考研考博-英语-上海海事职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海海事职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

JaneandSusanhave______againanddonotspeaktoeachother.

问题1选项

A.fallenin

B.fallenback

C.fallenout

D.fallenof

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项fallenin“倒塌”；B选项fallenback“后退，撤退”；C选项fallenout“闹翻”；D选项fallenof“……的掉落”。句意：简和苏珊又______了，谁都不理谁。根据语境，这里指的是她们两人闹矛盾，都不搭理对方，C选项fallenout“闹翻”符合题意。因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Learningdisabilitiesareverycommon.Theyaffectperhaps20percentofallchildren.Fourtimesasmanyboysasgirlshavelearningdisabilities.

Sinceabout1970,newresearchhashelpedbrainscientistsunderstandtheseproblemsbetter.Scientistsnowknowtherearemanydifferentkindsoflearningdisabilitiesandthattheyarecausedbymanydifferentthings.Thereisnolongeranyquestionthatalllearningdisabilitiesresultfromdifferencesinthewaythebrainisorganized.

Youcannotlookatachildandtellifheorshehasalearningdisability.Thereisnooutwardsignofthedisorder.Sosomeresearchersbeganlookingatthebrainitselftolearnwhatmightbewrong.

Inonestudy,researchersexaminedthebrainofalearning-disabledpersonwhohaddiedinanaccident.Theyfoundtwounusualthings.Oneinvolvedcellsintheleftsideofthebrain,whichcontrollanguage.Thesecellsnormallyarewhite.Inthelearningdisabledperson,however,thesecellsweregray.Theresearchersalsofoundthatmanyofthenervecellswerenotinalinethewaytheyshouldhavebeen.Thenervecellsweremixedtogether.

ThestudywascarriedoutundertheguidanceofNormanGeschwind,anearlyexpertonlearningdisabilities.DoctorGeschwindproposedthatlearningdisabilitiesresultedmainlyfromproblemsintheleftsideofthebrain.Hebelievedthissideofthebrainfailedtodevelopnormally.Probably,hesaid,nevercellstheredidnotconnectastheyshould.Sothebrainwaslikeanelectricaldeviceinwhichthewireswerecrossed.

Otherresearchersdidnotexaminebraintissue.Instead,theymeasuredthebrain’selectricalactivityandmadeamapoftheelectricalsignals.

FrankDuffyexperimentedwiththistechniqueatChildren’sHospitalMedicalCenterinBoston.DoctorDuffyfoundlargedifferencesinthebrainactivityofnormalchildrenandthosewithreadingproblems.Thedifferencesappearedthroughoutthebrain.DoctorDuffysaidhisresearchisevidencethatdisabilitiesinvolvedamagetoawideareaofthebrain,notjusttheleftside.

46.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

47.Scientistsfoundthatthebraincellsofalearning-disabledpersondifferfromthoseofanormalpersonin______.

48.AllofthefollowingstatementsareTRUEexceptthat______.

49.DoctorDuffybelievedthat______.

50.Accordingtothepassagewecanconcludethatfurtherresearchesshouldbemade______.

问题1选项

A.Learningdisabilitiesmayresultfromproblemsintheleftsideofthebrain.

B.Learningdisabilitiesmayresultfromdamagetoawideareaofthebrain.

C.Learningdisabilitiesmayresultfromabnormalorganizationofthebraincells.

D.Learningdisabilitiesmayresultfromtheunknownareaofthebrain.

