语言学导论 课件2

形态学(morphology)通过分析形位的性质、形位兑现成语素的规律以及语素组合成词的状态来解析词的内部结构。形态学(morphology)1形位(morpheme)形位(morpheme):最小的携带意义的语言单位

-ThefriendspromisedtoinquirecarefullyaboutaschoolmasterforthefairBianca.-compounds:jack-in-the-boxlookingglassgirlfriend-Thefriend-spromis-edtoinquirecare-ful-lyaboutaschool-masterforthefairBianca.形位(morpheme)2

形位的类型

自由形位(freemorpheme)依附形位(boundmorpheme)

Thefriend-spromis-edtoinquirecare-ful-lyaboutaschool-masterforthefairBianca.

形位的类型

3形位的类型内容形位（contentmorpheme，lexicalmorpheme)

promise,friend,fair,Biancaschool-master功能形位（functionmorpheme，grmmaticalmorpheme）

-s,-ed,-lya,an,the,this,thatto,about,for形位的类型内容形位（contentmorpheme，lex4依附形位的类型

--派生形位(derivationalmorpheme)

(countable,reproduce)--屈折形位(inflectionalmorpheme)(promised,friends)依附形位的类型

--派生形位(derivational5英语的屈折形位

-s thirdpersonsingularpresent-ed pasttense-ing progressive-en pastparticiple-s plural-’s possessive-er comparative-est superlative英语的屈折形位

-s thirdpersonsingu6英语形位分类图

形位自由形位(boy)依附形位(-ish)

屈折形位派生形位

(-ed)(-ness)英语形位分类图7形位和语素形位(morpheme)是抽象的语言单位，在语言使用过程中，可分别兑现成音素实体(phoneticsubstance)和文字实体(orthographicsubstance)，形成可感知的语素(morph)。形位和语素形位(morpheme)是抽象的语言单位，在语言使8形位和语素{-s},{复数}booksbedsbushes语音层面：{-s}→[s],[z],[iz]

拼写层面：

{-s}→-s,-es

形位和语素{-s},{复数}9形位的界定同一分布位置意义一致多次出现

-ness:sadness,happiness,rudeness

-re

centre,cadre,reconnoitre

形位的界定同一分布位置10构词的层级结构构词的层级结构11派生词构词的层级结构同一派生形位往往依附在特定词性的词根上。adjustable,breakable,comparable,debatable

(*preexist,predawn,prehistoric)派生词构词的层级结构12

歧义unlockableunlock+ableun+lockable歧义13Root（词根）

basicwordformsthatcanstandalone-cannotbeanalyzedintosmallerparts

antidisestablishmentarianismStem（词干）teachers

Root（词根）14词缀（affix)Affix:Thegeneraltermformorphemesattachedtoaword.四种词缀

Prefix(前缀） Infix（中缀） Suffix（后缀） Circumfix（环缀）词缀（affix)Affix:Thegeneralt15前缀

English:in+,dis+,un+,etc.

in+ability dis+ability un+able

in+consistent dis+member

un+tangle

in+sufficient dis+place un+happyZapotec:ka+

zigi

"chin" ka+zigi "chins"

zike"shoulder” ka+zige "shoulders"diaga

"ear" ka+diaga "ears"前缀

English:in+,dis+,un+,et16中缀

Tagalog:+um+bili b+um+ili"buy“ "tobuy"sulat s+um+ulat"write" "towrite"kuha k+um+uha "take” "totake”中缀

17后缀

English:+ment,+ly,+stance

judg+ment establish+ment

abandon+ment

brief+ly happi+ly angri+lyhappen+stancecircum+stance

后缀

English:+ment,+ly,+stanc18环缀Chickasaw:ik+…+ochokma ik+chokm+o

"heisgood” "heisn'tgood"lakna ik+lakn+o"itisyellow” "itisn'tyellow"palli ik+pall+o

"itishot” "itisn'thot”tiwwi ik+tiww+o

"heopens(it)”

"hedoesn'topen(it)"环缀Chickasaw:ik+…+o19其他的构词方法Eponymy（因人名、地名等得名的词）:sandwich,jumboBlending（缩合词）:smog=smoke+fogCompounding（复合词）:girlfriend,paperclip

