考研考博-英语-北海职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北海职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theexperienceddriverlookedovertheenginecarefullylestit（）ontheway.

问题1选项

A.goeswrong

B.wouldgowrong

C.wentwrong

D.gowrong

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。lest“唯恐；以免”，常用于虚拟语气，谓语用“should+动词原形，should可以省略。故本题答案选项为D。句意：这位有经验的司机仔细检查了发动机以免在路上发生故障。

2.单选题

I.Thepsychologicalexplorationintolitigants’proceduralpreferencesdatesbacktotheearly1970s,whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm—andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.Theydemonstratedthatwhenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.Theirearlyworkhighlightstheimportantrolethat“voice”(i.e.,theopportunitytoshareone’sstoryorsideofthedispute)playsinhowdisputantsconstruedisputeresolutionoptions,whichinturnilluminatesthecriticalrolethatsubjectiveperceptionsplayinthefunctioningofthelegalsystem.Subsequentresearchproducedadditionaltheoriesthatexplainwhydisputantscareaboutprocess.Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.Anotherframework—the“groupvalue”model—suggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

Inpractice,legalorganizationsandscholarsoftenusetheconceptofcontroltoclassifylegalprocedures.Mediationandnegotiationarecommonlyconceptualizedasofferinglitigantsgreaterprocessandoutcomecontrolascomparedtoadjudicatoryoptionssuchastrialandarbitration.TheAmericanBarAssociation,forexample,describesmediationandnegotiationasofferingpartiesgreaterparticipationinreachingaresolution,aswellascontrolovertheoutcome.Similarly,scholarsoftenconceptualizelegalproceduresonaspectrum.Ononeendofthescale,negotiationoffersparticipantscontroloverboththeprocessandoutcomeanddoesnotinvolveathird-partyneutral.Ontheotherend,arbitrationandtrialempowerthird-partyneutralstodeterminetheoutcomeofadisputeandimposeformalityontheprocess.Mediation,existinginthemiddleofthespectrum,utilizesathird-partyneutral,butallowspartiestoshapetheprocessandcontroltheoutcome.

1.ThibautandWalkerareregardedas___.

2.ThibautandWalkerfoundintheirresearchthatlaypeople___.

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthestatementsiswrong?

4.Whatisthemostsuitabletopicofthesecondparagraph?

问题1选项

A.researchersoflitigants'proceduralpreferences

B.laypeoplewhocareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisions

C.originatorsoftheempiricalresearchofproceduraljustice

D.empiricalresearchers

问题2选项

A.caremoreabouttheirdirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem

B.evaluateproceduresbythedistributionofcontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties

C.preferproceduresthatdoesnotallowthethirdpartiestocontroltheprocess

D.believethatprocesscontrolprovidesadirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome

问题3选项

A.Whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisclear,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocessasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

B.Socialexchangetheorysuggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.

C.Groupvaluemodelsuggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.

D.Processhasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice.

问题4选项

A.NegotiationOffersLitigantstheGreatestControl

B.MediationOffersLitigantsGreaterControl

C.ArbitrationOffersLitigantsLessControl

D.ClassificationofLegalProceduresbyProcessControl

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键字“ThibautandWalker”定位到原文第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm…（当Thibaut和Walker的实证研究——很大程度上被认为是程序正义范式的创始人……）可知选C选项“程序正义实证研究的发起人”以及D选项“实证研究”错误；A选项“诉讼当事人程序偏好的研究人员”，B选项“关心他们对法律决定的直接和间接控制的外行人”和原文不符。因此C选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段whenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).（当外行评估程序时，他们通常会评估程序如何在当事人本身和第三方（如调解员、仲裁员、法官）之间分配控制权）可知选B选项“通过在双方和第三方之间分配控制权来评估程序”；第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker…andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.（当Thibaut和Walker的实证研究……和他们的同事们发现，外行关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接和间接控制）可知A选项“更关心他们对影响他们的法律决定的直接控制”错误，不完整；第一段Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.（他们的研究还表明，争论双方更喜欢让他们（而不是第三方）控制过程的程序）可知只是不喜欢让第三方控制过程的程序而不是不允许，C选项“选择不允许第三方控制过程的程序”过度推测；第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.（一种理论——“工具”或“社会交换”理论——认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果）可知D选项“相信过程控制提供了一种直接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”和原文相悖。因此B选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段最后一句话Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.（其他研究强调了过程对人们如何感知社会公正的重要影响——当结果的公平性不明确时，人们通常会把他们对过程的评价作为评估结果的心理捷径）可知A选项“当一个结果的公平性很明确时，人们通常会把他们对这个过程的评估作为评估结果的心理捷径”和原文相悖，D选项“过程对人们如何感知社会公正有重要的影响”在原文中有提及；第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.（一种理论——“工具”或“社会交换”理论——认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们认为这提供了一种间接的方式来控制争端的结果）可知B选项“社会交换理论认为，人们渴望过程控制，因为他们相信它提供了一种间接的方式来控制他们的争议的结果”原文有提及；第一段Anotherframework—the“groupvalue”model—suggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.（另一个框架——“群体价值”模型——表明人们关心过程，因为他们所经历的过程的质量有助于他们评估自己在群体或社区中的地位和包容性）可知C选项“群体价值模型表明人们关心过程，因为他们所经历的过程的质量有助于他们评估自己在群体或社区中的地位和包容性”原文有提及。因此A选项符合题意。

4.主旨大意题。根据题干定位到第二段中心句Inpractice,legalorganizationsandscholarsoftenusetheconceptofcontroltoclassifylegalprocedures.（在实践中，法律组织和学者经常使用控制的概念对法律程序进行分类）可知选D选项“根据过程控制对法律程序进行分类”，第二段之后的内容都是围绕中心句展开，举例说明如何使用控制的概念对法律程序进行分类；A选项“谈判给予当事人最大的控制权”，B选项“调解为当事人提供更大的控制权”是第二段中一部分内容，没有概括性；C选项“仲裁减少了当事人的控制权”未在第二段明确提及。因此D选项正确。

3.单选题

Anthropologyisthestudyofhumanbeingsascreaturesofsociety.Itfastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalandindustrialtechniques,thoseconventionsandvalues,whichdistinguishonecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtodifferenttradition.

Thedistinguishingmarkofanthropologyamongthesocialsciencesisthatitincludesforseriousstudyothersocietiesthanourown.Foritspurposesanysocialregulationofmatingandreproductionisassignificantasourown,thoughitmaybethatoftheSeaDyaks,andhavenopossiblehistoricalrelationtothatofourcivilization.Totheanthropologists,ourcustomsandthoseofNewGuineatribearetwopossiblesocialschemesfordealingwithcommonproblems,andinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidanyweightingofoneinfavoroftheother.Heisinterestedinhumanbehavior,notasitisshapedbyonetradition,ourown,butasithasbeenshapedbyanytraditionwhatsoever.Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfoundinvariouscultures,andhisobjectiveistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeanddifferentiate,thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesoftheindividuals.

Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayround.Traditionalcustomisamassofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.

1.Accordingtothepassage,wecansaythatanthropology（）.

2.Forseriousstudy,ananthropologist（）.

3.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthoristrying（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingdoestheauthormostprobablyagreewith?

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.candealwithhumanbeingsasonegroupofthecreaturesinthelivingworld

B.canrevealanenormousdiversityoftraditions

C.canprovideinsightsintotherelationshipbetweenhumanbeingsandnature

D.candistinguishthehumanracefromothercreatures

问题2选项

A.mustnotstudyhisownculture

B.isnotsupposedtohaveaprejudiceagainstanysociety

C.shouldfocusonthosesocietieswhicharehistoricallyrelatedtoeachother

D.isobligedtoworkonlyonthosesocietiesthathavenohistoricalrelationshiptoeachother

问题3选项

A.tobecriticalofcustom

B.tosaythatanthropologyismoreimportantthanpsychology

C.tostrengthentherolecustomplaysinexperienceandbelief

D.todrawourintentiontotheimportanceofcustom

问题4选项

A.Thegoaloftheanthropologististounderstandthewayinwhichpeopleexpressthemselves.

B.Theanthropologisttriestounderstandwhyculturesarecarriedonwithoutanychange.

