园艺专业英语：Lesson 3 Plants and Environmental Factors课件

PlantsandEnvironmentalFactorsLesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactoMAINROOTLATERALORSIDEROOTROOTSYSTEMLEAFSTEMFLOWERFRUITNODENODENODEINTER-NODETERMINALBUDAXILLARYBUDSHOOTSYSTEMMAINROOTLATERALROOTLEAFSTEMFWhatarethestructuraldifferencesbetweendicotandmonocotstems?MonocotsOneseedleafParallelveinsinleafXylemandphloemfoundinbundlesinstemDicotsProducetwoseedleavesBranchedleafveinsystemXylemandphloemcellslocatedinseparateareasofthestemWhatarethestructuraldifferWhatarethefunctionsofroots?WhitishortanincolorMakeupone-halformoreoftheentireplantbodyAbsorbwaterandnutrientsfromthesoilthentransportthemabovegroundServetoanchorandsupportthetopportiononplantCanstorecarbohydratestobeusedlaterforenergybyplantWhatarethefunctionsofrootWhatarethepartsofarootsystem?Primaryroot-firststructuretoemergefromgerminatingseedSecondaryroot-arisesfromtheprimaryrootDon’ttransplantseedlingsorcuttingsuntilaftersecondaryrootformsRoothairs-singlecellrootslocatedafewmmbackfromroottip,absorbwaterRootcap-massofcellsthatprotectsroottipsfromcoarsesoilWhatarethepartsofarootsWhatarethedifferencesbetweentaprootandfibrousrootsystems?TaprootOnelargeprimaryrootthatgrowsdown+smallsecondaryrootsFibrousrootRootdevelopsintoanumberofsmallprimaryandsecondaryrootsGrowshallownearthesoillineSubjectedtodroughtandmineraldeficienciesMostlandscapeplantsWhatarethedifferencesbetweWhataremodifiedroots?Adventitiousroots(不定根)BegingrowingfromstemorleafGrowfromcuttingsafterbeingplacedingrowingmediumWhataremodifiedroots?AdventAerialRootsPlantattachesitselftotreebranchortelephonewireRootshangdowninmid-airandabsorbwaterfromrainfallBanyantree（印度榕树）

Schefflerabonsai（鹅掌藤）Examples:WildPine;SomeOrchidsPROPROOTSe.g.CornAerialRootsPlantattachesitSTILT（支柱）ROOTSe.g.Mangrove红树Aeratingroot

（呼吸根，通气根）STILT（支柱）Aeratingroot

（呼吸根，通气FlowerFlowerWherearethereproductivestructuresofplantsandhowdotheywork?Sepals-greenleaf-likestructuresunderthepetalsPetals-brightlycoloredstructuresonflowerusedtoattractpollinatorsStamens-malereproductivepartscontainingfilamentandanthersurroundingfemalepartsFilament-stalkthatsupportsantherAnther-producespollenormalesexcellsPistils-femalereproductivepartscontainingstigma,style,andovaryStigma-stickysurfaceforcapturingpollenattopofstylesStyle-tube-likestructurethatconnectsstigmaandovaryOvary-containsovulesoreggsWherearethereproductivestrThestructureofflowersThestructureofflowersPollengrainsPollengrainsHowdowegetseeds?Pollination-occurswhenpollengrainsaretransferredfromanthertostigmaBybirds,insects,bats,animals,windSelfpollination-pollenpollinatesfloweronsameplantCrosspollination-pollenfromflowersononeplanttransfertoflowersondifferentplantHybrid-offspringfromcross-pollinatingtwodifferentvarietiesofaspeciesFertilization-onespermnucleusfuseswitheggcellnucleusHowdowegetseeds?PollinatioDoublefertilizationDoublefertilizationAngiospermLifecycle

–fromseed

toseedAngiospermLifecycle

–fromWhatarethetypesofflowers?Completeflower-hasallfourmajorparts(sepals,petals,stamens,pistils)ex.Apple,lily,peaIncompleteflowers-lackoneormoremajorpartsPerfectflowers-havebothstamensandpistilsImperfectflowers-lackseitherstamenorpistils,ex.Corn,squashRue-anemoneflowerslackpetals,butthesepalsarepetal-like.Thalictrumthalictroides

