208gre全程班阅读带来自由

Inlibris阅读带来微臣教育GRE全程阅读讲义使用说223Passage1-226Passage4-227Passage7-228Passage12-32日Passage19- 答案 ①Objectively,ofcourse,thevariousecosystemsthatsustainlifeontheplanetproceedindependentlyofhumanagency,justastheyoperatedbeforethehecticascendancyofHomosapiens.Butitisalsotruethatitisdifficulttothinkofasinglesuchsystemthathasnot,forbetterorworse,beensubstantiallymodifiedbyhumanculture.Noristhissimplytheworkoftheindustrialcenturies.IthasbeenhappeningsincethedaysofancientMesopotamia.Itiscoevalwiththeoriginsofwriting,andhasoccurredthroughoutoursocialexistence.Anditisthisirreversiblymodifiedworld,fromthepolarcapstotheequatorialforests,thatisallthenaturewehave.②Accordingtotheconventionalview,serfdominnineteenth-centuryRussiainhibitedeconomicgrowth.InthisviewRussianpeasants’statusasserfskeptthempoorthroughburdensometaxesincash,inlabor,andinkind;throughrestrictionsonmobility;andthroughvariousformsofcoercion.Melton,however,arguesthatserfdomwasperfectlycompatiblewitheconomicgrowth,becausemanyRussianserfswereabletogetaroundlandlords’rulesandregulations.Ifserfscouldpayforpassports,theywereusuallygrantedpermissiontoleavetheestate.Iftheycouldpaythefine,theycouldestablishaseparatehousehold;andiftheyhadtheresources,theycouldhirelaborerstocultivatethecommunallands,whiletheythemselvesengagedintradeorworkedasmigrantlaborersincities.PassageWhenspeakingofRomareBearden,oneistemptedtosay,“AgreatBlackAmericanartist.”ThesubjectmatterofBearden’scollagesiscertainlyBlack.PortrayalsofthefolkofMecklenburgCounty,NorthCarolina,whomheremembersfromearlychildhood,ofthejazzmusiciansandtenementroofsofhisHarlemdays,ofPittsburghsteelworkers,andhisreconstructionofclassicalGreekmythsintheguiseoftheancientBlackkingdomofBenin,attesttothis.Innaturalharmonywiththischoiceofsubjectmatterarethesocialsensibilitiesoftheartist,whoremainsactivetodaywiththeCinqueGalleryinManhattan,whichhehelpedfoundandwhichisdevotedtoshowingtheworkofminorityartists.ThenwhynotcallBeardenaBlackAmericanartist?Becauseultimaythiscategorizationistoonarrow.“Whatstandsup isstructure,”Beardensays.“WhatItrytosamplify.IfIwerejustcreatingapictureofafarmwomanfrombackhome,itwouldhavemeaningtoherandpeoplethere.Butartamplifiesitselftosomethinguniversal.”Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaredepictedinBearden’scollagesworkersinPittsburgh’ssteelscenessetintheancientkingdomofpeopleBeardenknewasatraditionalrepresentationsoftheclassicalheroesofGreekthejazzmusiciansoftheHarlemBeardenusedtoTheauthorsuggeststhatBeardenshouldnotbecalledaBlackAmericanartisttherearemanycollagesbyBeardeninwhichthesubjectmatterisnotBearden’sworkreflectstheBlackAmericanexperienceinahighlyindividualthroughthestructureofBearden’sarthisBlacksubjectscometorepresentallofBearden’struesignificanceliesnotsomuchinhisownworkasinhiseffortstohelpotherminoritymuchofBearden’sworkusestheancientBlackkingdomofBeninforitsBearden’ssocialsensibilitiesandthesubjectmatterofhiscollagesarementionedbytheauthorinordertowhyonemightbetemptedtocallBeardenaBlackAmericanwhyBeardencannotbereadilywhyBearden’sappealisthoughtbymanytobe