C.Theanthropologist'sprofessionalinterestisaswideasthevarietyofcustoms.

D.Theanthropologististoexploresocialrelationsofdifferentpeople.

问题5选项

A.HumanBehavior.

B.CreatureofSociety.

C.TheScienceofCustom.

D.TheFunctionsofCultures.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。第一段指出:Itfastensitsattentionuponthosephysicalandindustrialtechniques,thoseconventionsandvalues,whichdistinguishonecommunityfromallothersthatbelongtodifferenttradition(它把注意力集中在那些自然特征和工业技术、传统和价值观上，它们使一个社区区别于从属于不同传统的其他社会),即人类学能体现从属于不同传统的社会之间的不同,因此B项“揭示传统的巨大多样性”正确。

2.判断推理题。A项中“mustnot”和D项中“only”表述过于绝对,故排除。B:不应该对任何社会存在偏见,第二段指出:...andinsofarasheremainsananthropologistheisboundtoavoidanyweightingofoneinfavoroftheother(只要他还作为一位人类学家，他就一定会避免厚此薄彼，对任何文化存在偏见),因此B与原文所述相符。C:应关注历史上相互关联的社会,第二段指出:Foritspurposes,anysocialregulation...andhavenopossiblehistoricalrelationtothatofourcivilization(就其目的而言，任何社会规则……都与我们文化中的社会规则不可能有历史联系),因此C与原文不符。故选B。

3.作者意图题。题干为:在第三段,作者打算…?第三段开始指出:Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment(当前，习俗并没有被看作是一门重要的学科),随后强调了Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayround(事实正好相反)。而后谈及了习俗的作用和多样性。因此作者第三段谈及的是习俗的重要性和地位。故选D。

4.判断推理题。第二段指出:Heisinterestedinawiderangeofcustomthatisfoundinvariouscultures,andhisobjectiveistounderstandthewayinwhichthesecultureschangeanddifferentiate,thedifferentformsthroughwhichtheyexpressthemselvesandthemannerinwhichthecustomsofanypeoplesfunctioninthelivesoftheindividuals(他感兴趣的是在各种文化中所发现的浩瀚的习俗范围，他的目标就是弄懂这些文化变化和相互区别的方式，搞清楚它们表达自己的不同方式，弄明白任何一个民族的习俗在某一特定文化中的个人生活中的作用方式),故选C“人类学家的专业范畴与习俗的丰富性一样广泛”。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了人类学的研究范围、对象和目标。通篇都在介绍人类学所研究的重点是人类的习俗，以及后文重点介绍了习俗的重要性和地位。故C项“习俗的科学”比较适合做文章标题。

4.单选题

MississippialsoupholdstheSouth’swell-deservedreputationforwarm,hospitablepeople；balmyyear-roundweatherandtruly（）cuisine.

问题1选项

A.destructive

B.horrible

C.amiable

D.delectable

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。destructive“破坏性的”；horrible“可怕的”；amiable“亲切的”；delectable“美味的”。空格处用来修饰cuisine（烹饪）这个单词，前文是讲密西西比为什么这么出名，所以选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

Inordertorepairbarns,buildfences,growcrops,andcareforanimals,afarmermustindeedbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.restless

B.skilled

C.strong

D.versatile

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。restless“坐立不安的，不耐烦的”；skilled“有技能的，熟练的”；strong“强壮的，强健的”；versatile“多才多艺的，多用途的”。句意：为了修缮谷仓、建立栅栏、种植庄稼以及饲养牲畜，事实上，农民必须是多才多艺的。根据句意可知，农民应该是多才多艺的，故答案选D。

6.单选题

Thepoorthinghashadatoothout,sohecan’ttalkbutmanagesto（

）tocaptureattention.

问题1选项

A.moan

B.grumble

C.criticize

D.complain

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。moan“呻吟，抱怨”；grumble“抱怨，嘟囔”；criticize“批评，指责”；complain“抱怨，控诉”。句意：这个可怜的家伙掉了一颗牙，所以他说不出话只能靠呻吟来吸引别人注意。选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Mostofthecivilservantsinvolvedintheaffairhavebeensuccessfully（）andsentenced.