问题2选项

A.structureandfunction

B.colorandarrangement

C.sizeandarrangement

D.colorandfunction

问题3选项

A.manyfactorsaccountforlearningdisorder

B.alearning-disabilitiesispersonshowsnooutwardsigns

C.readingdisabilitiesareacommonproblemthataffects10percentofthepopulation

D.thebrainactivityoflearning-disabledchildrenisdifferentfromthatofnormalchildren

问题4选项

A.theproblemoflearningdisabilitieswasnotlimitedtotheleftsideofthebrain

B.theproblemoflearningdisabilitiesdidnotlieintheleftsideofthebrain

C.theproblemoflearningdisabilitiesresultedfromtheleftsideofthebrain

D.hefoundtheexactcauseoflearningdisabilities

问题5选项

A.toinvestigatepossibleinfluencesonbraindevelopmentandorganization

B.tostudyhowchildrenlearntoreadandwrite,andusenumbers

C.tohelplearning-disabledchildrentodeveloptheirintelligence

D.toexplorehowtheleftsideofthebrainfunctionsinlanguagelearning

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】46.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干的意思是“下列哪一项在文章中没有提到？”。A项“学习障碍可能是由左脑问题引起的”，第五段第二句提到DoctorGeschwindproposedthatlearningdisabilitiesresultedmainlyfromproblemsintheleftsideofthebrain.（Geschwind博士提出学习障碍主要是由左脑问题引起的），可知A项在文中有提到。B项“学习障碍可能是由于大脑大片区域受损造成的”，文章最后一句提到DoctorDuffysaidhisresearchisevidencethatdisabilitiesinvolvedamagetoawideareaofthebrain,notjusttheleftside.（杜菲医生说，他的研究证明，学习障碍涉及到大脑的大面积损伤，而不仅仅是左脑），可知B项在文中有提到。C项“学习障碍可能是由脑细胞的异常组织引起的”，第四段最后两句提到Theresearchersalsofoundthatmanyofthenervecellswerenotinalinethewaytheyshouldhavebeen.Thenervecellsweremixedtogether.（研究人员还发现，许多神经细胞并没有按照它们应有的方式排成一行；神经细胞混合在一起）可知C项在文中有提到。只有D项“学习障碍可能是由大脑的未知区域引起的”在文中没有提及。因此该题选D。

47.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干的意思是“科学家们发现，有学习障碍的人的脑细胞在……上与正常人不同？”。根据第四段第四句Thesecellsnormallyarewhite.Inthelearningdisabledperson,however,thesecellsweregray.（这些细胞通常是白色的；然而，对于有学习障碍的人，这些细胞是灰色的）和第四段最后两句Theresearchersalsofoundthatmanyofthenervecellswerenotinalinethewaytheyshouldhavebeen.Thenervecellsweremixedtogether.（研究人员还发现，许多神经细胞并没有按照它们应有的方式排成一行；神经细胞混合在一起），由此可知，有学习障碍的人的脑细胞在颜色和结构排列上和正常人的脑细胞不一样。因此B项“颜色和排列”正确。A项“结构和功能”，C项“大小和排列”和D项“颜色和功能”都只是提到一部分。因此该题选B。

48.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干的意思是“下列陈述除了哪一项其他都是正确的？”。A项“造成学习障碍的因素很多”，第二段第二句提到Scientistsnowknowtherearemanydifferentkindsoflearningdisabilitiesandthattheyarecausedbymanydifferentthings.（科学家们现在知道有许多不同种类的学习障碍，它们是由许多不同的东西造成的），由此可知A项正确。B项“学习障碍是指没有外在迹象的人”，第三段第二句提到Thereisnooutwardsignofthedisorder.（没有这种疾病的外在迹象），可知B项正确。C项“阅读障碍是一个影响10%人口的普遍问题”，文中只提到了正常儿童和有阅读问题的儿童的大脑活动存在很大差异，没有提到阅读障碍影响了多少人口比例，C项表述错误。D项“有学习障碍的儿童的大脑活动与正常儿童不同”，根据第四段第二句Theyfoundtwounusualthings.（他们发现了两件不寻常的事情）可知，D项也正确。因此该题选C。

49.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干的意思是“Duffy博士相信……”。根据题干定位到文章的最后一段DoctorDuffyfoundlargedifferencesinthebrainactivityofnormalchildrenandthosewithreadingproblems.Thedifferencesappearedthroughoutthebrain.DoctorDuffysaidhisresearchisevidencethatdisabilitiesinvolvedamagetoawideareaofthebrain,notjusttheleftside.（达菲医生发现，正常儿童和有阅读问题的儿童的大脑活动存在很大差异。这种差异出现在整个大脑中。杜菲医生说，他的研究证明，学习障碍涉及到大脑的大面积损伤，而不仅仅是左脑。），由这一段内容可知，Duffy博士相信学习障碍儿童的大脑活动差异是出现在整个大脑中，而不仅仅是左脑，所以A项“学习障碍的问题并不局限于左脑”正确。B项“学习障碍的问题并不在于左脑”，这是偷换概念，B项错误。C项“学习障碍的问题是由左脑引起的”，内容与原文不符；D项“他找到了学习障碍的确切原因”，内容有点过度解读，Duffy博士并未强调这是学习障碍的确切原因。因此该题选A。

50.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干的意思是“根据本文，我们可以得出结论，需要进一步研究……”。文章全篇内容主要是关于学习障碍患者的大脑的生长和组织方式，所以可以推断，我们需要进一步研究会影响大脑发育和构造布局的因素，所以A项“研究对大脑发育和组织的可能影响”符合题意。B项“研究孩子们如何学习读写和使用数字”，这与文章内容无关，B项不选；C项“帮助有学习障碍的儿童发展智力”，文章已经提到学习障碍患者可能涉及大脑大面积损伤，所以再来讨论如何帮助有学习障碍的儿童发展智力没有意义，C项也不选；D项“探索左脑在语言学习中的作用”，文中末段提到学习障碍涉及整个大脑全面损伤，所以不可能会进一步研究左脑，D项不符合。因此该题选A。

3.单选题

Shipspassingonthehighseasexchangedsalutesbyloweringandraisingtheirflagsonce.

问题1选项

A.informationt

B.ceremoniest

C.greetingst

D.privileges

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。salute表示“敬礼，致敬”；A项information“信息”，B项ceremony“仪式，典礼”，C项greeting“招呼，问候”，D项privilege“特权”。句意：在公海上经过的船只通过降旗和升旗互致敬礼。根据句意可知，该题选择C项正确。

4.单选题

“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers”,wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii’slastreigningmonarch,in1897.Starwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersof

Hawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity’sviewofthecosmos.

AtissueistheTMT’splannedlocationonMaunaKea,dormantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepikothatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld’smostpowerfultelescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea’speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanet’sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.

OppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.

Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbiggertelescopes,theyforgotthatscienceistheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea’sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheisland’sinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast;itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.

Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.ThesamecuriositytofindtowhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii’sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.

TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeituseofMaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.

1.QueenLiliuokalani’sremarkinParagraph1indicates,（

）.

2.MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedueto（

）.

3.TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecause（

）.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thatprogressintoday’sastronomy（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof（

）.

问题1选项

A.theconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomy.

B.theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansociety.

C.theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimes.

D.herappreciationofstarwatchers’featsinhertime.

问题2选项

A.itsgeographicalfeatures

B.itsprotectivesurroundings

C.itsreligiousimplications

D.itsexistinginfrastructure

问题3选项

A.itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallife

B.itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistory.

C.theirculturewillloseachanceofrevival

D.theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea

问题4选项

A.isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiians.

B.helpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworld

C.mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculture

D.willeventuallysoftenHawaiian’shostility.

问题5选项

A.severecriticism

B.passiveacceptance

C.slighthesitancy

D.fullapproval

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.文章第一段Starwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersof

Hawaiiansociety提到观星人曾是夏威夷社会中最受人尊敬的群体，由此可以推测出当时天文学在夏威夷的重要性，选项B符合题意。

2.文章第二段提到了莫纳克亚山的优越位置使得它成为理想的天文观测点（RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea’speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanet’sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity）。选项A符合题意。

3.文章第三段AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation提到少数夏威夷人和环保主义者把那些天文望远镜看作是对那边神圣土地的亵渎，并且会让他们想到这个曾经的主权国家被占领的惨痛经历，所以选项B“让人想起一段羞辱的历史”符合题意。

4.文章第五段therealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing提到天文学和夏威夷文化都在试图回答我们是谁，我们从何处来，去往何处这些重大的问题，由此可以推断现在的天文学和夏威夷文化一样都揭示了相关的起源问题。选项C符合题意。

5.文章最后一段TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact提到TMT的选址将最大程度缩小天文望远镜在岛上的可见度，来避免对考古及环境产生的影响，由此可推测作者对此是全力支持的，选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

Faces,likefingerprints,areunique.Didyou（1）wonderhowitispossibleforusto（2）people?Evenaskilledwriterprobablycouldnotdescribeallthe（3）thatmakeonefacedifferentfromanother.Yetaveryyoungchild—（4）ananimal,suchasapigeon—canlearntorecognizefaces.Weall（5）thisabilityforgranted.Wealsotellpeopleapart（6）howtheybehave.Whenwetalkaboutsomeone’spersonality,wemean

（7）inwhichheorsheacts,speaks,thinks,andfeelsthat（8）thatindividualdifferentfromothers.Likethehumanface,humanpersonalityisverycomplex.Butdescribingsomeone’spersonality（9）wordsissomewhateasierthan（10）hisface.Ifyouwereaskedtodescribewhata“niceface”lookedlike,you（11）haveadifficulttimedoingso.Butifyouwereaskedtodescribea“niceperson,”you（12）

（13）,friendly,warm,andsoforth.Therearemanywordstodescribe

（14）apersonthinks,feels,andacts.GordonAirport（15）U.S.psychologist,foundnearly18,000Englishwords（16）differencesinpeople’sbehavior.Andmanyofususethisinformationasa（17）fordescribingortypinga（18）.

