欧洲文化入门复习资料

欧洲文化入门复习资料欧洲文化入门复习资料欧洲文化入门复习资料资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月欧洲文化入门复习资料版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：细节知识点Greek＆RomandramaAeschylus埃斯基洛斯：PrometheusBound被束缚的普罗米修斯,Persians波斯人，AgamennonSophcles索发克里斯：（tragicart）Oedipustheking,Electra，AntigoneEuripides欧里庇得斯：“problemplays”，Andromache，Medea，TrojanWomenAristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，BirdsHistorianHerodotus：*“fatherofhistory”*fromGreektoPersians*fullofanecdotesanddialogues,interestingThucydides:*youngerthanHerodotus*AthenstoSpartaandAthenstoSyracuse希拉库萨*styleisimaginationandpower*thegreatesthistorianthateverlivedphilosophyandsciencePythagoras毕达哥拉斯：*boldthinker*believeeverythingisnumbers*scientificmathematics----point，line，magnitude震级，surface，body，firstproportionHeracleitus赫拉克里克：*fireistheprimaryelementofuniverse*sayings:allisflux，nothingstationary/youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver/freshwatersareeverflowinginuponyou/thesunisneweveryday.*believeminglingofopposites,oppositesproduceharmony(二)BibletranslationLatinversion：383-405ADbySt.JeromeEnglishversion：1382JohnWycliff(三)Middleages/Medieval1.AD476Romanpowerwasgone2.after1054ChurchwasdividedintoRomanCatholicandEasternOrthodoxChurchCrusades:1096－1291lastforabout200years：●Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*westernandcentralEurope*fatherofEurope.EmperorofRomansin800*CarolingianRenaissance加洛林*encourageChristianreligionandancientlearningbysettingmonasteryschools●AlfredtheGreat阿尔弗雷德大帝：*rulerofAngloSaxonofWessex*Encourageteacherandscholars,Wessexcenteroflearning*AngloSaxonchronicles英国编年史●St.ThomasAquinas*Italianphilosopher,scholasticism经院哲学*SummaContraCentiles,SummaTheologiae《神学大全》*buildingasocietyof“God’srule””God’swill”，Popeis“Christ’splenipotentiary基督的全权代表”abovesecularrulers●RogerBacon罗杰培根*aBritishmonk,oneoftheearliestadvocatesofexperimentalscientificresearchandobservation*works:Opusmaius,encyclopediaofthesciencesofhistime5．Literature●Beowulf:anAngloSaxonepic●SongofRoland，LaChansondeGestes:French●Dante：thedivineofcomedy神曲greatestpoetofItaly●GeoffreyChaucer乔叟：Englishpoet：canterburytales坎特伯雷故事集，（firstshortstoryteller,firstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature）（四）RenaissanceinFlorenceandVenice，ItalyofRenaissancephilosophyisgreatnessofman，humanism:●GiovanniBoccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（thegreatestachievementofprosefiction散文小说inthemiddleages）●FrancescoPetrarch彼德拉克：*discoverCicero’sOrationOroArochia,aRomandefenseofpoetry*Works：Canzoniers（lyrical）,Africa，MetricalEpistles，OnContemptfortheWorldlyLife，OnSolitude，Ecologues，TheLetters●Giotto乔托：*forerunnerofRenaissance，ledthewaytohumanism，realisticdepictionofspace*works:FlightintoEgypt,BetrayalofJudas●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta,SleepingVenus（useofcolourschemestounifypictureandmostrevolutionaryresultinthissphere)●LeonardodaVinci:*painter,sculptor,architect,musician,mathematician,engineer,inventor,anatomist,geologist,cartographer,botanist,andwriter.*12paintings5000books,Renaissancemaninthetruesenseofword.