问题1选项

A.prosecuted

B.propagated

C.persecuted

D.precipitated

【答案】A

【解析】prosecute"起诉,告发";propagate"传播,传送;繁殖";persecute"迫害,困扰";precipitate"使沉淀;促成"。句意：大部分涉案公务员已被成功检控和判刑。选项A符合句意。

8.单选题

Takingalow-doseaspirineverydaywillreduceyourchancesofdyingfromcancer,scientistssaytoday,confirmingtheover-the-counterpillsasthemostextraordinarydrugyetdiscovered.

Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.ThestudypublictodayintheLancetmedicaljournalrevealsthatitalsohasapowerfulpreventiveactionagainstarangeofcancersandpossiblymoreofthemthanthereiscurrentlyenoughevidencetoprove.

Whilethedoctorswhocarriedoutthestudysayitisnotforthemtomakerecommendations,theleadauthor,46-year-oldProfPeterRothwellfromOxfordUniversity,sayshehasbeentakingaspirinforthelasttwoyears.Thebeneficialdoseis75mg-aquarterofastandardtablet,whichis300mg.Somepharmaciesselllow-dosetablets,butatahigherprice.

Rothwellandhiscolleagueshavealreadyshownthatdailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.Forthestudypublishedtoday,theyexaminedallthedatatheycouldfindfromwell-conductedtrialsthathadassessedtheuseofaspirinagainstacontroldrugandhadrecordeddeathsfromcancer.

Ineighttrialsinvolvingmorethan25,000patients,theyfoundtherewere21%fewerdeathsafterfiveyearsamongthosewhotookadailyaspirintablet,comparedwiththosewhodidnot.Theeffectwasmostnoticeableingastrointestinalcancers,wheredeathsdroppedby54%.

Patientsinaspirintrials20yearsagowerestill20%lesslikelytodieofasolidtumorand35%lesslikelytodieofgastrointestinalcancer.

Theyfoundthattheeffectsoftheaspirinseemedtokickinforpancreatic,brain,esophagealandlungcancer(generallynotthesorttriggeredbysmoking)afterpatientshadbeentakingitforfiveyearsormore.Forstomachandcolorectalcancer,theeffectswereseenafter10yearsandforprostatecancerafter15years.After20years,theriskofdeathfromprostatecancerwasreducedby10%,forlungcancerby30%,forcolorectalcancerby40%andforesophagealcancerby60%.

Thescientistsbelievebenefitsmaybeevengreaterthantheycouldestablish.

Theimpactonpancreas,stomachandbraincancerswasdifficulttoquantifyexactlybecauseofsmallernumbersofdeaths,theysay.Therecouldbeaneffectinbreastandovariancancers,butthereisnotenoughtrialdatatoproveit.

Thoseinthetrialstookaspirinforonlyfourtoeightyears.Rothwellbelievesthatifpeopletookaspirinfor20-30years,fromtheageofaround45or50,theymightsubstantiallyreducetheriskofcancer,whichsteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.

Rothwellandcolleaguesbelievetheirfindingsshouldtipthebalanceofrisk/benefitinfavourofdailyaspirindosing.Whilemillionsofpeoplestartedtakingthetabletsafterevidencethatitcuttheirchancesofheartattacksandstroke,therehasbeensomethingofamedicalback-pedaling,becauseaspirincancausestomachbleeding.

1.Over-the-counterpillsrefertodrugsthatcanbeobtained（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Theeffectofadailyaspirintabletwasmostnoticeablein（）.

4.Howmanyyearsdidthosepatientstakeaspirinsintheeighttrials?

5.Forcolorectalcancer,theeffectsoftheaspirinwereseenafter（）years.

问题1选项

A.withinthetouchofthecustomersontheshelf

B.withoutaprescriptionfromthedoctor

C.bywayofnotpayingtoomuchmoney

D.underthecoverageofmedicalinsurance

问题2选项

A.Dailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.

B.Aspirinhasaneffectinbreastandovariancancers.

C.Theriskofcancersteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.

D.Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.