（19）militarytypes—peoplearedescribedwithsuch（20）.

问题1选项

A.sometimes

B.ever

C.always

D.anytime

问题2选项

A.spot

B.locate

C.know

D.recognize

问题3选项

A.features

B.characters

C.distinctions

D.qualities

问题4选项

A.oreven

B.andalso

C.andthen

D.andtoo

问题5选项

A.have

B.use

C.take

D.regard

问题6选项

A.in

B.by

C.from

D.with

问题7选项

A.themanners

B.themeans

C.theways

D.thepatterns

问题8选项

A.causes

B.cause

C.makes

D.make

问题9选项

A.with

B.by

C.in

D.using

问题10选项

A.descriptionof

B.describing

C.todescribe

D.describe

问题11选项

A.will

B.would

C.shall

D.should

问题12选项

A.may

B.can

C.might

D.will

问题13选项

A.considerate

B.considerable

C.considering

D.concerned

问题14选项

A.why

B.when

C.how

D.what

问题15选项

A.a

B.an

C.theways

D.that

问题16选项

A.characterizing

B.characterize

C.characterized

D.tocharacterize

问题17选项

A.base

B.foundation

C.point

D.criterion

问题18选项

A.person

B.personality

C.man

D.woman

问题19选项

A.politicians

B.conservatives

C.speakers

D.scholars

问题20选项

A.nouns

B.nicknames

C.jargon

D.terms

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:B

第7题:D

第8题:D

第9题:C

第10题:B

第11题:B

第12题:C

第13题:A

第14题:C

第15题:A

第16题:A

第17题:D

第18题:B

第19题:B

第20题:D

【解析】（1）did表明句子时态为过去时,所以ever（曾经）符合原文。

（2）根据下文makeonefacedifferentfromanother可知，这里指如何区分不同的人。选项D正确。

（3）根据原文句意可知，这里应填入特征一次。选项A和B都有特点，特征的意思。但features一般用来描述容貌的特点,所以选项A正确。

（4）破折号后面的内容为插入语进行补充说明，表递进。所以选项A更符合原文。

（5）takesth.forgranted为固定搭配，意为：认为某事理所当然。

（6）介词搭配。tell不与in搭配；tellAfromB区分A和B;tellAbyB通过B来区分A；tellAwithB用B讲述A。根据上下文可知，这里是指通过人们的行为来区分人们。所以本题选B。

（7）inthemanner在现行中,当场；inthemean同时,在此期间；intheway妨碍,挡道；inthepattern在某种模式下。根据下文的“sheacts,speaks,thinks”可知，选项D符合原文。

（8）主句主语为thepatterns，所以动词不需要用第三人称单数,首先排除选项A和C。cause后面一般接原因状语，所以本题选D。故选make。

（9）根据前面的关键词describe可知这里应该填入介词in,inwords用语言,口头上。

（10）根据句子结构，...iseasierthan...，所以前后应该为平行结构,前面是describing，所以这里也应该用describing。

（11）If引导的条件假设句是对现在的虚拟,所以整句的时态应该用过去式。

（12）If引导的条件假设句用虚拟语气，might表示推测。

（13）considerate体贴的,体谅的,考虑周到的；considerable相当大的,重要的,值得考虑的；considering考虑到；concerned有关的,关心的。根据kind,friendly可知，选项A符合原文。

（14）根据句意：很多词可以用来形容人是如何思考、如何感受和如何行动的。选项C符合原文。

（15）这里是泛指一位心理学家，所以用不定冠词a。

（16）本句已有谓语动词found，所以填空处应填入非谓语动词。这里不存在被动关系，所以选项A正确。

（17）criterion指规范，标准。根据原文：我们很多人用这些信息作为描述的标准...选项D符合句意。

（18）上文提到这些单词是用来形容人的行为，也就是人的某个特征或者品性。所以选项B正确。

（19）politician政客;conservative保守派；speaker发言人；scholar学者。根据Hippies,bookworm可以推测这些词都是用来描述拥有某一典型特征的人。所以选项B符合原文。

（20）名词辨析题。nouns名词；nicknames昵称；jargon行话；terms有术语的意思，所以本题选D。

6.单选题

Youshouldhavebeenmorepatient（

）thatcustomer;I’msurethatsellinghimthewatchwasapossibility.

