考研英语十考研英语真题附答案详解

近十年考研英语一真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.^^But•--someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalillnessLaughterdoesshort-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto,agoodlaughisunlikelytohavebenefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedocs,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter,muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelptheeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesoffeedback,thatimproveanindividual'semotionalstate.oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrootedphysicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrytheyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalsotears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflowmuscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritz.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe[A]measurable[B]manageablc[C]aflfordable[D]renewablc[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expccted[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes[A]aggravate[B]gcncrate[C]moderate[D]cnhance[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]intemal[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because[A]exhausts[B]fbllows[C]precedes[D]suppresses[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold[A]disappointed[B]excitcd[C]joyful[D]indifferent[A]adapted[B]catered[C]tumed[D]reacted[A]suggcsting[B]requiring[C]mcntioning[D]supposing[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilhannonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast."Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.^^AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday'sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe“consumed“atatimeandplaceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisfbrclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert'sappointmenthas[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.[C]receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rcjectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings?[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.RegardingGilbert'sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,theauthorfeels[A]doubtfuL[B]cnthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzlcd.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving”topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.^^Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision,McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn'talone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinizesuccessionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswhodon'tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusinessenvironmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvaguepronouncementscloudtheirreputations.Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaboundfbraspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookfbrabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKom/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:MIcan'tthinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven'talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfbrtopperformers.Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone."Thetraditionalrulewasit'ssafertostaywhereyouare,butthat'sbeenfundamentallyinverted,“saysoneheadhunter.fctThepeoplewho'vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho'vestayedtoolong.”WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbedescribedasbeing[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives,quittingmaybespurredby[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.Theword“poached”(Line3,Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans[A]approvedof.[B]attcndcdto.[C]huntedfor.[D]guardcdagainst.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.[D]it'ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]CEOs:WheretoGo?[B]CEOs:AlltheWayUp?[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfbr.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid"media-suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements-stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned“mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorfbrusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia-fbrinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,fbrexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficfbrallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,fbrinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,fbrexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg..Consumersmaycreate“earned“mediawhentheyareobsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.inspiredbyproduct-promotingc-mailssenttothem.eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeatureasafebusinessenvironment.randomcompetition.strongusertraffic.flexibilityinorganization.