考研英语真题91-00年A篇阅读

1991Text1Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn'thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether-honesty,kindness,andsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw-and,ultimately,nosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeopleJsbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities一一smallertowns,usually一一whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:aInthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated-theysimplyarenotdone!”Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it'sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdicin'tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn,tprovideastablehome.Idon,tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat.it'sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevilit'scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutitit'sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevi1it'sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevilAccordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,.societyistobeheldresponsiblemoderncivilizationisresponsibleforitthecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblamethestandardsoflivingshouldbeimprovedComparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave.lessself-disciplinebettersenseofdisciplinemoremutualrespectlesseffectivegovernmentThewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat.peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminalspeopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandardstoday'ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficultypeopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivitiesThekeypointofthepassageisthat.stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamiliesmoregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollowmorerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople,sbehaviormorepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountabilityText2Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety1sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone'slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchiIdhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriverslicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchiIdlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause.thedefinitionofmaturityhaschangedtheindustrializedsocietyismoredevelopedmoreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremadeceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceFormersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto.graduationsfromschoolsandcollegessocialrecognitionsocio-economicstatuscertainbehavioralchangesNoonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis.elevenyearsoldsixteenyearsoldtwenty-oneyearsoldbetweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsoldStartingfrom22,.onewillobtainmorebasicrightstheolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhaveonewon'tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21onewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbysocietyAccordingtothepassage,helate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexistednoonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-oneoneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriverJslicenseoneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmyText3Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Barneshassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrickabrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoal1partsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.Thecarbondioxide(CO2)fromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars一一thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,isonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined-inthepresenceofchlorophyll(叶绿素)andwithenergyderivedfromlight-toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopenings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegastoentertheleaf,however,permitsanothergas一一watervapor-tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80°F,saturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Also,notal1ofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedintocarbohydrates(碳水化合物).Agrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowingexcept.formingsugarssustainingwoodystemskeepinggreenproducingcarbondioxideTheessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis.toformsugarstoderiveenergyfromlighttopreservewatertocombinecarbondioxidewithwaterThesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat.aplantefficientlyutilizesmostofthewateritabsorbscarbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededforplantdevelopmentaplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitscompositionthestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporlossAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?Themineralelementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinitsroot.Thewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheleaves.Airexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobesaturated.Onlypartofthecarbondioxideintheplantsissynthesized.Thispassageismainlyabout.thefunctionsofcarbondioxideandwatertheroleofwaterinagrowingplanttheprocessofsimplesugarformationthesynthesisofwaterwithcarbondioxide1992Text1Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodernlife,butmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriverJsseatisanothermatteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewel1-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora“BeKindtoOtherDriverscampaign,otherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand.Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmanners,butgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmoderntrafficconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon,tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.However,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies.Aveterandriver,whosemannersarefaultless,toldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunately,modernmotoristscan,tevenlearntodrive,letalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofboatmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.Accordingtothispassage,troublesontheroadareprimarilycausedby.people,sattitudetowardstheroad-hogtherhythmofmodernlifethebehaviorofthedrivertrafficconditionsThesentence"Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog...therule.”(Para.1)impliesthatoursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredmotoristsrudedriverscanbemetonlyoccasionallythewel1-manneredmotoristcannottoleratetheroad-hognowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofmotoristsByagoodsense,“thewritermeans.thedriver'sabilitytounderstandandreactreasonablythedriverJspromptresponsetodifficultandsevereconditionsthedriverJstoleranceofrudeorevensavagebehaviorthedriver'sacknowledgementofpolitenessandregulationsExpertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownershipexplosion,.roadusersshouldmakemoresacrificedriversshouldbereadytoyieldtoeachotherdriversshouldhavemorecommunicationamongthemselvesdriverswillsuffergreatlossiftheypaynorespecttoothersInthewriterJsopinion,.stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneededdriversshouldapplyroadpolitenessproperlyrudedriversshouldbepunisheddriversshouldavoidtrafficjamsText2Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirror-theglassintheroofofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun,sraystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping.AccordingtoaweatherexpertJsprediction,theatmospherewillbe3℃warmerintheyear2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuelsatthepresentrate.Ifthiswarminguptookplace,theicecapsinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetresandseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,theincreaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldleadtogreatchangesintheclimateofthenorthernhemisphere,possiblyresultinginanalterationofearthschieffood-growingzones.Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArcticbecausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasamuchthickericesheet.ButtheweatherexpertsarenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegreesofwarming:inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenextfiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydisappearing.Theevidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghastakenplace.Thisfitsthetheorythatcarbondioxidewarmstheearth.However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhaveexceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis:Whichnaturalcausehasmosteffectontheweather?Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.Astronomersatoneresearchstationhavestudiedthehotspotsand“cold"spots(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.Asthesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresentshotteror“colder“facestotheearth,anddifferentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.ThisseemstohaveaconsiderableeffectonthedistributionoftheearthJsatmosphericpressure,andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.Thesunisalsovariableoveralongterm:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,thelatesttrendbeingdownward.Scientistsarenowfindingmutualrelationsbetweenmodelsofsolar-weatherinteractionsandtheactualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,includingthelastIceAge.TheproblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyistoassumeadelayofthousandsofyearswhilethesolareffectsovercometheinertia(惯性)oftheearthJsclimate.Ifthisisright,thewarmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulcounter-balancetothesun'sdiminishingheat.Itcanbeconcludedthataconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewould.preventthesun'sraysfromreachingtheearthssurfacemeanawarmingupintheArcticaccountforgreatchangesintheclimateinthenorthernhemisphereraisethetemperatureoftheearthJssurfaceThearticlewaswrittentoexplain.thegreenhouseeffectthesolareffectsontheearththemodelsofsolar-weatherinteractionsthecausesaffectingweatherAlthoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterinthenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseemtobefalling.Thisis.mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxidearerisingpossiblebecausetheicecapsinthepolesaremeltingexclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheinertiaoftheearthJsclimatepartlyduetovariationsintheoutputofsolarenergyOnthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsareoftheopinionthat.theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecomingcooleritwilltakethousandsofyearsfortheinertiaoftheearth'sclimatetotakeeffecttheman-madewarmingeffecthelpstoincreasethesolareffectsthenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythegreenhouseeffectIftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanewIceAgeiscorrect,.thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffectwouldbetoburnmorefuelsicewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemispheretheincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherecouldwarmuptheearthevenmorequicklythegreenhouseeffectcouldworktotheadvantageoftheearthText3Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonlywastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockey（曲棍球）final.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,thelosersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents,victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:"Thiswasn,thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished."ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterforfourandahalfhoursbeforeannouncingthattheresultwouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.Accordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGameshave.createdgoodwillbetweenthenationsbredonlyfalsenationalpridebarelyshowedanyinternationalfriendshipledtomoreandmoremisunderstandingandhatredWhatdidthemanagermeanbysaying,”・・・HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished”?Histeamwouldnolongertakepartininternationalgames.HockeyandtheFederationarebothruinedbytheunfairdecisions.ThereshouldbenomorehockeymatchesorganizedbytheFederation.TheFederationshouldbedissolved.Thebasketballexampleimpliedthat.toomuchpatriotismwasdisplayedintheincidenttheannouncementtoprolongthematchwaswrongtheappealjurywastoohesitantinmakingthedecisiontheAmericanteamwasrightinrejectingthesilvermedalsTheauthorgivesthetwoexamplesinParagraphs2and3toshow.howfalsenationalprideledtoundesirableincidentsininternationalgamesthatsportsmenhavebeenmoreobedientthantheyusedtobethatcompetitivenessinthegamesdiscouragesinternationalfriendshipthatunfairdecisionsarecommoninOlympicGamesWhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?TheorganizationoftheOlympicGamesmustbeimproved.AthletesshouldcompeteasindividualintheOlympicGames.Sportshouldbeplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Internationalcontestsareliableformisunderstandingbetweennations.1993Text1Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman,sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpatternutoy-bear."Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild'sbabbling（咿呀学语），graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild,snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.ThepurposeofFrederickII'sexperimentwas.toprovethatchiIdrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeaktodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeechtofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachiIdtospeaktoprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguageThereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythat.theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidlytheyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatoncetheirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeaktheirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthemWhatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachildisthat.heisbornwiththecapacitytospeakhehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal9shecanproducehisownsentencesheoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursingWhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning.Thechild'sbrainishighlyselective.Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewillinfuture.haveahighIQbelessintelligentbeinsensitivetoverbalsignalsnotnecessarilybebackwardText2Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic（官僚主义的）managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemse