Unit1 Section B Grammar and usage 课件-高中英语牛津译林版(2020)选择性必修第二册

SectionB

GrammarandusageVocabulary

11.foundbefoundedon...建立在……基础上foundationn.地基；基础，根据laya(firm/solid)foundationfor...为……打下（坚实的）基础foundern.创办者，发起人练习：Agoodrelationshipshould___________ontrust.Besides,moneyshouldn'tbethe__________offriendship.(found)befoundedfoundation2.accuseaccusesb.of(doing)sth.=chargesb.with(doing)sth.指责/控告某人（做了）某事表示“指责”的其他短语：blamesb.for(doing)sth.责怪/指责某人（做了）某事练习：Thedepartmentmanagerwasfiredafterbeingaccused______takingthecompanypropertyforhimself.of3.mountmountup（尺寸和数量上）增加，上升练习：Ifthesecostskeepmounting_______,Idon'tknowhowwe'llbeabletokeepthebusinessrunning.upLeadingin2Finishthetable....bythenhehadlearnedverylittleEnglish....bytheageof25,hehadbecomeapublisher.Heusedthesamebusinessstrategyhehademployed...Thinking1.WhenandwherewasJosephPulitzerborn?2.WhendidJosephPulitzerfoundthenewspapertheStLouisPost-Dispatch?3.In1892,whatdid

heofferColumbiaUniversitymoneytostart?4.WhenwerethefirstPulitzerPrizesawarded?JosephPulitzerwasbornonApril10,1847,inHungary.In1878.HeofferedColumbiaUniversitymoneytostartaschoolofjournalism.SixyearsafterJosephPulitzer'sdeath.Grammar3过去完成时的构成及用法1.构成：had+过去分词2.用法：（1）表示在过去某一时刻或某个动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。表示的时间是“过去的过去”，这个过去的时刻常用由until，before，by，when等引导的短语或时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。ThestudentcompletedthisexperimenttomakecometruewhatProfessorJosephhadsaid.为了使约瑟夫教授所说的成为现实，这个学生完成了这个实验。Bytheendofthedaywehadsoldover2,000tickets.一天下来我们卖出了2000多张票。Shehadlearntabout500Englishwordsbeforeshewenttojuniormiddleschool.在上初中之前，她已经学了大约500个英语单词。（2）表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或存在的状态一直持续到这一过去时刻，并可能继续下去，常同由for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor30minuteswhenabusfinallycame.我在公交车站等了30分钟，公交车终于来了。Shesaidshehadmadegreatprogresssinceshecamehere.她说自从来到这儿，她已经取得了很大的进步。（3）want，hope，mean，plan，intend等动词的过去完成时可以用来表示过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图，意为“本来……”。Ihadhopedtobebacklastnight,butIdidn'tcatchthetrain.我本希望昨晚回来的，但我没赶上火车。Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldn'tgetthereintime.他们本来想要去帮忙，但未能及时赶到那里。（4）常用过去完成时的固定句型：①在"hardly...when.."或"nosooner...than...”句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。Ihadnosoonerarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.(=NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitbegantorain.)我刚到家就开始下雨了。注意：hardly或nosooner位于句首时，句子要用部分倒装语序。Hardlyhadwesatdownwhenthephonerang.=Wehadhardlysatdownwhenthephonerang.我们刚坐下电话就响了。②在"Itwasthefirst/second/...time(that)..."句型中，从句用过去完成时。Itwasthefirsttime(that)IhadchattedonlineinEnglish.那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。过去完成时与一般过去时的用法比较虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：Theyhadarrivedatthestationbyteno'clockyesterday.他们昨天十点之前就已经到达车站了。Theyarrivedatthestationatteno'clockyesterday.他们昨天十点到达了车站。2.在没有明确的时间状语时，先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作则用一般过去时。InsteadofgettingdowntoanewtaskasIhadexpected,heexaminedthepreviousworkagain.他没有像我所期望的那样着手做新工作，而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。注意：如果before引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。after引导的时间状语从句可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。John(had)leftbeforeIcamehome.我回家之前约翰就离开了。Janewentouttotheparkaftershe(had)readthepaper.简读完报纸就外出去公园了。练习1.Onemorningshetoldherchildrenaboutafamilyshe_________(visit)thedaybefore.2.Bytheendof2020,Pruitt___________(repair)morethan140fordonationortobereturnedtotheirowners.3.Whenwalkingdownthestreet,IcameacrossDavid,whomI_______foryears.A.didn'tseeB.haven'tseenC.hadn'tseenD.wouldn'tsee4.I__________(hope)tosendPeteragifttocongratulatehimonhismarriage,butIcouldn'tmanageit.5.Thetwins,who____________(finish)theirhomework,wereallowedtoplaybadmintonontheplayground.hadvisitedhadrepairedChadhopedhadfinishedAfter-classtask4FinishB11.PulitzerknewthathehadlearnedverylittleEnglish,sohehadstartedtoworkhardatthelanguage.2.Pulitzerwasveryhard-working.Quiteoften,whenhearrivedhomeatmidnight,hewasworkingforover10hours.3.Forthetimehewas25,Pulitzerhadbecomeajournalistandpublisher.4.Manyofthebestreportershaveworkedforhispaperbeforeitsfailurein1931.删除he后的hadwasworking→hadworkedFor→Byhaveworked→hadworkedFinishB2wonwerebuilthadbeenawardedhasbeenallowedintended1.HowmanyawardsdidPulitzerwantwhenheleftmoneyinhis1904will?2.HowmanytimeshadO'NeillwonthePulitzerPrizeinDramabefore1957?3.WhatnewcategorieshavebeenincludedinthePulitzerPrizes?Pulitzerwanted9awards,including4injournalism,4inlettersanddramaand1foreducation.Before1957,O'NeillhadwonthePulitzerPrizeinDramathreetimes.ThePulitzerPrizeshaveallowedonlinecontentfromnewspaperwebsitesinallofthejournalismcategoriesandhavealsoexpandedtoincludecategoriessuchasphotographyandmusic.FinishB3ZouTaofenwasafamousChinesejournalistandpublisher.Hewasbornin1895,inFujian.Hegraduatedfromuniversityattheageoftwenty-six,in1921.Thenextyear,hebecameaneditor.Bythetimehewas31,ZouTaofenhadbecomethechi