yhowdeeplyanartist’sartisticcreationsareinfluencedbytheartist’ssocialwhatmakesBeardenuniqueamongcontemporaryBlackAmericanPassagePassageManyculturalanthropologistshavecometorejectthescientificframeworkofempiricismthatdominatedthefielduntilthe1970sandnowregardallscientificknowledgeassociallyconstructed.Theyarguethatinformationaboutculturesduringtheempiricisteratypicallycamefromanthropologistswhobroughtwiththemaprepackagedsetofconsciousandunconsciousbiases.Culturalanthropology,accordingtothepost-1970scritique,isunavoidablysubjective,andtheanthropologistshouldbeexplicitinacknowledgingthatfact.Anthropologyshouldstopstrivingtobuildabetterdatabaseaboutculturalbehaviorandshouldturntodeveloamorehumanisticinterpretationofcultures.ThenewframeworkholdsthatitmaybemoreenlighteningtoinvestigatethebiasesofearliertextsthantocontinuewithempiricalTheauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutmostculturalanthropologistsworkingpriortotheTheyarguedthatscientificknowledgewassociallyTheywereexplicitinacknowledgingthebiasesinherentinscientificTheyregardedscientificknowledgeasconsistingofempiricalTheysharedthesameconsciousandunconsciousTheyacknowledgedtheneedforanewscientificAccordingtothepassage,“manyculturalanthropologists”todaywouldagreethatanthropologistsbuildabetter,lesssubjectivedatabaseaboutculturalstrivetoimprovetheempiricalmethodologiesuseduntiltherejectthenotionthatscientificknowledgeissociallyOnereasonresearchershavelongbelievedthatMarsneverenjoyedanextensiveperiodofwarmandwetclimateisthatmuchofthesurfacenotcoveredbywind-bornedustappeartobecomposedofunweatheredmaterial.Ifwaterflowedforanextendedperiod,researchersreasoned,itshouldhavealteredandweatheredthevolcanicminerals,creatingclaysorotheroxidized,hydratedphases(mineralsthatincorporatewatermoleculesintheircrystalstructure).Itturnsout,though,thatthescientistswerenotlookingcloselyenough.Newhigh-resolutionmapdataandclose-upsurfacestudieshaverevealedclaysandotherhydratedmineralsinmanyregions.Theclaydepositsarescatteredallover,inancientvolcanicsurfacesandheavilycrateredhighlandregions,someofwhichhaveapparentlybeenexposedbyerosiononlyrecently.Accordingtothepassage,scientistsareabletodiscoverweatheredmaterialontheMartiansurfacebecausetheyhavebenefitedfromwhichofthefollowing?Anewmethod yzevolcaniccraterscreatedontheMartianAnimprovedabilitytodetecthydratedmaterialsontheMartianAmoresophisticatedunderstandingoftheeffectofwind-bornedustontheMartianAdecisiontolookforwaterprimarilyinheavilycrateredhighlandAbetterunderstandingofhowerosionmightaffectclayForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparayandselectallthatItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthereasoningdiscussedinthehighlightedsentence?ItprovidesthebasisforanexplanationofwhywateronMarshasbeendifficulttofinduntilItcorrectlyidentifiesaconsequenceofwaterflowingontheMartianItdependsonafalseassumptionabouthowwaterandvolcanicmaterialsinteractonAbird’splumage,whilecontributingtostructuralintegrityandparticipatinginaerial otion,compleyobscuresabird’sinternalactivityfromhumanview,greatlyimpedingourattemptstounderstandbirdsasfunctioninganimals.Plumagehasevenmadeitdifficulttodescribebirdmovement.Whendescribingthemovementofmammals,writersturntowell-wornclichéslike“graceinmotion.”Amammal’sripplingmusclesslidesmoothlyoveroneanotherineye-catchingways.Withamammal,whetheramouseorhippopotamus,werecognizethattheunderlyingbodypartsaresimilartoourownandweknowthesepartswillactpredictably.Notsowithabird.Forcenturies,weknewlittlemoreaboutabird’smovementthanthatitwasamysterythatseemedtobebasedontheflapofwings.Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparayandselectallthatThepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasaneffectofbirdItcontributestoabird’sabilitytoIthidestheinnerworkingsofItcontributestothestructuralsoundnessofTheauthorimplieswhichofthefollowingaboutthe“underlyingbodyparts”ofnonhumanTheyaremoresimilartohumans’underlyingbodypartsthanmostpeopleTheyaremorepredictableintheirworkingsthanaretheunderlyingbodypartsofTheirsmoothandgratefulactionsbeliehowcomplicatedtheyactuallyTheyworkinmuchdifferentwaysthandotheunderlyingbodypartsofmostTheyareeasiertoobserveandunderstandthanareunderlyingpartsofTherelevanceoftheliterary ality—awriter’sdistinctiveattitudes,concerns,andartisticchoices—tothe ysisofaliteraryworkisbeingscrutinizedbyvariousschoolsofcontemporarycriticism.Deconstructionistsviewtheliteraryality,likethewriter’sbiographical ality,asirrelevant.Theproperfocusofliterary ysis,theyargue,isawork’sintertextuality(interrelationshipwithothertexts),subtexts(unspoken,concealed,orrepresseddiscourses),andmetatexts(self-referentialaspects),notaperceptionofawriter’sverbalandaesthetic“fingerprints.”Newhistoricistsalsodevaluetheliteraryality,since,intheiremphasisonawork’shistoricalcontexts,theycreditawriterwithonlythoseinsightsandideasthatweregenerallyavailablewhenthewriterlived.However,toreadersinterestedinliterarydetectivework-sayscholarsofclassical(GreekandRoman)literaturewhowishtoreconstructdamagedtextsordeduceaauthorship—theliteraryalitysometimesprovidevitalThepassageisprimarilyconcerneddiscussingattitudestowardaparticularfocusfor pointingoutthesimilaritiesamongseeminglycontrastingapproachesto defendingtheresurgenceofaparticularfocusfor definingasetofrelatedtermsemployedinliteraryForthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparayandselectallthatItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatontheissueofhowto yzealiterarywork,thenewhistoricistswouldmostlikelyagreewiththedeconstructioniststhatthewriter’sinsightsandideasshouldbeunderstoodintermsofthewriter’shistoricalthewriter’sliteraryalityhaslittleornothecriticshouldprimarilyfocusonintertextuality,subtexts,andForcenturies,oakwasthewoodofchoiceforEuropeanshipbuilders.However,toward oftheeighteenthcentury,asBritishoaksgrewscarce,shipbuildersthereturnedtoteakandfoundinitanidealsubstitute.Otherwoodsexpandandcontractatdifferentratesthanoak,sorepairstooakshipsdonewiththosewoodssplitorleak.Onlyteakmatchesoak’sexpansioncoefficientandstayswatertight.Itisunmatchedinits torotandpests,anditsoilsevenprotectnailsagainstcorrosion.Moreover,itwasoneoftwoimportanttropicalhardwoods(withCentralAmericanmahogany)thatdriedlightenoughtofloatdownriver—theonlywaytotransporttimberintyfromtheinlandjungleswhereitgrew.Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparayandselectallthatItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatanadvantageofteakovermahoganyisthatteakmorecompatiblewiththematerialsinexistinglesssusceptibletorotandavailableingreatertiesininlandInthecontextinwhichitappears,“turnedto”mostnearlyresorteddeflectedrevertedThe“deindustrialization”thesisofBluestoneandHarrisonassertsthatthereplacementofdomesticwithforeignmanufacturingbegunbyUnitedStatescorporationsinthelate1960sresultedina“hollowingout”ofAmericanindustry,wherebyworkersdisplacedfrommanufacturingjobsthroughmassiveplantclosingsfoundthemselvesmovingmoreorlesspermanentlyintolower-paying,lesssecurejobsorintounemployment.Criticsofthedeindustrializationthesishavearguedthatnewserviceandhigh-technologysectorsoftheUnitedStateseconomyhaverecentlycreatedasubstantialnumberofjobs.Whilethesecriticsdonotdenythepainfulaspectsofthistransitionfromanindustrialtoaservice-andinformation-basedeconomy,theyarguethatitwillbeshort-term,andanecessaryeviliftheUnitedStatesistohavelong-termincreasesinlivingstandards.Criticsoftheemergingeconomy,however,pointtodisturbingevidenceofan“hourglass”effect:ashrinkingmiddletierofmanagerialandblue-collarunionizedworkersandconsequentpolarizationofes.Theemergenceofatechnicalandfinancialelite,theyargue,hasbroughtforthahostoflow-wagejobstoservicetheneweconomy,anditisthisservicesectorthatmanyex-industrialworkersmustThepurposeofthepassageisyzetheeventsthatcontributedtoaneconomicpresentdifferentviewsonthenatureandimpactofaneconomicdistinguishbetweentheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofaneconomicchallengeadominanttheoryabouthowtosolvetheproblemscreatedbyaneconomicpresentnewevidencetosuggestthataneconomicphenomenonismorecomplexthanhadpreviouslybeenItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthehighlighted“critics”believewhichofthefollowingabout“hourglass”ItinvolvestherelegationofindustrialworkerstolessdesirableItrequiresthatworkersmakeshort-termsacrificestoachievelong-termItaffectsnon-unionizedworkersmorestronglythanitdoesunionizedItrepresentsanincreaseinunemploymentforthoseintheserviceItthreatensthestatusofthetechnologicalandfinancialGeesecanoftenbeseengrazingincoastalsaltmarshes.Unfortunay,theirintensegrazingremovesthegrassycovering,exposingmarshsediment;thisincreasesevaporation,whichinturnincreasessaltconcentrationinmarshsediments.Becauseofthisincreasedconcentration,regrowthofplantsisminimal,leadingtoincreasederosion,whichleadstoadecreaseinthefertiletopsoil,leadingtoevenlessregrowth.Intime,thesaltmarsh esamudflat.Thisprocesschallengesoneofthemostwidelyheldbeliefsaboutthedynamicsofsalt-marshecosystems:supposedly,consumerssuchasgeesedonotplayalargeroleincontrollingtheproductivityofmarshsystems.Rather,thestandardviewclaims,marshesarecontrolledbybottom-upfactors,suchasnutrientsandphysicalfactors.Theauthordiscusses“thestandardview”mostlikelyinordertoidentifyaviewexplainstheoccurrenceofthechainofeventsdescribedintheprovidesasummaryofthechainofeventsdescribedintheiscalledintoquestionbythechainofeventsdescribedintheadvocatesreassessmentofthewidelyheldbeliefdescribedintheisunderminedbythewidelyheldbeliefdescribedintheAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisawidelyheldbeliefaboutTheyarenotoftenseengrazingincoastalsaltTheyarenottheprimaryconsumersinsalt-marshTheyplayonlyaminorroleintheproductivityofsalt-marshTheyaretheprimarydeterminantsofwhichresourceswillthriveincoastalsaltTheycontroltheproductivityofsalt-marshecosystemsthroughabottom-upAlthoughthepassengerpigeons,nowextinct,wereabund ighteenth-andnineteenth-centuryAmerica,archaeologicalstudiesattwelfth-centuryCahokiansitesinthepresentdayUnitedStatesexaminedhouseholdfoodtrashandfoundthattracesofpassengerpigeonwerequiterare.Giventhatthesiteswereclosetoahugepassengerpigeonroost edbyJohnJamesAuduboninthenineteenthcenturyandthatCahokiansconsumedalmosteveryotheranimalproteinsourceavailable,Q2thearchaeologistsconductingthestudiesconcludedthepassengerpigeonpopulationhadoncebeenverylimitedbeforeincreasingdramaticallyinpost-ColumbianAmerica.Otherarchaeologistshavecriticizedthoseconclusionsonthegroundsthatpassengerpigeonboneswouldnotbelikelytobep .Butallthearchaeologicalprojectsfoundplentyofbirdbones-andevenQ1tinybonesfromfish.Theauthorofthepassagementions“tinybonesfromfish”primarilyinorderexplainwhytracesofpassengerpigeonarerareatCahokiansupportaclaimaboutthewidevarietyofanimalproteinsintheCahokianprovideevidencethatconfirmsatheoryabouttheextinctionofthepassengercastdoubtontheconclusionreachedbythearchaeologistswhoconductedthestudiesdiscussedinthecounteranobjectiontoaninterpretationofthedataobtainedfromCahokianWhichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostcallintoquestionthereasoningof“thearchaeologistsconductingtheAudubonwasunabletocorrectlyidentifytwelfth-centuryCahokianAudubonmadehisobservationsbeforepassengerpigeonpopulationsbegantoPassengerpigeonswouldhavebeenattractedtohouseholdfoodArchaeologisthavefoundpassengerpigeonremainsamongfoodwasteateighteenth-centuryhumanPassengerpigeonstendednottoroostatthesamesitesforverymanyAfricanAmericannewspapersinthe1930sfacedmanyhardships.Forinstance,knowingthatbuyersofAfricanAmericanpapersalsoboughtgeneral-circulationpapers,advertisersofconsumerproductsoftenignoredAfricanAmericanpublications.Advertisers’discriminationdidfreetheAfricanAmericanpressfromadvertiserdomination.Editorscouldprintpoliticallychargedmaterialmorereadilythancouldthelargenationaldailies,whichdependedonadvertisers’ideologicalapprovaltosecurerevenues.Unfortunay,italsomadethesellingpriceofBlackpapersmuchhigherthanthatofgeneral-circulationdailies.Oftenasmuchastwo-thirdsofpublicationcostshadtocomefromsubscribersorsubsidiesfromcommunitypoliticiansandotherinterestgroups.Anddespitetheireditorialfreedom,AfricanAmericanpublishersoftenfeltcompelledtoprintadisproportionateamountofsensationalism,sports,andsocietynewstoboostcirculation.ThepassagesuggestthatifadvertisershadmorefrequentlypurchasedadvertisinginAfricanAmericannewspapers,thenwhichofthefollowingmighthaveresulted?AfricanAmericannewspaperswouldhavegivenmoreattentiontosportsandsocietynewsthantheyAfricanAmericannewspaperswouldhavebeenavailableatlowerpricesthanlargenationaldailiesAfricanAmericannewspaperswouldhaveexperiencedconstraintsontheircontentsimilartothoseexperiencedbylargenationaldailiesTheauthorofthepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthe“advertisers”mentionedintheTheyassumedthatadvertisinginAfricanAmericannewspaperswouldnotsignificantlyincreasethesalesoftheirTheyfailedtocalculate ythecirculationofAfricanAmericanTheydidnottakeAfricanAmericans’newspaperreadingintoaccountwhenmakingdecisionsaboutwheretoTheyavoidedAfricanAmericannewspaperspartlybecauseoftheirTheytriedtopersuadeAfricanAmericannewspaperstolowertherateschargedforInFebruary1848thepeopleofParisroseinrevoltagainsttheconstitutionalmonarchyofLouis-Philippe.Despitetheexistenceofexcellentnarrativeaccounts,theFebruaryDays,asthisrevoltiscalled,havebeenlargelyignoredbysocialhistoriansofthepasttwodecades.Foreachofthethreeothermajorinsurrectionsinnineteenth-centuryParis—July1830,June1848,andMay1871—thereexistsatleastasketchofparticipants’backgroundsandanysis,moreorlessrigorous,ofthereasonsfortheoccurrenceoftheuprisings.OnlyinthecaseoftheFebruaryRevolutiondowelackausefuldescriptionofparticipantsthatmightcharacterizeitinthelightofwhatsocialhistoryhastaughtusabouttheprocessofrevolutionarymobilization.Tworeasonsforthisrelativeneglectseemobvious.,theinsurrectionofFebruaryhasbeenovershadowedbythatofJune.TheFebruaryRevolutionoverthrewaregime,tobesure,butmetwithsolittle thatitfailedtogenerateanyrealsenseofhistoricaldrama.Itssuccessor,ontheotherhand,appearedtopitkeysocioeconomicgroupsinalife-or-deathstruggleandwaswidelyseenbycontemporaryobserversasmarkingahistoricaldeparture.Throughtheirinterpretations,whichexertacontinuinginfluenceonourunderstandingoftherevolutionaryprocess,theimpactoftheeventsofJunehasbeenmagnified,while,asanunintendedconsequence,thesignificanceoftheFebruaryinsurrectionhasbeendiminished.Second,likeother“successful”insurrections,theeventsofFebruaryfailedtogeneratethemostdesirablekindsofhistoricalrecords.AlthoughtheJuneinsurrectionof1848andtheParisCommuneof1871wouldbeconsideredwatershedsofnineteenth-centuryFrenchhistorybyanystandard,theyalsopresentthesocialhistorianwithasignaladvantage:thesefailedinsurrectionscreatedamassofinvaluable