Whatarethetypesofflowers?Whatarethetwotypesoffruit?Fruit-seed-bearingorganFleshyfruit-composedofasoftandfleshymaterialwithseedorseedsenclosedEx.Blueberry,peach,tomato,watermelonDryfruit-consistsofseedenclosedinafruitwallthatishardandbrittlewhenmatureEx.Pea,oak,elmacornWhatarethetwotypesoffruiWhatarethepartsofaseed?Seeds-mature,fertilizedeggscontainedinthefruitSeedembryo-root,stem,&oneortwoseedleavescalledcotyledonsMonocots-onecotyledonDicots-twocotyledonEndosperm-containsstoredfoodforseedSeedcoat-tissuesurroundingembryoandendospermtoprotectseedfrommoistureloss,injuryDiagramoftheinternalstructureofadicotseedandembryo:seedcoat,endosperm,cotyledon,hypocotylTheinsideofaGinkgoseedWhatarethepartsofaseed?SHowdowegofromseedtoplant?Germination-seedembryogoesfromdormantstatetoactivegrowingstateSeedabsorbswaterandswellsPrimaryrootdevelopsandemergesStemorshootemergesHowdowegofromseedtoplanPlantGrowthEnvironmentPlantGrowthEnvironmentClimate&plantgrowthClimate–averageweatherofanareaAir,Moisture,Temperature,LightClimate&plantgrowthClimateRegionalclimatevs.microclimateRegionalclimatevs.microclimAirHumidityWindAirpollutionElevation(temperature)AirHumidityAirandelevationAirandelevationMoistureandplantgrowthAmountDistributionpatternsAccess(location)BodiesofwaterandclimateMoisturestressDeficiency,excessMoistureandplantgrowthAmounGrowthresponsestotemperatureVernalizationPeriodoflowtemperatureinducesflowering(e.g.“forcing”bulbs)ThermoperiodismSugar/starchcontentvarieswithtemperature(coolertempspromotestarchconversiontosugars);someplantsgrowbetterifnighttemperaturesarecoolerthandaytemperaturesGrowthresponsestotemperaturTemperatureandgerminationStratificationPeriodofcoldrequiredtoinducegerminationRequiredbymanytypesofperennials,woodyspeciesSpecifictemp.andlengthofstratificationvariesbyspeciesTemperatureandgerminationStrTemperaturestressLowtemperaturestressChillingFreezingPrematureboltingColdwaterstressTemperaturestressLowtemperatPreventinglowtemp.stressTimingofplantingZoneratingofspeciesProtectivemeasuresCoversMoundingmulch,soilHardening(coldframe)Preventinglowtemp.stressTimHeatstressSunscaldPlantrelocationHeatstressSunscaldLightIntensityQualityDaylengthLightIntensity园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件PhotoperiodismGrowthresponsestodaylengthFlowering,germination,dormancyMediatedbypigmentmoleculephytochromePhotoperiodismGrowthresponsesPhytochromeandfloweringPhytochromeandfloweringManipulationofphotoperiodPoinsettiaindustryChrysanthemumsWhywon’tmyChristmascactusbloom?ManipulationofphotoperiodPoiPhotoperiodichouseplantsCommonnameGardeniaStrawberrybegoniaSpiderplantBotanicalnamePhotoperiodicclassificationRemarksPhotoperiodichouseplantsCommoPhytochromeandstemgrowthEtiolationoccursinlowlightordark…why?PhytochromeandstemgrowthEtiBioticenvironmentalfactorsInsectsMicroorganismsBioticenvironmentalfactorsInMedia,Nutrients,andFertilizersMedia,Nutrients,andFertilizWhyisgrowingmediaimportant?Growingmedium-materialwhereplantsgrowMediaProvidesnutrientsbyabsorptionthroughrootsAnchorsplantsContainsporespaceswhichprovideoxygenforrootsProvidesfavorableenvironmentformicroorganismsWhyisgrowingmediaimportantWhatarethedifferenttypesofgrowingmedia?SoilThinlayerofearth’scurstthatprovidesforgrowthofplantsSoillessmediumContainsnotopsoilUsuallymadeof:WhatarethedifferenttypesoVermiculiteHeattreatedmicaHoldsmoistureVermiculitePerliteVolcanicmaterialProvidesdrainageandaerationPerliteSterilizedorganiccompoundsLoosenthemediumCreatelargerairspacesbetweentheparticlesInclude:园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件PeatMossPeatMossSphagnumMossSphagnumMossLeafMoldLeafMoldBarkBarkHydroponics-growingplantsinanutrientsolutionconsistingofwateranddissolvednutrientsaltsAdvantagesCompletecontrolofnutrientsolutionGreateryieldperunitareathroughcloserspacingofplantsLessspreadingofrootsReducedneedforcontrolofweeds,disease,andinsectsduetoabsenceofsoil园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件HydroponicsystemsareclassifiedaccordingtosubstratesystemsSubstratesystemsSandculture-plantsgrowninsterilizedsandwithindividualdripirrigationGravelculture-involvesirrigatingplantsgrowningravelformechanicalsupportBagculture-usesplasticbagsthatarefilledwithsubstrate,suchasrockwool,peat-lite,andsawdust.DripirrigationusedtosupplynutrientsolutionHydroponicsystemsareclassifBarerootsystems:AeroponicsystemInvolvesplantrootssuspendedinairwithafinemistofoxygen-richnutrientsolutionsprayedonthemaregularintervalsContinuousflowsystemInvolvesusingshallowpoolswithpanelscontainingplantsfloatingonthesurfaceNutrientfilmtechnique(NFT)Involvesusingarecirculating,shallowstreamofnutrientsolutionthatmovesthroughchannelsinwhichtheplantsgrow.TherootsareusuallycoveredwithaplasticsheetBarerootsystems:Whatarethecontentsofsoil?MineralmatterFormedfrominorganicsources,suchasrocksandmineralsOrganicmatterDecayedorpartiallydecayedplantandanimalmatter;highinnutrientsWaterAirWhatarethecontentsofsoil?KindsofmineralmatterSandLargeparticleAssistsindrainagebutmaynotholdenoughmoistureforplantsSilt(泥沙)Medium-sizedparticlePreferredmineralcomponentinmostsituationsClay(粘土)SmallestparticleHoldswaterandkeepssoilmoistMaybetooslowtodryandmaybetoocompactKindsofmineralmatterSandWhatisthestructureofsoil?SoiltextureCoarsenessorfinenessofsoilparticlesAffectmanypropertiesofthesoilanditsusefulnessMedium-texturedsoilismostpreferredSoilstructurePhysicalarrangementofsoilparticlesContributestoaerationorthemovementofairintothesoilWhatisthestructureofsoil?SoilprofileVerticalcross-sectionofthesoilataparticularlocationMakesvisiblethedifferentlayersofsoilreferredtoashorizonsOhorizon-Organicmatter:Litterlayerofplantresiduesinrelativelyundecomposedform,2”.Ahorizon-topsoil;humus,roots,organisms,10”Bhorizon-subsoil;fineparticles,leachedmaterials,someroots,30”Chorizon-parentmaterial;weatheredbedrockandsomeleachedmaterials,48”Rhorizon-bedrock;underlyingsolidrockSoilprofileOhorizon-OrganicWhatarethenutrientsneededforplantgrowth?MacronutrientsMicronutrientsWhatarethenutrientsneededMacronutrientsPrimary-nutrientsneededinlargeamountsN-nitrogenP-phosphorusK-PotassiumSecondary-nutrientsneededinsmallamountsCa-calciumMg-MagnesiumS-sulfurMacronutrientsPrimary-nutrienMicronutrientsNutrientsneededinverysmallamountsB-boronCu-copperCl-chlorineFe-ironMn-ManganeseMo-MolybdenumZn-ZincMicronutrientsNutrientsneededSoiltestUsedtodeterminewhichnutrientsarepresentinthesoilandtowhatdegreeImportanttodeterminetheavailabilityofnutrientsShowsyouwhatnutrientsaredeficientandthekindsandamountsoffertilizerneededtoreplenishthenutrientsSoiltestUsedtodeterminewhiPrimaryNutrientsNitrogenDeterminesgreennesscoloranddensityinplantNeededforchlorophyll,whichisneededforphotosynthesisImprovesplant’sabilitytoresistdiseaseandtolerateeffectsofheat,cold,anddroughtDeficiencysymptom:yellowingofleavescalledchlorosisPrimaryNutrientsNitrogenPhosphorusHelpsplantsholdandtransferenergyformetabolismAffectscelldivision,rootdevelopment,andfloweringDeficiencysymptom:purplecoloringofleavesorstemsPotassiumActivatesenzymesRegulatesopeningandclosingofstomataRegulateswateruptakebyrootcellsDeficiencysymptom:brownscorchingandcurlingofleaftipsaswellaschlorosis(yellowing)betweenleafveins;Purplespotsmayalsoappearontheleafundersides.PhosphorusWhatispH?pH-measureofamountofalkalinityoracidityinsoilpHscale1to141isextremelyacidic14isextremelyalkaline7isneutralpHaffectstheavailabilityofnutrientstoplantsWhatispH?pH-measureofamouHowispHmodified?pHcanbeloweredorelevateddependingonpresentconditionsofthesoilandthepHrequirementsoftheplantcropTolowerpH-addsulfurToincreasepH-addlimestoneMostplantsrequireapHof5