票的公众的需求”正确。

5.细节事实题。最后一段指出:Manyuniversitiesandresearchcentersworrythattheselawsmaycausetheirbestandbrightestscientiststoseekappointmentsoverseas,wherestemcellresearchisnotsocontroversial(很多大学和研究中心担心，这些法律可能导致它们优秀和最杰出的科学家们前往干细胞研究没有如此有争议的海外寻求职位)。由此可知B“因海外更好的机会而流失人才”正确。

7.不定项选择题

Asinthecaseofsomanywordsusedbythebiologistandphysiologist,thewordacclimatizationishardtodefine.Withincreaseinknowledgeandunderstanding,meaningsofwordschange.Originallythetermacclimatizationwastakentomeanonlytheabilityofhumanbeingsoranimalsorplantstoaccustomthemselvestonewandstrangeclimaticconditions,primarilyalteredtemperature.Apersonorawolfmovestoahotclimateandisuncomfortablethere,butafteratimeisbetterabletowithstandtheheat.Butasidefromtemperature,thereareotheraspectsofclimate.Apersonorananimalmaybecomeadjustedtolivingathigheraltitudesthanthoseitwasoriginallyaccustomedto.Atreallyhighaltitudes,suchasaviatorsmaybeexposedto,thelowatmosphericpressurebecomesafactorofprimaryimportance.Inchangingtoanewenvironment,apersonmay,therefore,meetnewconditionsoftemperatureorpressure,andinadditionmayhavetocontendwithdifferentchemicalsurroundings.Onhighmountains,theamountofoxygenintheatmospheremayberelativelysmall;incrowdedcities,apersonmaybecomeexposedtorelativelyhighconcentrationsofcarbondioxideorevencarbonmonoxide,andinvariousareasmaybeexposedtoconditionsinwhichthewatercontentoftheatmosphereisextremelyhighorextremelylow.Thusinthecaseofhumans,animals,andevenplants,theconceptofacclimatizationincludesthephenomenaofincreasedtolerationofhighorlowtemperature,ofalteredpressure,andofchangesinthechemicalenvironment.

Letusdefineacclimatization,therefore,astheprocessinwhichanorganismorapartofanorganismbecomesusedtoanenvironmentwhichisnormallyunsuitabletoitorlethalforit.Byandlarge,acclimatizationisarelativelyslowprocess.Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking.Thistypeofadjustmentiscommonlyreferredtobyphysiologistsas“adaptation”.

Thusourtouchsensesoonbecomesaccustomedtothepressureofourclothesandwedonotfeelthem;wesoonfailtohearthetickingofaclock;obnoxiousodorsafteratimefailtomakemuchimpressiononus,andoureyesinstronglightrapidlybecomeinsensitive.

Thefundamentalfactaboutacclimatizationisthatallanimalsandplantshavesomecapacitytoadjustthemselvestochangesintheirenvironment.Thisisoneofthemostremarkablecharacteristicsoflivingorganisms,acharacteristicforwhichitisextremelydifficulttofindexplanations.

1.Accordingtothereadingselection,allanimalsandplants（）.

2.Itcanbeinferredfromthereadingselectionthat（）.

3.Accordingtothereadingselection,acclimatization（）.

4.Byinferencefromthereadingselection,whichoneofthefollowingwouldnotrequiretheprocessofacclimatization?

5.Accordingtothepassage,amajordistinctionbetweenacclimatizationandadaptationisthatacclimatization（）.