问题3选项

A.gastrointestinalcancers

B.esophagealcancers

C.lungcancers

D.pancreaticcancers

问题4选项

A.fourtoeightyears

B.threetosevenyears

C.sixtoeightyears

D.fivetoeightyears

问题5选项

A.15

B.5

C.10

D.20

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。文中提到的over-the-counter(OTC)即我们常说的非处方药，是指为方便公众用药，在保证用药安全的前提下，经国家卫生行政部门规定或审定后，不需要医师或其他医疗专业人员开写处方即可购买的药品，一般公众凭自我判断，按照药品标签及使用说明就可自行使用。A选项“在货架上的顾客接触范围内”说法太宽泛；B选项“不需要医生的处方”说法正确；C选项“不用付太多钱”说法错误；D选项“在医疗保险范围内”说法错误，因此B选项正确。

2.细节事实。根据题干可定位到文章第四段“dailyaspirincutsdeathratesfromcolorectalcancerbymorethanathird.（每天服用阿司匹林可以将结直肠癌的死亡率降低三分之一以上）”；第九段“Therecouldbeaneffectinbreastandovariancancers,butthereisnotenoughtrialdatatoproveit.（这可能对乳腺癌和卵巢癌有影响，但没有足够的试验数据来证明这一点。）”；第十段“Rothwellbelievesthatifpeopletookaspirinfor20-30years,fromtheageofaround45or50,theymightsubstantiallyreducetheriskofcancer,whichsteadilyincreasesaspeopleage.（罗思韦尔认为，如果人们从45岁或50岁左右开始服用阿司匹林20-30年，他们可能会大幅降低患癌症的风险，而癌症风险会随着人们年龄的增长而稳步增加。）”以及第二段“Dailyaspirinhasalreadybeenshowntocutthechancesofheartattacksandstrokeinpeoplewhoareatrisk.（每天服用阿司匹林已经被证明可以降低心脏病和中风的风险。）”。由此可知A选项“每天服用阿司匹林可以将结直肠癌的死亡率降低三分之一以上。”；C选项“随着人们年龄的增长，患癌症的风险稳步增加。”以及D选项“每天服用阿司匹林已经被证明可以降低心脏病和中风的风险。”说法都正确，只有B选项“阿司匹林对乳腺癌和卵巢癌有疗效。”说法错误，因此该题B选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第五段“Theeffectwasmostnoticeableingastrointestinalcancers,wheredeathsdroppedby54%.（这种效果在胃肠道癌症中最为明显，死亡率下降了54%。）”。由此可知A选项“胃肠道癌症”正确；B选项“食管癌”；C选项“肺癌”；D选项“胰腺癌”均不符合题意，因此A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第七段“Theyfoundthattheeffectsoftheaspirin...afterpatientshadbeentakingitforfiveyearsormore.（他们发现，在患者服用阿司匹林5年或更长时间后，阿司匹林的效果似乎对……更有效）”，由此可知年限的最低值需大于或等于5年的基础之上，A选项“4到8年”；B选项“3到7年”；C选项“6到8年”都不符合该基础，D选项“5到8年”更准确，因此D选项正确。

5.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第七段“Forstomachandcolorectalcancer,theeffectswereseenafter10yearsandforprostatecancerafter15years.（对于胃癌和结肠直肠癌，效果是在10年后看到的，而对于前列腺癌则是在15年后看到的。）”，由此可知C选项正确。

9.单选题

Ifsheisstupid,she’s（）pleasanttolookat.

问题1选项

A.atanyrate

B.bychance

C.ataloss

D.bytheway

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。atanyrate“无论如何，至少”；bychance“偶然，意外地”；ataloss“困惑不解”；bytheway“顺便说说，顺便问一下”。句意：即使她很愚笨，至少她很好看。选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

Therehavebeenseveralattemptstointroducegayercolorsandstylesinmen’sclothing,butnoneofthem（）.

问题1选项

A.hascaughton

B.hascaughthimout

C.hascaughtup

D.takeroots

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项原形是catchon“理解，明白，变得流行”；B选项原形是catchout“发现……有错误”；C选项原形是catchup“赶上”；D选项takeroots“生根，扎根”。句意“曾有几次尝试在男装中引入更鲜艳的颜色和风格，但都没有流行起来”。选项A符合语境。

11.单选题

Diamondshavelittle（

）valueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.