.5to8.0HowispHmodified?pHcanbelWhatisfertilizationandfertilizer?Fertilizer-anymaterialusedtoprovidenutrientsplantsneedFertilization-culturalpracticeofaddingplantnutrientstothesoilorothergrowingmediaWhatisfertilizationandfertFertilizersCompletefertilizers-thosecontainingallthreeprimarynutrients(N,P,K)Incompletefertilizers-lacksoneormoreprimarynutrientsActiveingredient-totalpercentageofnutrientsbeingappliedInertingredient-carrieroffilleringredientFertilizersCompletefertilizerFertilizerAnalysisThecompositionofactiveingredientsinafertilizerformulationAfertilizerwithananalysisof16-4-8hasananalysisof:16%Nitrogen4%Phosphate8%Potash72%InertmaterialFertilizerAnalysisThecomposiWhatistheassociationbetweensoilsandnutrients?LeachingDownwardpullingofnutrientsthroughthesoilbypercolatingwater(渗滤水)AvailablenitrogenAffectedbypHandamountandformofnitrogenpresentNislostbyleaching,removalofplatmaterial,gaseouslossbyvolatilizationofammonia,anddenitrification(脱硝作用)WhatistheassociationbetweeAvailablephosphorusAffectedbypHandgenerallyimmobileinsoilMaybetiedupininsolubleformsAvailablepotassiumAffectedbypHandisreadilysolubleinwaterLeachinglossescanbehighinsandysoilsAvailablephosphorusHowisfertilizerused?Applyfertilizersothatyoudon’twasteitApplyfertilizerwhentheplantscanbestusethenutrientsApplysmallamountsoffertilizerfrequentlyBecarefulnottooverfertilizeHowisfertilizerused?ApplyfFormsofFertilizerLiquidApplywithasprayerFormsofFertilizerGranularApplywithaspreader园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件FertigationApplicationoffertilizersthroughanirrigationsystem园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件QuestionsWhatarethestructuraldifferencesbetweendicotandmonocotstems?Whatarethedifferencesbetweentaprootandfibrousrootsystems?Wherearethereproductivestructuresofplantsandhowdotheywork?Whatarethetwotypesoffruits?WhatisVernalizationandPhotoperiodism?QuestionsWhatarethestructuQuestionsWhatarethedifferenttypesofgrowingmedia?Whatarethecontentsandstructureofsoil?Whatnutrientsareneededforplantgrowth?WhatispHandhowisitmodified?Whatisfertilizationandfertilizer?Whatistheassociationbetweensoilsandnutrients?QuestionsWhatarethedifferenPlantsandEnvironmentalFactorsLesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactoMAINROOTLATERALORSIDEROOTROOTSYSTEMLEAFSTEMFLOWERFRUITNODENODENODEINTER-NODETERMINALBUDAXILLARYBUDSHOOTSYSTEMMAINROOTLATERALROOTLEAFSTEMFWhatarethestructuraldifferencesbetweendicotandmonocotstems?MonocotsOneseedleafParallelveinsinleafXylemandphloemfoundinbundlesinstemDicotsProducetwoseedleavesBranchedleafveinsystemXylemandphloemcellslocatedinseparateareasofthestemWhatarethestructuraldifferWhatarethefunctionsofroots?WhitishortanincolorMakeupone-halformoreoftheentireplantbodyAbsorbwaterandnutrientsfromthesoilthentransportthemabovegroundServetoanchorandsupportthetopportiononplantCanstorecarbohydratestobeusedlaterforenergybyplantWhatarethefunctionsofrootWhatarethepartsofarootsystem?Primaryroot-firststructuretoemergefromgerminatingseedSecondaryroot-arisesfromtheprimaryrootDon’ttransplantseedlingsorcuttingsuntilaftersecondaryrootformsRoothairs-singlecellrootslocatedafewmmbackfromroottip,absorbwaterRootcap-massofcellsthatprotectsroottipsfromcoarsesoilWhatarethepartsofarootsWhatarethedifferencesbetweentaprootandfibrousrootsystems?TaprootOnelargeprimaryrootthatgrowsdown+smallsecondaryrootsFibrousrootRootdevelopsintoanumberofsmallprimaryandsecondaryrootsGrowshallownearthesoillineSubjectedtodroughtandmineraldeficienciesMostlandscapeplantsWhatarethedifferencesbetweWhataremodifiedroots?Adventitiousroots(不定根)BegingrowingfromstemorleafGrowfromcuttingsafterbeingplacedingrowingmediumWhataremodifiedroots?AdventAerialRootsPlantattachesitselftotreebranchortelephonewireRootshangdowninmid-airandabsorbwaterfromrainfallBanyantree（印度榕树）