问题1选项

A.haveanabilityforacclimatization

B.canadjusttoonlyonechangeintheenvironmentatatime

C.aresuccessfulinadjustingthemselvestochangesintheirenvironments

D.canadjusttonaturalchangesintheenvironmentbutnottoartificiallyinducedchanges

问题2选项

A.everychangeintheenvironmentrequiresacclimatizationbylivingthings

B.plantsandanimalsaremorealikethantheyaredifferent

C.assciencedevelops,theconnotationoftermsmaychange

D.biologistandphysiologistsstudyessentiallythesamethings

问题3选项

A.issimilartoadaptation

B.ismoreimportanttodaythanitformerlywas

C.involvespositiveaswellasnegativeadjustment

D.maybeinvolvedwithapartofanorganismbutnotwiththewholeorganism

问题4选项

A.Anoceanfishplacedinalake

B.Askindivermakingadeepdive

C.Anairplanepilotmakingahigh-altitudeflight

D.Apersongoingfromdaylightintoadarkenedroom

问题5选项

A.ismoreimportantthanadaptation

B.isrelativelyslowandadaptationisrelativelyrapid

C.appliestoadjustmentswhileadaptationdoesnotapplytoadjustments

D.isapplicabletoallanimalsandplantsandadaptationonlytohigheranimalsandman

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由allanimalsandplants定位到文章最后一段第一句“Thefundamentalfactaboutacclimatizationisthatallanimalsandplantshavesomecapacitytoadjustthemselvestochangesintheirenvironment.”，适应环境的根本事实是，所有的动物和植物都有一定的能力来适应环境的变化。A选项“haveanabilityforacclimatization”意为“有适应环境的能力”，与原文相符；B选项“canadjusttoonlyonechangeintheenvironmentatatime”意为“一次只能适应环境的一种变化”，原文没有相关表达；C选项“aresuccessfulinadjustingthemselvestochangesintheirenvironments”意为“能成功地让自身适应环境的变化”，有一定的适应环境变化的能力，并不等于成功；D选项“canadjusttonaturalchangesintheenvironmentbutnottoartificiallyinducedchanges”意为“能适应环境的自然变化，但不能适应人为诱导的变化”，原文未提及人为诱导的变化。因此A选项符合题意。

第2题:判断推理题。结合选项和题干可知，本题需要四个选项逐个分析。A选项“everychangeintheenvironmentrequiresacclimatizationbylivingthings”，意为“环境的任何变化都需要生物适应”，原文是适应与生物不适合或者致命的环境，但不是所有变化都要适应；B选项“plantsandanimalsaremorealikethantheyaredifferent”意为“植物和动物的相似之处多于它们的不同之处”，原文并未就动植物的相似处与不同处进行比较；C选项“assciencedevelops,theconnotationoftermsmaychange”意为“随着科学的发展，术语的内涵可能会发生变化”与原文相符，原文“Withincreaseinknowledgeandunderstanding,meaningsofwordschange”随着知识和理解的增加，单词的意义也在变化；D选项“biologistandphysiologistsstudyessentiallythesamethings”意为“生物学家和生理学家本质上研究的是相同的东西”，原文没有相关表达。因此C选项符合题意。

第3题:判断推理题。由acclimatization定位到文章第二段第一句“Letusdefineacclimatization,therefore,astheprocessinwhichanorganismorapartofanorganismbecomesusedtoanenvironmentwhichisnormallyunsuitabletoitorlethalforit”，因此，让我们把适应性定义为一个生物体或生物体的一部分逐渐适应一个通常不适合它或对它来说是致命的环境的过程。由此可知，适应也包括负面的适应。A选项“issimilartoadaptation”，意为“类似于适应”，与原文相反，adaptation与acclimatization是两个概念；B选项“ismoreimportanttodaythanitformerlywas”意为“现在比以前更重要”，原文并未将过去与现在的重要性进行比较；C选项“involvespositiveaswellasnegativeadjustment”意为“包括积极和消极的适应”与原文相符；D选项“maybeinvolvedwithapartofanorganismbutnotwiththewholeorganism”意为“可能与一个生物体的一部分有关，但与整个生物体无关”，与原文不符，原文是生物体或生物体的一部分，因此与整个生物体有关。因此C选项符合题意。

第4题:判断推理题。由notrequiretheprocessofacclimatization定位到文章第二段第三句“Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking”，这一术语不应包括我们的感觉器官不断做出的相对迅速的调整。由此可知，感官做出相对迅速的调整不属于acclimatization。A选项“anoceanfishplacedinalake”，意为“一条被放在湖里的海鱼”，B选项“askindivermakingadeepdive”意为“深潜的赤身潜水员”，C选项“anairplanepilotmakingahigh-altitudeflight”意为“进行高空飞行的飞行员”，都属于相对缓慢的适应过程，因此属于acclimatization。D选项“apersongoingfromdaylightintoadarkenedroom”意为“一个人从有日光的房间进入昏黑的房间”，此时我们的眼睛也就是视觉器官会立刻做出反应，所以这不属于acclimatization。因此D选项符合题意。

第5题:事实细节题。由majordistinction定位到文章第二段第二、三句“Byandlarge,acclimatizationisarelativelyslowprocess.Thetermshouldnotbetakentoincluderelativelyrapidadjustmentssuchasoursenseorgansareconstantlymaking”，总的来说，适应环境是一个相对缓慢的过程。这一术语不应包括我们的感觉器官不断做出的相对迅速的调整。由此可知，适应环境是个相对缓慢的过程，而适应是个相对快速的过程。A选项“ismoreimportantthanadaptation”意为“比适应更重要”，原文未将两者的重要性进行比较；B选项“isrelativelyslowandadaptationisrelativelyrapid”意为“相对缓慢，适应相对快速”，符合原文；C选项“appliestoadjustmentswhileadaptationdoesnotapplytoadjustments”意为“适用于调整，而适应不适用于调整”，与原文不符，适应也适用于调整，如感觉器官不断做出的相对迅速的调整；D选项“isapplicabletoallanimalsandplantsandadaptationonlytohigheranimalsandman”意为“适用于所有动物和植物，适应只用于高等动物和人”，原文没有后半句的相关表述。因此B选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Amajoritytakencollectivelymayberegardedasabeingwhoseopinionsand,mostfrequently,whoseinterestsareopposedtothoseofanotherbeing,whichisstyledaminority.Ifitisadmittedthatamanpossessingabsolutepowermaymisusethatpowerbywronginghisadversaries,whyshouldamajoritynotbeliabletothesamereproach?Menarenotapttochangetheircharactersbyagglomeration;nordoestheirpatienceinthepresenceofobstaclesincreasewiththeconsciousnessoftheirstrength.Forthesereasonsweshouldnotwillinglyinvestanygroupofourfellowswiththatunlimitedauthoritywhichweshouldrefusetoanyindividual.

Onesocialpowermustalwayspredominateoverothers,butlibertyisendangeredwhenthispowerischeckedbynoobstacleswhichmayretarditscourseandforceittomoderateitsownvehemence.Unlimitedpowerisinitselfabadanddangerousthing,andnopoweronearthissoworthyofhonorforitselforofreverentialobediencetotherightswhichitrepresentsthatweshouldadmititsuncontrolledandall-predominantauthority.Whentherightandmeansofabsolutecommandareconferredonapeopleoraking,onanaristocracyorademocracy,amonarchyorarepublic,therehasbeenimplantedthegermoftyranny.

ThemainevilofthepresentdemocraticinstitutionsoftheUnitedStatesdoesnotarise,asisoftenassertedinEurope,fromtheirweakness,butfromtheiroverpoweringstrength;theexcessivelibertywhichreignsinthatcountryisnotsoalarmingasistheveryinadequatesecuritywhichexistsagainsttyranny.

WhenanindividualorapartyiswrongedintheUnitedStates,towhomcanheapplyforredress?Iftothepublicopinion,publicopinionconstitutesthemajority;iftothelegislature,itrepresentsthemajorityandimplicitlyobeysitsinjunctions;iftotheexecutivepower,itisappointedbythemajorityandremainsapassivetoolinitshands;thepublictroopsconsistofthemajorityunderarms;thejuryisthemajorityinvestedwiththerightofhearingjudicialcases,andincertainstateseventhejudgesareelectedbythemajority.Howeveriniquitousorabsurdtheevilcomplainedabout,nosurebarrierisestablishedtodefendagainstit.