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediainviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.mayberesponsiblefbrfiercercompetition.deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.ToyotaMotor'sexperienceiscitedasanexampleofrespondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.persuadingcustomersintoboycottingeratingwithsupportiveconsumers.takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.Dominanceofhijackedmedia.Popularityofownedmedia.Text4It'snosurprisethatJenniferSenior'sinsightful,provocativemagazinecoverstory,441loveMyChildren,IHateMyLife,^^isarousingmuchchatter-nothinggetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildrearingisanythinglessthanacompletelyfulfilling,life-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappiness:insteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard.Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.”ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaboutnewlyadoptive-andnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,aswellastheusual"JenniferAnistonispregnant^^news.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastonecelebritymom,ormom-to-be,smilingonthenewsstands.Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation,isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing?Itdoesn'tseemquitefair,then,tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn'thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.Ofcourse,theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic,especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples,singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere,consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon;yettohearSandraandBritneyteliit,raisingakidontheir“own”(read:withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It'shardtoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous:mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free,happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren'tinsomesmall,subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience,inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachel“mightmakeuslookjustalittlebitlikeJenniferAniston.JcnniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring[A]temporarydelight[B]enjoymentinprogress[C]happinessinretrospect[D]lastingrewardWelearnfromParagraph2that[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourcefbrgossip.[B]singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife..AccordingtoParagraph4,themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading..Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourofcelebritymoms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsEandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan,MrMenandpointsout,becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly,uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities:Literature,languages,philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle:22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However,manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata"generalcducation^^shouldlooklike.AtHarvard,MrMenandnotes,"thegreatbooksarereadbecausetheyhavebeenread^-theyformasortofsocialglue.Equallyunsurprisingly,onlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsfbrwhichtheyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyhumanitiessubjects:Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebachelor'sdegreesin1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So,attheendofadecadeoftheses-writing,manyhumanitiesstudentsleavetheprofessiontodosomethingfbrwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.OnereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycancutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandprofessionaleducationshouldbekeptseparate,taughtindifferentschools.Manystudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesendupinlaw,medicineorbusiness,futuredoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-spccialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.Besidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation,topAmericanuniversitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyfbracademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess:federalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldbetween1960and1990,butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforasuccessfulacademiccareer:aslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnotpossessone.Butthekeyideabehindprofessionalisation,arguesMrMenand,isthat“theknowledgeandskillsneededfbraparticularspecializationaretransmissiblebutnottransferable/'Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustovertheproductionofknowledge,butalsoovertheproductionoftheproducersofknowledge.Thekeytoreforminghighereducation,concludesMrMenand,istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.Otherwise,academicswillcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalike,increasinglydetachedfromthesocietieswhichtheystudy,investigateandcriticize.99Academicinquiry,atleastinsomefields,mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.MYetquitehowthathappens,MrMenanddosenotsay.ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas:ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities,andLouisMenand,aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity,captureditskillfully.G-41.f42,fE-43.—44.f45.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Withitsthemethat"Mindisthemasterweaver/'creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.(46)Allen'scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:"Whycannot1makemyselfdothisorachievethat?”Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare."Achievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdon't"get"successbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.PartofthefameofAllen'sbookisitscontentionthat''Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyreveal(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.This,however,wouldbeakneejerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityfbrgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infat,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged“thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,aperson'searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.ThesoberingaspectofAllen'sbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblamefbrourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.SectionHIWritingPartADirections:WritealettertoafriendofyourstorecommendoneofyourfavoritemoviesandgivereasonsfbryourrecommendationYourshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheleter.User“LIMING5'instead.Donotwritertheaddress.(10points)PartBDirections:Writeanessayof160■一200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshoulddescribethedrawingbriefly,explainit'sintendedmeaning,andgiveyourcomments.YourshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)纶庄★启用前2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试

英语（一）试题答案和评分参考一、，考答案SectionIUseofEnglish(Wpoints)J.C6.B2.07.AC3.B8.D13.D4.B9.C14.CS.A10.A15.B11.B1X«v>17.A18.D19.A20.CSectionIIReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)22.B23.D24.B25.A41.L27.D28.C29.A30.Cq.d31.D36.CPanB(10points)32.C37.D33.B38.A34.A39.D35.A40.B41.B42.D43.A44.C45.FPartC（10points）.艾怆的贡赋在于，他拿出.我们并非机H人，因此能掌控自己的思想“Qi出曲o.并揭示了其手媒所在•.尽管我们或许可以仅凭意识来维系“控制.这种错觉,现实中我们还是不断要面对一个问题：“我为什么不能让自己做这个或实现那个？”.这似乎是在为忽视其困■的行为作辩护，为*削、为社会上层人群的优越及社会底层人H的单嫩找理由..环境仿，。是为了,发我，】的最大漕能而设，如果我们觉簿自己遭受了"不公"，友不太可能有意识地去努力摆脱自己的处境.30.其正面■义在于,了解了一切都取决于我们自己，即有了语多可能；此前我们是语都各料局限的■次,现在我们成了“驭各肿可能性的权威・，，一，■北—.•♦.■第I•,■…1附阅读PartA翻译：译文12009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦•吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼•托姆西尼就这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。然而，这次任命还是令人意外。原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的托姆西尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。作为对这个很牛的管弦乐队（牛的表现：到口前为止一直被牛人领导着）下一任指挥家的描述，这种描述跟虚浮的赞扬一样，确实会令至少一部分泰晤士报2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题的读者觉得愕然不解（让他们觉得不可思议）。就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问AveryFisherHall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。对于唱片，那些专门参加音乐会的人会说，现场表演是不可替代的。他们显然忽视了一个要点。为了替音乐爱好者节省时间、精力、金钱考虑，古典乐曲表演表不仅要在各种表演场所进行竞争，还要在记录这些行为的媒介上竞争。记在唱片上的表演比现场表演更便宜，更易得，甚至质量更好。而且它们的消费时间地点可以任由听者选择。因此，这种唱片的广泛应用，给传统音乐会带来了生存危机。一个可能的应对方式（解决办法）是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从唱片上听不到的曲子。吉尔伯特在新音乐方面投入了自己的兴趣，这己广被人知：如古典音乐评论家罗斯就把吉尔伯特描述成一个可以扭转交响乐方向的人，认为他把交响乐带进了•个明显不同的更有活力的天地。但是，这种“不同”的实质是什么呢？仅仅扩展交响乐的节目是不够的。吉尔伯特和交响乐要想取得成功，必须首先改变美国旧的管弦乐和它们想吸引的新的听众之间的关系。译文2当列姆•麦克杰八月份从美国银行任上离职时，他的解释确实令人意外。与通常会用的模糊理由不同的是，他直率地说，他离开是为了找一家公司当管理者，而那是他一向就有的追求。他说，作出这一选择纯属个人原因。两周之内，他与哈佛财务服务集团的董事会实现了首次会谈，这一集团在9月29日聘他担任CEO。麦克杰说，他离开时并没有确定的目标，这使他得以思考自己究竟想管理什么样的公司。这同时也可以让他向外界展示自己的魄力。无独有偶（并不只有他才有这种雄心）。最近几周，雅芳公司和美国联邦快递公司的第二执行官都离开自己的公司，他们的解释都是想当CEO,山于股东施压，董事会需要审查继承人方案，还没有被准许离开的这几位执行官肯定希望事情早点出来结果。商'业环境复杂异常，这使得高级经理人员不愿用模糊的声明来损害自己的名声。随着经济开始出现复苏的迹象，这些希望离任者可能在还没有找到下家时就跳槽。根据“登记册”研究机构的报告，在第三季度，CEO营业额从一年前开始下降了23%,把那些紧跟在这些领导人身后的董事会也弄得神经兮兮。由于经济复苏，那些有抱负的领导人将大有机会。放弃高级职位去寻找更好的职位，这种决定是非同寻常的，过去可不常见。多年来，执行官和猎头们都坚持认为，最好的CEO候选人需要去挖别人的墙角才能得到（而不是那些主动离开原岗位的人）。某某猎头说，当董事会还没有委托我先去找一个还在任上的CEO时，我不能去考虑那些我在网上一搜就有的人。那些没有工作去向就跳槽的人不会总是很快找到理想岗位。卜年前爱伦•马拉姆从T公司领导人的位子上退下，也是为了当一个CEO。一年前她才成为一家小型电子交易所的领导人。罗伯特在2005年为了当CEO而离开，他最终在一家重要的财务机构找到这种工作是在三年之后。许多招聘人表示，对于那些最好的演员来说，旧的耻辱正在淡忘。财务危机使得在两个工作机会之间进行选择或者离开更坏的工作这样的行为变得可以接受。“传统规则是，最好呆在你原来的地方，但现在这种规则被从根本上颠覆了。”一个猎头说，“在一个地方呆得越久，就越容易受损。”译文3在过去，销售成功的基本法则是：种瓜得瓜，一分耕耘一分收获。现在不同了。传统的付出方式（媒介，指企业付钱给电视台做广告或者报社做报刊广告）•~~•电视购物和印刷广告——虽然仍占主要地位，但是现在的企业可以开发出更多的替代这些媒介的形式。对产品有热情的用户可能通过给在自己网站上注册的顾客发关于产品和商品的电邮的提醒，来建立自己的媒介。这样用户现在接近了广阔的媒介因素，这些因素超越了传统的付费媒介。付费并占有的媒介，是被想促销自己产品的商人控制的。而对于白捡的媒介（免费的媒介报道）而言，这种商人的角色仅是作为响应用户需求的第一环（直接面对用户的不是他们）。但是在一些案例中，一个商人拥有的媒介成为另一个商人的付费媒介（但有时候，促销产品的商人也直接面对用户，即把别人占有的媒介暂时变成自己占有的媒介）。例如，当一个电子商务零售商在自己的网站上出售广告空间时，就是如此。我们把这种出售的媒介定义为拥有的媒介。这种（出售空间式的）拥有的媒介是如此强大普遍，以致于其他团体把他们的希望（满意；内容；电子商务发动机）寄托在这种环境中。这种（寄托）趋势虽然依然在婴儿期，但我们相信这种从零售商和旅行提供商（如航空公司、旅馆）有效起步的趋势会越来越强劲。例如强生建立了一个婴儿中心