Schefflerabonsai（鹅掌藤）Examples:WildPine;SomeOrchidsPROPROOTSe.g.CornAerialRootsPlantattachesitSTILT（支柱）ROOTSe.g.Mangrove红树Aeratingroot

（呼吸根，通气根）STILT（支柱）Aeratingroot

（呼吸根，通气FlowerFlowerWherearethereproductivestructuresofplantsandhowdotheywork?Sepals-greenleaf-likestructuresunderthepetalsPetals-brightlycoloredstructuresonflowerusedtoattractpollinatorsStamens-malereproductivepartscontainingfilamentandanthersurroundingfemalepartsFilament-stalkthatsupportsantherAnther-producespollenormalesexcellsPistils-femalereproductivepartscontainingstigma,style,andovaryStigma-stickysurfaceforcapturingpollenattopofstylesStyle-tube-likestructurethatconnectsstigmaandovaryOvary-containsovulesoreggsWherearethereproductivestrThestructureofflowersThestructureofflowersPollengrainsPollengrainsHowdowegetseeds?Pollination-occurswhenpollengrainsaretransferredfromanthertostigmaBybirds,insects,bats,animals,windSelfpollination-pollenpollinatesfloweronsameplantCrosspollination-pollenfromflowersononeplanttransfertoflowersondifferentplantHybrid-offspringfromcross-pollinatingtwodifferentvarietiesofaspeciesFertilization-onespermnucleusfuseswitheggcellnucleusHowdowegetseeds?PollinatioDoublefertilizationDoublefertilizationAngiospermLifecycle

–fromseed

toseedAngiospermLifecycle

–fromWhatarethetypesofflowers?Completeflower-hasallfourmajorparts(sepals,petals,stamens,pistils)ex.Apple,lily,peaIncompleteflowers-lackoneormoremajorpartsPerfectflowers-havebothstamensandpistilsImperfectflowers-lackseitherstamenorpistils,ex.Corn,squashRue-anemoneflowerslackpetals,butthesepalsarepetal-like.Thalictrumthalictroides