1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthepassage?

2.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

3.Theauthor’streatmentofthetopicofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas（）.

4.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

问题1选项

A.TheTyrannyoftheMajority

B.Democracy:TriumphofthePeople

C.AbusesofPower

D.TheFailureofDemocracyintheUnitedStates

问题2选项

A.Democracyisnogreaterdefenseagainsttyrannythanismonarchyoraristocracy.

B.Minorityrulewouldprobablybemoreresponsivetotheneedsofallpeoplethanmajorityrule.

C.Torenderitselfimmunetothegermoftyranny,theUnitedStatesshouldstrengthenitspoliticalinstitutions.

D.Sinceonesocialpowermustalwayspredominateoverothers,itisfutiletoprovidechecksandbalancesingovernment.

问题3选项

A.ironic

B.neutral

C.logical

D.irreverent

问题4选项

A.challengingacommonlyheldbelief

B.contrastingtwoopposingviews

C.advocatingacourseofaction

D.reconcilinganapparentconflict

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据文章第一段第二句，“Ifitisadmittedthatamanpossessingabsolutepowermaymisusethatpowerbywronginghisadversaries,whyshouldamajoritynotbeliabletothesamereproach?”，如果承认一个拥有绝对权力的人可能会滥用这种权力来冤枉他的对手，为什么大多数人在滥用他们权力的时候不会受到同样的指责呢？此句为文章的中心句，体现了文章的中心思想。下文继续提出我们不应该把我们应该拒绝给个人的绝对权力授予任何大多数派的人。可判断出最符合文章的主题与大多数派相关。选项A符合题意。

2.判断推理题。根据文章第二段最后一句，“Whentherightandmeansofabsolutecommandareconferredonapeopleoraking,onanaristocracyorademocracy,amonarchyorarepublic,therehasbeenimplantedthegermoftyranny.”，当绝对命令的权力授予一个民族或一个国王、一个贵族或一个民主、一个君主制或一个共和国时，就已经埋下了专制的种子。可判断出民主和君主制或贵族统治一样，也可能导致专制统治，选项A符合文意。文章中并没有提及少数人统治比多数人统治更令人满意，并未将二者进行比较，选项B不符合文意。根据第三段第一句，“ThemainevilofthepresentdemocraticinstitutionsoftheUnitedStatesdoesnotarise,asisoftenassertedinEurope,fromtheirweakness,butfromtheiroverpoweringstrength…”美国现行民主制度的主要弊端，并不像欧洲人常说的那样，来自于它们的软弱，而是来自于它们压倒一切的力量。可判断出文章并未提及美国需要加强政治制度来免受专制统治。选项C不符合文意。根据文章第二段第一句，“Onesocialpowermustalwayspredominateoverothers,butlibertyisendangeredwhenthispowerischeckedbynoobstacleswhichmayretarditscourseandforceittomoderateitsownvehemence.”，一种社会力量必须始终凌驾于其他力量之上，但如果这种力量不受任何阻碍，而使其激烈程度得不到缓和，自由就会受到威胁。可判断出虽然在社会中一种力量必须凌驾于其他力量之上，但是权力行使的激烈程度必须受到限制和阻碍，以免使自由受到威胁，所以权力制衡是有必要的。选项D不符合文意。

3.判断推理题。根据文章第一段第二句，“Ifitisadmittedthatamanpossessingabsolutepowermaymisusethatpowerbywronginghisadversaries,whyshouldamajoritynotbeliabletothesamereproach?”，如果承认一个拥有绝对权力的人可能会滥用这种权力来冤枉他的对手，为什么大多数人在滥用他们权力的时候不会受到同样的指责呢？此句为文章的中心句，体现了文章的中心思想。由个人权力推理到大多数派权力的行使，所以作者对话题的探讨是具有逻辑性的。选项C符合题意。