问题1选项

A.extinct

B.permanent

C.surplus

D.intrinsic

【答案】D

【解析】extinct灭绝的，绝种的；permanent永久的，不变的；surplus剩余的，过剩的；intrinsic本质的，固有的。句意：钻石本身没有什么价值，它们的价格几乎完全取决于它们的稀缺性。选项D符合句意。

12.单选题

Theyhopetobeabletomoveintothenewbuildingattheendofmonth,butthingsdidnot（）astheyhadexpected.

问题1选项

A.workout

B.workat

C.workon

D.workoff

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项workout“解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂；锻炼”；B选项workat“从事于……；致力于……”；C选项workon“影响，对……起作用；继续工作；从事于……”；D选项workoff“售出；清理，排除；渐渐地清除；冒充”。句意：他们希望能在月底搬进新楼，但事情没有如他们预料的那样顺利。因此A选项正确。

13.单选题

ThewidespreadadoptionoftheInternetandtheWebmakesitpossibletoadministerquestionnairesurveyselectronically,potentiallyachievingmuchgreatercost-effectivenessandpermittingtheintegrationofdatafrommanysources.Atthesametime,therearesignificanttechnicalchallengesthatmustbemet,especiallyintheareasoflogisticsandsampling.Recognizingtheneedforinnovationinthisandrelatedareas,theNSFMethodology,Measurement,andStatisticsProgram,incollaborationwithaconsortiumoffederalstatisticalagenciesrepresentedbytheInteragencyCouncilofStatisticalPolicyandtheFederalCommitteeonStatisticalMethodology,hasheldaspecialcompetitiononsurveyresearchmethods.Includedamongthetopicareasinthecompetitionannouncementis“secureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingsurveydataviatheWeb”.

Today’sleadingsocialscientificsurveysareveryexpensiveinterviewstudiesofnationalsamples.Forexample,theGSSadministersa90-minuteface-to-faceinterviewto1,500Americanadultsatacostofabout$500perinterview.However,therespondentsarenotatotalrandomsamplebecausecostconsiderationswithrespecttotheinterviewer’stravelrequirethatrespondentsberecruitedinalimitednumberofgeographicclusters,andthereisnolistofresidentsfromwhicharandomsamplecouldbedrawn.Thesmallnumberofgeographicareassurveyedlimitsscientists’abilitytolinkGSSdatatoothergeographicallybaseddatasuchastheU.S.census.BecauseofthehighcostandmanyresearchcommunitiesthatseektimeintheGSS,itisimpossibletoincludemorethanahandfulofquestionsonanyparticulartopic.ThispreventstheGSSfromemployingmuchofthebestmethodologyofmeasurementscaleconstruction,whichrequiresinclusionofalargenumberofitems.SurveysliketheGSSwillbeneededinfuturedecadestochartthechangingsocialeconomic,andpoliticalconditionsoftheAmericanpublic.Butmanytypesofsocialsciencewilladvancemorerapidlythroughsurveysadministeredovertheweb.

Web-basedsurveyscanreachverylargenumbersofrespondentsatlowcost.Theywillbegeographicallydispersedsothattheirdatacanbelinkedtothecensustolocaleconomicinformation,andtodatafromotherweb-basedsurveys.Itmightnotbepossibletoholdtheinterviewees’interestforthefull90-minutequestionnaireoftheGSS,butshorterdurationsurveysadministeredtoverylargenumbersofrespondentscanintheaggregateincludefarmoreitems,therebypermittingmuchfinermeasurementofscientificallyinterestingvariables.ThehighcostofmajornationalsurveysgenerallyhasrestrictedthetopicstudiedtothosethatespeciallyrequirehighlyrepresentativesamplessuchasfamilystructureandeconomicstatusinthePanelStudyofIncomeDynamicsandvotingbehaviorintheAmericanNationalElectionStudy,datafrombothofwhicharenowfreelyavailableovertheweb.Avastarrayofotherscientificresearchareas,therefore,havelanguishedformanyyearswithoutthelarge-scalesurveydatathatwouldpermitknowledgetoprogress.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichisNotTrueofsurveysviatheWeb?

2.Thesecondparagraphismainlyabout____.

3.Whatmakestraditionalsurveysunscientificaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.TheauthorfirmlybelievesthatWeb-basedsurveyswill____.

5.Itisimpliedinthelastsentencethat____.

问题1选项

A.Theyreducethecostinvolvedindatacollection.

B.Theyaresecureandeasy-to-useincollectingdata.

C.Theyprovidemoreconvincingconclusionsonthemattersurveyed.

D.Theyfacefiercecompetitionsfromthetraditionalsurveymethods.

问题2选项

A.thedifferencesbetweentheWeb-basedandtraditionalsurveys

B.theadvantagesoftheWeb-basedsurveys

C.theweaknessesofthetraditionalsurveys

D.thecostinvolvedinconductingtraditionalsurveys

问题3选项

A.Thesamplingisnotmadestrictlyrandomly.

B.Theinterviewhastobeconductedface-to-face.

C.Improperquestionsareoftenincludedinasurvey.

D.Selectionofrespondentsisoftenamatterofpersonaldecision.

问题4选项

A.enhancetheeconomicstatusofanation

B.promotetheprogressofsocialsciences

C.changesocial,economicandpoliticalconditionsofthepublic

D.holdtheinterviewees’interestlongerthantraditionalsurveys

问题5选项

A.manyscientificareasstopmakingbreakthroughsforlackofeffectivedatacollection

B.scientificresearchstillmakesprogresswithoutlarge-scalesurveydata

C.theprogressofknowledgedependsonachievementsmadebyallareasofsciencetogether

D.scientificresearchhasmadelittleprogressbeforethewidespreadadoptionoftheInternet

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Accordingtothepassage,whichisNotTrueofsurveysviatheWeb?根据文章，下列哪个不是对通过网络进行调查的正确表述？

A.Theyreducethecostinvolvedindatacollection.A.它们降低了数据收集的成本。

B.Theyaresecureandeasy-to-useincollectingdata.B.在收集数据时，它们安全且易于使用。

C.Theyprovidemoreconvincingconclusionsonthemattersurveyed.C.它们对调查的问题提供了更有说服力的结论。

D.Theyfacefiercecompetitionsfromthetraditionalsurveymethods.D.它们面临着来自传统调查方法的激烈竞争。

【答案】B

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干可知，本题要求选择的是表述错误的选项。原文第1段最后两句提到“认识到在这一领域和相关领域创新的需要（Recognizingtheneedforinnovationinthisandrelatedareas）”，美国的几个组织，“举办了调查研究方法专题竞赛”，该竞赛的主题包括“安全且易于使用的（secureandeasy-to-use）通过网络收集调查数据的方法（methods）”。由此可知，网络调查有安全和易于使用的需求，专题竞赛的主题才会定为“安全且易于使用的通过网络收集调查数据的方法”，即目前的网络调查还不够安全和易于使用，B选项“在收集数据时，它们安全且易于使用”表述错误，符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“它们降低了数据收集的成本”，可定位到原文第1段第1句，该句提到“以电子方式管理问卷调查成为可能，潜在地实现了更大的成本效益（muchgreatercost-effectiveness）并……”由此可知，网络调查有更大的成本效益，即成本更低，该选项表述正确，不符合题意，属于反向干扰；

C选项“它们对调查的问题提供了更有说服力的结论”，可定位到原文第1段第1句，该句提到“以电子方式管理问卷调查成为可能，潜在地实现了……并允许集成来自许多来源的数据（integrationofdatafrommanysources）。”由此可知，网络调查的数据来源更广泛。第三段第1-2句提到“基于网络的调查可以以低成本接触到大量的（verylargenumbers）受访者。他们将在地理上分散，这样他们的数据就可以与人口普查、当地经济信息以及其他网络调查数据相联系。”由此可知，网络调查的数据来源更多、更广泛，由此可以推断，它得出的结论更有说服力，该选项表述正确，不符合题意，属于反向干扰；

D选项“它们面临着来自传统调查方法的激烈竞争”，原文虽然在讨论网络调查优于传统调查的方面，但是原文第2段倒数第二句也提到“在未来几十年，像GSS这样的调查将是需要的（beneededin）”，像G