问题1选项

A.of

B.with

C.for

D.at

【答案】B

【解析】句意:你应该要对那位顾客更加耐心一些的，我相信他最终一定会买那块表。

固定搭配。bepatientwith对…有耐心。

7.单选题

AclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasreportedinFebruaryof1962inanarticleinScientificAmerican.Theexperimentswereconductedbyapsychologist,JohnB.Calhoun,andhisassociates.Ineachoftheseexperiments,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosureandgivenanadequatesupplyoffood,water,andothernecessities.Theratpopulationswereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Heandhisassociatesthencarefullyobservedandrecordedbehaviorintheseoverpopulatedcommunities.Attheendoftheirexperiments,Calhounandhisassociateswereabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.

Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity:Theyshoweddeviantmaternalbehavior:theydidnotbehaveasmotherratsnormallydo.Infact,manyofthepups,asratbabiesarecalled,diedasaresultofpoormaternalcare.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,and,withouttheirmothers’care,thepupsdieD.Undernormalconditions,amotherratwouldnotleaveherpupsalonetodie.However,theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,motherratsdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsideredpathologicallydiseased.

Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdiD.Thefactthatthedominantmaleshadadequatespaceinwhichtolivemayexplainwhytheywerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyoverpopulationastheotherrats.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmaleshadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowdingintheenclosure.

Non-dominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely;theymovedverylittleandateanddrankattimeswhentheotherratsweresleepinginordertoavoidcontactwiththem.Othernon-dominantmaleswerehyperactive;theyweremuchmoreactivethanisnormal,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thissegmentoftheratpopulation,tikealltheotherparts,wasaffectedbytheoverpopulation.Thebehaviorofthenon-dominantmalesandoftheothercomponentsoftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun’sexperiments.InlargeurbanareassuchasNewYork,London,MexicanCity,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividuals,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Thequantityofotherformsofsocialpathologysuchasmurder,rape,androbberyalsofrequentlyoccurindenselypopulatedhumancommunities.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun'sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.

1.Paragraph1isorganizedaccordingto（）.

2.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation（）.

3.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefromtheinformationinParA.1.

4.Whichofthefollowingbehaviordidn'thappeninthisexperiment?

5.Themainideaoftheparagraphthreeisthat（）.

问题1选项

A.reasons

B.experiments

C.examples

D.definition

问题2选项

A.whenitwasdoublethenumberthatcouldliveintheenclosurewithoutstress

B.byremovingyoungrats

C.ataconstantnumberofadultratsintheenclosure

D.alloftheabovearecorrect

问题3选项

A.Calhoun'sexperimentisstillconsideredimportanttoday.

B.Overpopulationcausespathologicalbehaviorinratpopulations.

C.Stressdoesnotoccurinratcommunitiesunlessthereisovercrowding

D.Calhounhadexperimentedwithratsbefore.

问题4选项

A.Allthemaleratsexhibitedpathologicalbehavior.

B.Motherratsabandonedtheirpups.

C.Femaleratsshoweddeviantmaternalbehavior

D.Motherratslefttheirratbabiesalone.

问题5选项

A.dominantmaleshadadequatelivingspace

B.dominantmaleswerenotasseriouslyaffectedbyovercrowdingastheotherrats

C.dominantmalesattackedweakerrats

D.thestrongestmalesarealwaysabletoadapttobadconditions

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“AclassicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasreportedinFebruaryof1962inanarticleinScientificAmerican.”中文翻译为：1962年2月，一篇发表在《科学美国人》杂志上的文章报道了一组经典的实验，以确定过量种群对老鼠群落的影响。结合后文，可以得知B选项符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由题干关键字ratpopulation可以定位到文章第一段中“Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.”中文翻译为“然后，他通过移除那些不依赖母亲的后代来稳定人口。”因此B为正确答案。

3.细节事实题。由B项可以定位到文章中“Calhounandhisassociateswereabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindof.socialdisease.”中文翻译为：卡尔霍恩和他的同事能够得出结论，过度拥挤会导致老鼠之间正常的社会关系破裂，这是一种社会疾病。则排除B选项；由C选项可以定位到文章中“Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratswouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.”中文翻译为：实验中的老鼠没有与生活在不过度拥挤环境的老鼠一样遵循同样的行为模式。则排除C选项；由D项可以定位到文章中“Calhounknewfromexperience...”中文翻译为：卡尔霍恩从经验中得知……，则排除D选项；可以得知A选项符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由B项可以定位到文章中“Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups”中文翻译为：母亲们有时会抛弃他们的幼崽……则排除B选项；由C选项可以定位到文章中“Theyshoweddeviantmaternalbehavior”中文翻译为：他们表现出异常的母性行为。则排除C选项；由D项可以定位到文章中“Undernormalconditions,amotherratwouldnotleaveherpupsalonetodie.”中文翻译为：在正常情况下，一只老鼠妈妈不会让她的幼崽独自死去。则排除D选项；因此A项“所有雄性大鼠均表现出病态行为”符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。根据B项“主导性的雄性老鼠并不像其他大鼠一样严重地受到过度拥挤的影响”可以定位到文章第三段第一句“Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.”中文翻译为：在大鼠种群中，主导性的雄性种群受到的影响最小。故选B。

8.单选题

Theconference（）afullweekbythetimeitends.

问题1选项

A.musthavelasted

B.willhavelasted

C.wouldlast

D.haslasted

【答案】B

【解析】考查时态。根据题干以及选项可知本题考查时态的用法，又根据bythetimeitends：到会议结束的时候，以及句意可知本题应该使用将来完成时态，因此选项B为正确选项。句意：到会议结束时将已经持续整整一周了。

9.单选题

Themeetingwas（）overbythemayortodiscussthetaxraiseinthecity.

问题1选项

A.presumed

B.propelled

C.presided

D.pricked

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项presume“相信，擅自行为”，B项propel“推进，驱使”，C项preside“主持”，D项prick“戳，扎破”。根据空格前后的关键词meeting（会议）和mayor（市长）可知，空格部分应该表示“主持会议”。句意：会议由市长主持，讨论该市的增税问题。故该题选择C项正确。

10.单选题

Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientifically“proved”byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyofpoorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Today,hardlyanybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobodyshouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenation,eitherbythelawsofnatureorbythoseofsociety.Theopinions,whichwerecurrentahundredyearsago,thatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorance,lackofresponsibility,areoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountries,asystemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumofsubsistenceincaseofunemployment,sicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoonestepfurtherandarguethat,eveniftheseconditionsarenotpresent,everyonehastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist;inotherwords,hecanclaimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveany“reason.”Iwouldsuggest,however,thatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime,let’ssaytwoyears,soastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitudewhichrefusesanykindofsocialobligation.

Thismaysoundlikeafantasticproposal,butso,Ithink,ourinsurancesystemwouldhavesoundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewouldbethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupport,peoplewouldnotwork.Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessinhumannature.Actually,asidefromabnormallylazypeople,therewouldbeveryfewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimum,andwhowouldprefertodonothingratherthanwork.

However,thesuspicionsagainstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthestandpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeofforcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywereforcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarve,workwouldhavetobesufficientlyinterestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractispossibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresentcapitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.

Butsuchasystemwouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployersandemployees,itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomininterpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.

1.Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto（）.

2.Nowitiswidelyacceptedthat（）.

3.Thewriterarguesthatasystemofsocialinsuranceshould（）.

4.Accordingtothewriter,asystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimum（）.

问题1选项

A.theslowdevelopmentoftheeconomy

B.thepoorandjoblesspeople’sownfaults

C.thelackofresponsibilityonthepartofsociety

D.thelargenumberofpeoplewhowerenotwell-educated

问题2选项

A.thepresentsystemofsocialinsuranceshouldbeimproved

B.everybodyshouldbegrantedaminimumofsubsistencewithoutany“reason”

C.everybodyhastherighttoshareinthewealthofthecountry

D.peoplehavetochangetheirattitudetowardsthepoor

问题3选项

A.providebenefitsforthesick,oldandunemployed

B.encouragepeopletotakeonmoresocialobligations

C.guaranteeeveryonetherighttobeemployed

D.provideeveryonewiththerighttoaminimumsubsistenceforacertainperiod

问题4选项

A.demandstoomuchfromsociety

B.makesfreedomofcontractimpossible

C.helpspeopletakeinterestintheirwork

D.helpsbringaboutchangesintherelationshipamongpeople

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Peopleusedtothinkthatpovertyandunemploymentweredueto______.1.过去，人们认为贫穷和失业是因为______。

A.theslowdevelopmentoftheeconomyA.经济发展缓慢

B.t