4.主旨大意题。文章第一段提到一个拥有绝对权力的个人会滥用权力来冤枉对手，那么拥有权力的大多数人在滥用权力时也应该受到责备。文章第二段继续指出当绝对命令的权力授予给一个民族或一个国王、一个贵族或一个民主、一个君主制或一个共和国时，就已经埋下了专制的种子。可判断出个人或大多数派统治对专制的防御都不会更好，对应文中提及的美国民主政治中存在的现象，所以作者在本文中在挑战一个普遍的信念。选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

AthighnoonlastOctober1st,thecitizensofEcuador（厄瓜多尔）didsomethingthey’dneverdreamedpossible:theysynchronized（同步）theirwatches.Indoingso,theyembarkedonanationalcampaignagainstlateness.Aspecialgrouporganizedthiscampaign.ThegroupinvitedthePresidenttojoininthem,butactuallythePresidentwasinfamouslyunpunctual.Anyway,thePresidentagreedtovowtoparticipate.Hisspokesman,goingontelevisiontoannouncethisvow,arrivedatthestudio,needlesstosay,severalminuteslate.

Suchacampaignmaybescornedorlaughedat,becauseitseemsnotseriousandevennonsense,withoutanypracticalmeaning,butitcomesoutofabasiceconomicfact:punctualitypays.Accordingtoonestudy,chroniclatenesscostsEcuador$2.5billionayear―hardlysmallchangeinacountrywithagrossdomesticproductofjusttwenty-fourbilliondollars.Thefundamentalchallengeforamoderneconomyistocoordinatetheactionsofmillionsofindependentpeoplesothatgoodsmaybeproducedandservicesdeliveredasefficientlyaspossible.It’saloteasiertodothiswhenpeoplearewherethey’resupposedtobewhenthey’resupposedtobethere.Thisisespeciallytrueinlightofrecentinnovationssuchasjust-in-timemanufacturing.

Dellcomputer’ssuppliershavetobeabletodeliverpartstoDell’sfactorieswithinninetyminutes.Underthoseconditions,“I’llgettoitlater”won’tdo.

InsomepunctualcountrieslikeJapan,pedestrianswalkfast,businesstransactionstakeplacequickly,andbankclocksarealwaysaccurate.Inlesspunctualplaces,suchasIndonesia,pedestriansamble,workersidle,andbankclocksareusuallywrong.Inotherwords,Ecuadoriansaretryingtorevolutionizethewaytheyliveandwork.

Cantheydoit?Thereareobviousobstacles.Tardinesscanbequitepleasant,especiallywhenit’swhatyou’veaccustomedto.Thereisalsothetrickyquestionofclass.Latenesscanbeawayfortherichandpowerfultoassertthemselves,toshowhowmuchmorevaluabletheirtimeis.InEcuador,membersofthemilitaryandthegovernmentarethemostnotoriousoffenders,andbusinessmenarefarmorelikelytoshowuplatethanblue-collarworkersare.There’snopointingettingtoameetingontimeifnooneisgoingtobethere.Tardinessfeedsonitself,creatingaviciouscycle.

1.ItisimpliedinthefirstparagraphthatthepresidentofEcuador（

）.

2.Theword“pay”hasthesamemeaningin“punctualitypays”asin

（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutEcuadorpeopleiscorrect?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（

）.

问题1选项

A.agreedtogoontelevisiontoannouncehisvowtoparticipate

B.waswell-knownforhispunctuality

C.hadahabitofbeinglateinhislifeandwork

D.wastryingtorevolutionizethewatchesinhiscountry

问题2选项

A.“Itpaystogetsomeprofessionaladvicebeforeyoumakea