ationasaby-productofauthorities’effortstosearchoutandpunishtherebels.Quitedifferentisthe eofsuccessfulinsurrectionslikethoseofJuly1830andFebruary1848.Experiencesareretold,butparticipantstypicallyresumetheirdailyroutineswithouteverrecordingtheiractivities.Thosewhoplayedsalientroles etheobjectsofhighlyembellishedverbalaccountsorinrarecases,ofcelebratoryarticlesincontemporaryperiodicals.Anditistruethatthepubliclyacknowledgedleadersofanuprisingfrequentlywritememoirs.However,suchsarelikelytobehighlyunreliable,unrepresentative,andunsystematicallyp ,especiallywhencomparedtothedetailedjudicialdossierspreparedforeveryonearrestedfollowingafailedinsurrection.Asaconsequence,itmayprovedifficultorimpossibletoestablishforasuccessfulrevolutionacomprehensiveandtrustworthypictureofthosewhoparticipated,ortoanswereventhemostbasicquestionsonemightposeconcerningthesocialoriginsoftheinsurgents.WithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingrevolutionwouldtheauthormostlikelyTheobjectivesoftheFebruaryRevolutionweremoreradicalthanthoseoftheJuneTheprocessofrevolutionarymobilizationvariesgreatlyfromonerevolutiontotheRevolutionsvarygreatlyintheusefulnessofthehistoricalrecordsthattheyAsknowledgeoftheFebruaryRevolutionincreases,chancesaregoodthatitsimportancewilleventuallyeclipsethatoftheJuneinsurrection.WhichofthefollowingisthemostlogicalobjectiontotheclaimmadeinthelastTheFebruaryRevolutionof1848ismuchlesssignificantthantheJulyinsurrectionofThebackgroundsandmotivationsofparticipantsintheJulyinsurrectionof1830havebeenidentified,howeverEvenlessisknownabouttheJulyinsurrectionof1830thanabouttheFebruaryRevolutionofHistoricalrecordsmadeduringtheJulyinsurrectionof1830arelessreliablethanthosemadeduringtheMayinsurrectionof1871.TheimportanceoftheJulyinsurrectionof1830hasbeenmagnifiedattheexpenseofthesignificanceoftheFebruaryRevolutionof1848.ThepurposeofthesecondparagraphistoexplainthepeopleofParisrevoltedinFebruary1848againsttheruleofLouis-thereexistexcellentnarrativeaccountsoftheFebruarytheFebruaryRevolutionmetwithausefuldescriptionoftheparticipantsintheFebruaryRevolutionistheFebruaryRevolutionfailedtogenerateanyrealsenseofhistoricalPassagePassageGeologistsHarrisandGasshypothesizedthattheRedSeariftdevelopedalongthelineofasuture(aspliceintheEarth’scrust)formedduringthelateProterozoicera,andthatsignificantobservabledifferencesinthecompositionoftheupperlayersofrocksdepositedoneithersideofthesuturegivecluestothedifferentnaturesoftheunderlyingigneousrocks.Othergeologistsarguedthatneithertheupperrocklayernortheunderlyingigneousrocksontheonesideoftheriftdifferfundamentallyfromthecorrespondinglayersontheotherside.Thesegeologistsbelieve,therefore,thatthereisinadequateevidencetoconcludethatasutureunderliestherift.Inresponse,HarrisandGassassertedthattheupperrocklayersonthetwosidesoftherifthadnotbeenshowntobeofsimilarage,structure,orgeochemicalcontent.Furthermore,theycitednewevidencethattheunderlyingigneousrocksoneithersideoftheriftcontainsignificantlydifferentkindsofraremetals.