Whatarethetypesofflowers?Whatarethetwotypesoffruit?Fruit-seed-bearingorganFleshyfruit-composedofasoftandfleshymaterialwithseedorseedsenclosedEx.Blueberry,peach,tomato,watermelonDryfruit-consistsofseedenclosedinafruitwallthatishardandbrittlewhenmatureEx.Pea,oak,elmacornWhatarethetwotypesoffruiWhatarethepartsofaseed?Seeds-mature,fertilizedeggscontainedinthefruitSeedembryo-root,stem,&oneortwoseedleavescalledcotyledonsMonocots-onecotyledonDicots-twocotyledonEndosperm-containsstoredfoodforseedSeedcoat-tissuesurroundingembryoandendospermtoprotectseedfrommoistureloss,injuryDiagramoftheinternalstructureofadicotseedandembryo:seedcoat,endosperm,cotyledon,hypocotylTheinsideofaGinkgoseedWhatarethepartsofaseed?SHowdowegofromseedtoplant?Germination-seedembryogoesfromdormantstatetoactivegrowingstateSeedabsorbswaterandswellsPrimaryrootdevelopsandemergesStemorshootemergesHowdowegofromseedtoplanPlantGrowthEnvironmentPlantGrowthEnvironmentClimate&plantgrowthClimate–averageweatherofanareaAir,Moisture,Temperature,LightClimate&plantgrowthClimateRegionalclimatevs.microclimateRegionalclimatevs.microclimAirHumidityWindAirpollutionElevation(temperature)AirHumidityAirandelevationAirandelevationMoistureandplantgrowthAmountDistributionpatternsAccess(location)BodiesofwaterandclimateMoisturestressDeficiency,excessMoistureandplantgrowthAmounGrowthresponsestotemperatureVernalizationPeriodoflowtemperatureinducesflowering(e.g.“forcing”bulbs)ThermoperiodismSugar/starchcontentvarieswithtemperature(coolertempspromotestarchconversiontosugars);someplantsgrowbetterifnighttemperaturesarecoolerthandaytemperaturesGrowthresponsestotemperaturTemperatureandgerminationStratificationPeriodofcoldrequiredtoinducegerminationRequiredbymanytypesofperennials,woodyspeciesSpecifictemp.andlengthofstratificationvariesbyspeciesTemperatureandgerminationStrTemperaturestressLowtemperaturestressChillingFreezingPrematureboltingColdwaterstressTemperaturestressLowtemperatPreventinglowtemp.stressTimingofplantingZoneratingofspeciesProtectivemeasuresCoversMoundingmulch,soilHardening(coldframe)Preventinglowtemp.stressTimHeatstressSunscaldPlantrelocationHeatstressSunscaldLightIntensityQualityDaylengthLightIntensity园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件PhotoperiodismGrowthresponsestodaylengthFlowering,germination,dormancyMediatedbypigmentmoleculephytochromePhotoperiodismGrowthresponsesPhytochromeandfloweringPhytochromeandfloweringManipulationofphotoperiodPoinsettiaindustryChrysanthemumsWhywon’tmyChristmascactusbloom?ManipulationofphotoperiodPoiPhotoperiodichouseplantsCommonnameGardeniaStrawberrybegoniaSpiderplantBotanicalnamePhotoperiodicclassificationRemarksPhotoperiodichouseplantsCommoPhytochromeandstemgrowthEtiolationoccursinlowlightordark…why?PhytochromeandstemgrowthEtiBioticenvironmentalfactorsInsectsMicroorganismsBioticenvironmentalfactorsInMedia,Nutrients,andFertilizersMedia,Nutrients,andFertilizWhyisgrowingmediaimportant?Growingmedium-materialwhereplantsgrowMediaProvidesnutrientsbyabsorptionthroughrootsAnchorsplantsContainsporespaceswhichprovideoxygenforrootsProvidesfavorableenvironmentformicroorganismsWhyisgrowingmediaimportantWhatarethedifferenttypesofgrowingmedia?SoilThinlayerofearth’scurstthatprovidesforgrowthofplantsSoillessmediumContainsnotopsoilUsuallymadeof:WhatarethedifferenttypesoVermiculiteHeattreatedmicaHoldsmoistureVermiculitePerliteVolcanicmaterialProvidesdrainageandaerationPerliteSterilizedorganiccompoundsLoosenthemediumCreatelargerairspacesbetweentheparticlesInclude:园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件PeatMossPeatMossSphagnumMossSphagnumMossLeafMoldLeafMoldBarkBarkHydroponics-growingplantsinanutrientsolutionconsistingofwateranddissolvednutrientsaltsAdvantagesCompletecontrolofnutrientsolutionGreateryieldperunitareathroughcloserspacingofplantsLessspreadingofrootsReducedneedforcontrolofweeds,disease,andinsectsduetoabsenceofsoil园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件园艺专业英语：Lesson3PlantsandEnvironmentalFactors课件HydroponicsystemsareclassifiedaccordingtosubstratesystemsSubstratesystemsSandculture-plantsgrowninsterilizedsandwithindividualdripirrigationGravelculture-involvesirrigatingplantsgrowningravelformechanicalsupportBagculture-usesplasticbagsthatarefilledwithsubstrate,suchasrockwool,peat-lite,andsawdust.DripirrigationusedtosupplynutrientsolutionHydroponicsystemsareclassifBarerootsystems:AeroponicsystemInvolvesplantrootssuspendedinairwithafinemistofoxygen-richnutrientsolutionsprayedonthemaregularintervalsContinuousflowsystemInvolvesusingshallowpoolswithpanelscontainingplantsfloatingonthesurfaceNutrientfilmtechnique(NFT)Involvesusingarecirculating,shallowstreamofnutrientsolutionthatmovesthroughchannelsinwhichtheplantsgrow.TherootsareusuallycoveredwithaplasticsheetBarerootsystems:Whatarethecontentsofsoil?MineralmatterFormedfrominorganicsources,suchasrocksandmineralsOrganicmatterDecayedorpartiallydecayedplantandanimalmatter;highinnutrientsWaterAirWhatarethecontentsofsoil?KindsofmineralmatterSandLargeparticleAssistsindrainagebutmaynotholdenoughmoistureforplantsSilt(泥沙)Medium-sizedparticlePreferredmineralcomponentinmostsituationsClay(粘土)SmallestparticleHoldswaterandkeepssoilmoistMaybetooslowtodryandmaybetoocompactKindsofmineralmatterSandWhatisthestructureofsoil?SoiltextureCoarsenessorfinenessofsoilparticlesAffectmanypropertiesofthesoilanditsusefulnessMedium-texturedsoilismostpreferredSoilstructurePhysicalarrangementofsoilparticlesContributestoaerationorthemovementofairintothesoilWhatisthestructureofsoil?SoilprofileVerticalcross-sectionofthesoilataparticularlocationMakesvisiblethedifferentlayersofsoilreferredtoashorizonsOhorizon-Organicmatter:Litterlayerofplantresiduesinrelativelyundecomposedform,2”.Ahorizon-topsoil;humus,roots,organisms,10”Bhorizon-subsoil;fineparticles,leachedmaterials,someroots,30”Chorizon-parentmaterial;weatheredbedrockandsomeleachedmaterials,48”Rhorizon-bedrock;underlyingsolidrockSoilprofileOhorizon-OrganicWhatarethenutrientsneededforplantgrowth?MacronutrientsMicronutrientsWhatarethenutrientsneededMacronutrientsPrimary-nutrientsneededinlargeamountsN-nitrogenP-phosphorusK-PotassiumSecondary-nutrientsneededinsmallamountsCa-calciumMg-MagnesiumS-sulfurMacronutrientsPrimary-nutrienMicronutrientsNutrientsneededinverysmallamountsB-boronCu-copperCl-chlorineFe-ironMn-ManganeseMo-MolybdenumZn-ZincMicronutrientsNutrientsneededSoiltestUsedtodeterminewhichnutrientsarepresentinthesoilandtowhatdegreeImportanttodeterminetheavailabilityofnutrientsShowsyouwhatnutrientsaredeficientandthekindsandamountsoffertilizerneededtoreplenishthenutrientsSoiltestUsedtodeterminewhiPrimaryNutri