2021考研英语一真题及答案解析

2021考研英语一真题及答案解析SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fornumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.points)Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems. (1)inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodofandthen (2)startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But (3)agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe (4)ofbodyaroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe (5)thatlifestylemighthelppreventor (6)thistypeofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat (7)measurementsleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand (8)thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople(9)highermeasuresofabdominalfat(10)worseonmeasuresoffluidastheyears(11).Forwomen,theassociationmaybe (12)tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,immunesystemdidnotappeartobe (13)Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould (14)thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent (15)formenandwomen. (16)therearestepsyoucan (17)tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageintoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental (18).Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour (19)ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingMediterranean-style (20)thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.【题干】1. 【选项】A.pauseB.returC.peakD.fade【答案】C【题干】2. 【选项】A.alternativelyB.formallyC.accidentallyD.generally【答案】D【题干】3. 【选项】A.whileB.sinceC.onceD.until【答案】A4.【题干】4. 【选项】A.detectioB.accumulatioC.consumptioD.separatio【答案】B【题干】5. 【选项】A.possibilityB.decisioC.goalD.requirement【答案】A【题干】6. 【选项】A.delayB.ensureC.seekD.utilize【答案】A7.【题干】7. 【选项】A.modifyB.supportedC.includedD.predicted【答案】C【题干】8. 【选项】A.devotedB.comparedC.convertedD.applied【答案】B【题干】9. 【选项】A.withB.aboveC.byD.against【答案】A【题干】10. 【选项】A.aboveB.managedC.scoredD.played【答案】C【题干】11. 【选项】A.ranoutsetoffdrewiwentby【答案】D【题干】12. 【选项】A.superiorB.attributableC.parallelD.resistant【答案】B【题干】13. 【选项】A.restoredB.isolatedC.involvedD.controlled【答案】C【题干】14. 【选项】A.alterB.spreadC.removeD.explai【答案】D【题干】15. 【选项】A.compensatioB.symptomC.demandD.treatments【答案】D【题干】16. 【选项】A.LikewiseB.MeanwhileC.ThereforeD.Instead【答案】B【题干】17. 【选项】A.changeB.watchC.countD.take【答案】D【题干】18. 【选项】A.well-beingB.proceC.formatioD.coordinatio【答案】A【题干】19. 【选项】A.levelB.loveC.knowledgeD.space【答案】A【题干】20. 【选项】A.desigB.routineC.dietD.prescriptio【答案】CPartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Staycalm.Stayhumble.DecidewhethertowaitBerealisticabouttherisks.Don'tmakejudgements.Identifyasharedgoal.Askpermissiontodisagree.HowtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyouYourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'tYourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimelineyoubelieveisunrealistic.Whatdoyouseewhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit'sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyouHere'showtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.41.Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven'tfinishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagree,too,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthinking一allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It'salsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.42.Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout一itmaybethecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime.You'remorelikelytobeifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoahigherpurpose.itovertly,contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeablesubordinatebutasacolleaguetryingtoadvanceacommonobjective.Thediscussionwillbecomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.43.Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit'sasmarttogivethepowerfulpersonpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcanseesomethinglike,“Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirstquartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkwon'twork.I'dliketolayoutmyreasoning-WouldthatbeOK?"Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowinghimtoverballyin.And,assuminghesaysyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.44.Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremainnaturalinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.Itsendsamixedmessage,andyourcounterpartgelstochoosewhatsignalstoread.Deepbreathscanhelp,acanspeakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpstheotherpersoncooldownanddoesthesameforyou.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,evenifyouaren't.Emphasizethatyou'reonlyofferingyouropinion,notgospeltruth.Itmaybeawell-informed,well-researchedopinion,butit'sstillanopinion,sotalktentativelyandslightlyunderstateyourconfidence.Insteadofsaying,“Ifsetanendofquarterdeadline,wewillnevermakeit"say,"Thisisjustmyopinion,butIdon'tseehowwewillmakethatdeadline."Havingassertedyouropinion(asaposition,notafact),demonstrateequalcuriosityaboutotherviews.thepersonthatthisisyourpointofview,andtheninvitecritique.Beopentohearingotheropinions.参考答案：43.[C]Decidewhethertowait42.[F]Identifyasharedgoal43.[G]Askpermissiontodisagree44.[A]Staycalm45.[B]StayhumblePartC46.Directions:TranslatethefollowingtextfromEnglishintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSIWERSHIEET.(15points)Wetendtothinkthatfriendsandfamilymembersarebiggestsourcesofconnection,laughter,andwarmth.Whilemaywellbetrue,researchershavealsorecentlyfoundthatinteractingwithstrangersactuallybringsaboostinmoodandfeelingsofbelongingthatwedidn'texpect.Inoneseriesofstudies,researchersinstructedChicago-areacommutersusingpublictransportationtostrikeupaconversationwithsomeonenearthem.Onaverage,whofollowedthisinstructionfeltbetterthanthosewhobeentoldtostandorsitinsilence.Theresearchersalsoarguedthatwhenweshyawayfromcasualinteractionswithstrangers,itisoftenduetoamisplacedanxietythattheymightnotwanttotalktous.Muchofthetime,however,thisbeliefisfalse.Asittumsout,manypeopleareactuallyperfectlywillingtotalkandmayevenbeflatteredtoreceiveyourattention.参考译文：我们倾向于认为朋友和家人是我们关系、欢乐和温暖的最大来源。尽管这一说法很大程度上是对的，但是研究者们最近也发现，与陌生人交流实际上也会带来我们意料之外的情绪高涨和归属感。勤者开始一段和周围人的交流。一般来讲，得到通知的参加者们比但是，很多时候，这种观念是错误的。正如结果证实，很多人实际上非常愿意去开始一段谈话，甚至可能很开心得到你的注意。考题文章总词数150词，共2段，7如2020年“失败”这篇文章。考题贴近生活，总体难度较低，考生可从容应对，下面进行解析。难句剖析1.【原文】Whilethatmaywellbetrue,researchershavealsorecentlyfoundthatinteractingwithstrangersactuallybringsaboostinmoodandfeelingsofbelongingthatwedidn't【分析】本句话为首段的较难句，while干当中宾语为从句，thataboostinmoodwhileand的时候要注意that2.【原文】Inoneseriesofstudies,researchersinstructedChicago-areacommutersusingpublictransportationtostrikeupaconversationwithsomeonenearthem.【分析】本句话主干为researchersinstructedcommuterstostrikeupaconversation...。其中，usingpublictransportation做commuters的后置定语，strikeup指“开始；结交”。【译文】在一系列的研究中，研究者们通知芝加哥地区乘用公共交通的通勤者开始一段和周围人的交流。3.【原文】Onaverage,participantswhofollowedthisinstructionfeltbetterthanthosewhohadbeentoldtostandorsitinsilence.“participantsfeltbetterthan主语和than后面的宾语都由定语从句修饰。翻译时顺序进行即可。【译文】一般来讲，得到通知的参加者们比要求安静站着或坐着的人们感觉更好。4.【原文】Theresearchersalsoarguedthatwhenweshyawayfromcasualinteractionswithstrangers,itisoftenduetoamisplacedanxietytheymightnotwanttotalkto【分析】句子主干为“Theresearchersalsoargued宾语从句当中又包含一个时间状语从句。本句考点之一在于从句处理，宾语从句顺序翻译，状语从句提前翻译。【译文】同时，研究者们也认为我们羞于和陌生人随意交流时，经常是因为一种错位的恐慌，即他们可能并不像和我们聊天。5.【原文】Asitturnsout,manypeopleareactuallyperfectlywillingtotalk—andmayevenbeflatteredtoreceiveyour【分析】本句由主句和as定语从句构成，as译为“正如”。本句考点之一在于flattered，flatter本意是“奉承、谄媚”，flattered直接作为形容词，有“受宠若惊的、感到荣幸的”的含义。甚至可能很开心得到你的注意SectionIIIWritingPartA47.Directions：Writeanemailtoallinternationalexpertsoncampusinvitingthemtoattendthegraduationceremony.Inyouryoushouldincludetime,placeandotherrelevantinformationabouttheceremony.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyontheANSEWERSHEETDonotuseyourownnameattheendoftheemail.UseMing”instead.(10points)Supposeyouareorganizinganonlinemeeting,writeantoJack,aninternationalstudentto1.invitehimtoparticipate2.Tellhimaboutthedetail解析：封邀请信。对于邀请信，考生应该在审题的时候弄清楚写信对象是Jack。邀请书信的第一段可以写两句话：第一句写出即将召开段最重要的。4于这次会议的具体内容，这部分具体内容没有硬性要求，可以自己编写,比如会议的主题、会议的议程和会议的参加者等等。参考范文：DearJack,Onbehalfofthecouncilofthemeeting,Iamhonorableinformyouthereisgoingtoanonlinemeetingnextweek.Iwritingtoaskifyouareavailabletoparticipateinthismeetingat10:00onnextSunday.Somedetailedinformationconcerningthismeetingcanbelistedasbelow.Thesubjectofthemeeting,initially,isregardinghowtoimprovestudents’studyefficiency.Tocontinue,themeetingwilllastapproximately2hours,includingparticipants’speeches,discussionandoursummary.Moreimportantly,themeetingwillbeheldviatheInternet,soitisnecessaryforallthetoprepareforaP.C.oramobilephone.Isincerelyhopethatyoucouldgivemehonortoattendmeeting.Yourpromptattentiontomyemailwouldbehighlyappreciated.Iamlookingforwardtoyourresponse.Yourstruly,LiPartB48.Directions：Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting.youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)解析：34-5以不写。第二句写分析原因之前的过渡句，这句必须写。第三句分析原因，原因不容易写，可以从体育运动的好处来写。第四句仍然分析原因，可以从人们为什么喜欢不同方式锻炼的角度来分析。2-3第三句写呼吁或者建议。参考范文：Asisapparentlyreflectedinthecolumnabove,weareinformedasurveyintermsofvariousapproachesinwhichresidentstakesportsexerciseinacertaincity.Tobemorespecific,thosetakingexercisebythemselvesorwithfriendstakeashare,accountingforover90%.Bycontrast,thosewhochoosetobeengagedinphysicalsportswithfamilymembersorparticipateingroupactivitiesoccupyaminorproportion,makingup23.9%and13.8%respectively.Itisnotadifficultjobtofindoutthereasonsthisphenomenon.Thereisnodenyingthat,tobeginwith,alongwithagrowingamountofpressure,peopleincreasinglyrecognizethesignificanceofsports,asaresultofwhich,itisnosurprisetoseeasportswaveinoursociety.Simultaneously,itisthedifferentiationofindividualsgivesrisetovariouspreferencesandinclinationtowardssportsapproaches,totheextentthatsomeonewouldliketophysicalexercisealone,othersarewillingtodosportsfriendsorfamily.Basedonwhathasbeenanalyzedabove,aconclusioncanbedrawnsafelythattakingphysicalexercisewillundoubtedlygoodforpeople’shealthnomatterwhomyoudoitwithtogether.Asaproverbgoes,“Gooutsideandkeepmoving,youwillmuchhealthier.”Consideringthediscussionabove,itispredictedthattherewillbemoreresidentsparticipatinginsportsactivitiesintheforthcomingyearSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartBThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromtheA-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWER(10points)Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialistypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofbutinwhatwaysisAIchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon’tinvolvedoom-and-massunemploymentpredictions?ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesTataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyAlmoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommonapplication?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirmspreventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticeCompaniesareusingartificialintelligencetoremoveoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions."Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,"saysDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestforUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscience (41)Onecompanythat’sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretherebebiasinthehiringprocess.MoreeffectivemarketingSomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingsubjectlinestoincreaseopenrates.OnecompanyinthePhrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyup10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)Thereare“toolsthatpeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,”saysPatrickWinston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybillssavingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompaniesmeanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk."Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,"saysDomingos, (43)ImprovedaccuracyMachinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,"saysWinston."helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions."(44)ProtectingandmaintaininginfrastructureAnumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimageprocessingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen."Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,veryexpensive,"saysDomingos. (45)Ireplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'reresearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn'thavetimeOneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionandpointtowhereit'susefulforemployeestogoto.Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargetoolittleandthenitwouldcost[thecompany]money.We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumansbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.【答案】41.F 42.B 43.G 44.C 45.ESectionIIITranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldwrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)WorldwarwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationmodernWesternsocieties(46)Thosesocietiescameoutofthewithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforetheButafterthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)AndthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforetheThesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:(48)inmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eightor10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.SecondgrowthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividualAndthirdgrowthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake/Forexample,ahighgrowthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallofsocialization.Whenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,(49)andwhenthenewstaffpredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrompostgraduatestudy,theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty.Andifthepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofacloseapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculturebecomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconsequencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution-thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,andJapan.(50)Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation,theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintoacommunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.Inthe1960sand1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernancearrangements,withempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.【题干】Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat3-5%ofrelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.【答案】战争结束后，一些社会随之出现了。这些社会的入学率在战前的几十年里一直保持在相关年龄段的3%-5%。【解析】comeoutof…由……产生，从……出来;enrollment入学，登记;decades数十年。【题干】Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethe【答案】在那些社会中，人们渴望接受到更高等的教育。这个需求延伸到了战前那些没有想过上大学的群体和社会阶层中。【解析】rose：rise的过去式“上升”;attend上大学。【题干】inmanycountiesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eight10yearsbythemiddleofthe1970s.【答案】在西欧的许多国家，206070【解析】double作动词，“翻倍”。【题干】andwhenthenewstaffpredominantlyyoungandwomenfreshfrompostgraduatestudy,theylargelythenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty.定义了该学院学术生活的规范。predominantly;fresh标准，规范;faculty【题干】Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesforacademicinnovation,theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersandstudentsareadmittedintocommunityofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslowgrowth.学生在稳定或缓慢的成长过程中,被认可为学者这群体的形式和过程。【解析】academicinnovation;weakened少;admitSectionIVWritingPartA(10points)51.【题干】Directions:AforeignfriendofyourshasrecentlygraduatedfromcollegeandintendstofindajobinChina.Writehim/heremailtomakesomesuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheend.Use"LiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.【答案】Dearfriend,HopethisletterfindsyouwellIamgladtohearyouintendtofindajobinChina,soIwouldliketoextendmywarmestwelco