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatHarrisandGasshavedonewhichoftheDrawndetaileddiagramsoftheRedSeaBasedtheirconclusionsonthewayinwhichsuturesdevelopintheEarth’sRejectedothergeologistsobjectionstotheirhypothesisabouttheRedSeaSuggestedthatthepresenceofraremetalsinrocksindicatesanunderlyingAssertedthatriftsusuallyoccuralongthelinesofItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthe“Othergeologists”(line8)wouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?SimilargeologicalfeaturesalongbothsidesofapossiblesutureimplytheexistenceofthatSuturescanbediscoveredonlywheretheyarenotobscuredbysuperimposedgeologicalThecompositionofigneousrockspermitspredictionofthelikelihoodofariftdevelothroughItispossibletodateigneousrocksbycarefullystudyingthedifferentkindsofraremetalscontainedinthemandbyobservingtheirsimilaritytothelayerofrockthatliesabovethem.Theexistenceofrocklayersononesideofariftthataresimilarincompositiontorocklayersontheothersidesuggeststhatnosutureexistsbetweenthetwosides.PassagePassageTworelativelyrecentindependentdevelopmentsstandbehindthecurrentmajorresearcheffortonnitrogenfixation,theprocessbywhichbacteriasymbioticallyrenderleguminousplantsindependentofnitrogenfertilizer.Theonedevelopmenthasbeentherapid,sustainedincreaseinthepriceofnitrogenfertilizer.Theotherdevelopmenthasbeentherapidgrowthofknowledgeofandtechnicalsophisticationingeneticengineering.Fertilizerprices,largelytiedtothepriceofnaturalgas,hugeamountsofwhichgointothemanufactureoffertilizer,willcontinuetorepresentanenormousandescalatingeconomicburdenonmodernagriculture,spurringthesearchforalternativestosyntheticfertilizers.Andgeneticengineeringisjustthesortoffundamentalbreakthroughthatopensupprospectsofwhollynovelalternatives.Onesuchnovelideaisthatofinsertingintothechromosomesofplantsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartoftheplants’naturalconstitution:specifically,theideaofinsertingintononleguminousplantstes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfittheleguminousplantstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.Hence,theintensifiedresearchonlegumes.Nitrogenfixationisaprocessinwhichcertainbacteriauseatmosphericnitrogengas,whichgreenplantscannotdirectlyutilize,toproduceammonia,anitrogencompoundplantscanuse.Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowtheventhoughtheplants’leavesarebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.Theleguminousplants—amongthemcropplantssuchassoybeans,peas,alfalfa,andclover—havesolvedthenitrogensupplyproblembyenteringintoasymbioticrelationshipwiththebacterialgenusRhizobium;asamatteroffact,thereisaspecificstrainofRhizobiumforeachspeciesoflegume.Thehostplantsthebacteriawithfoodandaprotectedhabitatandreceivessurplusammoniainexchange.Hence,legumescanthriveinnitrogen-depletedsoil.Unfortunay,mostofthemajorfoodcrops—includingmaize,wheat,rice,andpotatoes—cannot.Onthecontrary,manyofthehigh-yieldinghybridvarietiesofthesefoodcropsbredduringtheGreenRevolutionofthe1960’swereselectedspecificallytogivehighyieldsinresponsetogenerousapplicationsofnitrogenfertilizer.Thisposesanadditional,formidablechallengetoplantgeneticists:theymustworkonenhancingfixationwithintheexistingsymbioses.Unlesstheysucceed,theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylosteveniftesinlegumesthatequipthoseplantstoenterintoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixersareidentifiedandisolated,andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes,oncetheyarefound, espossible.Theoveralltasklooksforbidding,butthestakesaretoohighnottoundertakeit.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisexposethefragilenatureofthefoundationsonwhichthehighyieldsofmodernagriculturearguethatgeneticengineeringpromisestoleadtoevenhigheryieldsthanareachievablewithsyntheticarguethatthecapacityfornitrogen-fixingsymbiosesistransferabletononleguminousexplaintherea