*LastSupper(mostfamousreligiouspictures),MonaLisa(mostportrait)●MichelangeloBuonarroti:*anItaliansculptor,painter,architect,poet,andengineer*David，SistineChapel，DyingSlave,Moses●Raphael：Madonna（VirginMary）各种圣母画，schoolofAthens●Rabelais拉伯雷：French，GargantuaandPantagruel《巨人传》●Pleiade七星诗社：French,leaderisPirredeRonsard(SonnetPourHelene)，发扬保卫法兰西语言●Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，DonQuixote1062●Erasmus：Dutch，Renaissancehumanist,Catholicpriest,teacher,andtheologian，GreekeditionofNewTestament,PraiseofFolly《愚人颂》●Durer:German,followerofMartinLutherthefourhorsemenofapocalypse天启四骑士knight，deathandthedevil●Thomasmore：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion●Shakespeare：英国人Twelfthnight，Asyoulikeit，Hamlet，Othello，KingLear，Macbeth，AntonyandCleopatra，Sonnets,KingHenry5，6二.名词解释RenaissanceRenaissanceisaperiodofwesterncivilizationbetween14-17thcentury.ThewordRenaissancemeansrevival.italsomeanstherevivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture，whichstartedinFlorenceandVenice，Italy.theheartof~ishumanism.2.Reformation~wasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovement,whichbeganwithMartinLuther’s95thesesin1517.TheReformationbeganasanattempttoreformtheRomanCatholicChurch.3．Middleages：~isalsocalledMedieval,”theyearoffaith”*orthethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefallofthewesternromanempireinthe5thcentury.itcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.DuringthisperiodGermanickingdomgrewintonationssuchasEngland,French,Spain,Italy,Germany.4.Feudalism~isasystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.theword~wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.Catholic~Means”universal”.~hemiddleages,almosteveryEuropeansbelongedtoit.6.oldtestament~isoneofthetwopartsoftheBible,whichisabouttheGodandthelawsofGod.Testamentmeansagreement—theagreementbetweenGodandman.7.Pentateuch摩西五书TheoldestfirstfivepartsoftheBibleincludingGenesis,Exodus，Leviticus,Numbers，Deuteronomy8.doric：oneofGreekarchitecturestyles，~isalsocalledmasculinestyle.it’ssturdy坚定的，powerful，severelooking，showingsenseofproportionsandnumbers.Ionic：femininestylegracefulandelegant，showingwealthofornament装饰三.问答1.WhathappenedinWesternEuropeafterthedeclineoftheRomanEmpireAftertheRomanEmpirelostitspredominance优势,agreatmanyGermanicKingdomsbegantogrowintothenationsknowasEngland,France,Italy,andGermanyinitsplace.ThesenationsofWesternEuropewereinthesceneoffrequentwarsandinvasions.Thepoliticalunityhadgivenwaytowidespreaddestructionandconfusion.Hungeranddiseasekilledmanylivesandvillagefellintoruinandgreatareasoflandlaywaste.Therewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.ChristianitywasalmosttheallandtheoneofMedievallivesinwesternEuropeandtookleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsyears.2.Whatweretheculturalcharacteristicsoftheperiodfrom500to1000Aboveall,theculturalcharactersofthisperiodweretheheritageandachievementofRomancultureandtheemergenceofHebrewandGothicculture.madeItalythebirthplaceoftheRenaissanceBecauseofitsgeographicalposition,foreigntradedevelopedearlyinItaly.ThisbroughtItalyintocontactwithotherculturesandgaverisetourbaneconomyandhelpedItalyaccumulatewealthwhichwasanessentialfactorforthefloweringofartandliterature.Fortwocenturiesbeginningfromthelate15thcentury,Florencewasthegoldencitywhichgavebirthtoawholegenerationofpoets,scholars,artistsandsculptors.TherewasinFlorencearevivalofinterestinclassicallearningandrisingofhumanistideas.Andtospreadthenewideas,librariesandacademieswerefounded.Inthe15thcenturyprintingwasinventedandhelpedto