比较：bláckbirdbláckbírdmákeupmákeúp其他的构词方法20其他的构词方法Acronym（首字母缩拼词）:UNESCO=UnitedNationalEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationBack-formation（逆构词）:enthusiasm-->enthuseAbbreviation（缩写词）:

doctor-->Dr.其他的构词方法Acronym（首字母缩拼词）:UNESC21语言的词素类型Analytic（分析性）:allfreemorphemes,i.e.noaffixes(Mandarin)Synthetic（综合性）:combinationoffreeandboundmorphemesAgglutinating（粘着语）:affixesattachtobasebutarestillvisable,eachcarriesonemeaningFusional（溶合语）:affixesfusewithbaseinpronunciationsothattheindividualmorphemesarehardtospotPolysynthetic（多式综合语):severalstemswiththeiraffixescancombinewithotherstemsandaffixes语言的词素类型Analytic（分析性）:allfree22

句法学(Syntax)语言学导论课件223句法学研究的范围句法学：研究组词造句的规则或规律。形态学(词)句法学(句子)篇章分析(篇章)句法学研究的范围24语序类型SOVSVOVSO

VOSOVS语序类型SOV25递归BillyeatswormsRuthymade

BillyeatwormsTheteacherlet

Ruthymake

BillyeatwormsIsaw

theteacherlet

Ruthymake

BillyeatwormsTheprincipleknows

Isaw

theteacherlet

Ruthymake

BillyeatwormsThesuperintendentwonderswhether

theprincipleknows

Isaw

theteacherlet

Ruthymake

Billyeatworms递归Billyeatsworms26SNPVerbSNPletSDetNoun

letSthe

teacher

letStheteacher

let

NounVerbStheteacherletRuthy

makeStheteacherletRuthymakeNounVerbNountheteacherletRuthymakeBilly

eat

wormsS27语言学导论课件228语言学导论课件229语言学导论课件230语言学导论课件231语言学导论课件232语言学导论课件233乔姆斯基对句法学的贡献通过有限的规则生成无限的句子。(WilliamHumboldt)递归函数短语结构规则SNP+VPVPV,VPV+NP,VPV+CP,VPV+NP+CPCPS,CPC+S…乔姆斯基对句法学的贡献通过有限的规则生成无限的句子。34树形图能够标志：

句法成分（constituency）

统领关系（dominancerelations）

前后关系（precedencerelations）

姐妹关系（sisterhoodrelations）

统治关系（c-command）树形图能够标志：

句法成分（constituency）35

SNPVPVNPDetN

Shelikesthatdress

S36*HeilovesJohni’smother.Hisi,motherlovesJohni.语言学导论课件237

SNPVP

VNP

DetN

HeilovesJohnj’smotherS38

SNPVP

DetNVNP

HisimotherlovesJohni,jS39Johniloveshimselfi*Johni’smotherloveshimselfi.Johniloveshimselfi40

SNPVPVNP

Johniloveshimselfi

S41S

NPVPDetNVNP

Johni’smotherloveshimselfj.语言学导论课件242结构歧义NPVNPPNP[[the]det[cow]N]Np[attacked]V[[the]det[man]N]Np[with]P[[the]det[gun]N]NP结构歧义NP43NPPPPVP[[attacked]VVNP[[the]det[man]N]Np[[with]P[[the]det[gun]N]Np]PP]VPNPPPPVP[[attacked]VVNP[[the]d44NPPPPVP[[attacked]VVNP[[the]det[man]N[[with]P[[the]det[gun]N]Np]PP]VP]NpNPPPPVP[[attacked]VVNP[[the]d45语迹（trace）Whichhorsedoyouwanttowin?

YouwantTHAThorsetowin?

(horseracing)b) YouwanttowinTHAThorse?(horsetrading)语迹（trace）Whichhorsedoyouwa46

[Q[youdowanttowinwhichhorse]]

Whichhorsedoyouwanttowint

? [Q[youdowanttowinwhic47[Q[youdowantwhichhorsetowin]]

Whichhorsedoyouwant

ttowin?[Q[youdowantwhichhorse48Youwanttogo? Youwannago? “wantto=>wanna”Youwanttogo? 49Whichhorsedoyouwanttowin?

[歧义]Whichhorsedoyouwannawin?[非歧义]*Whichhorsedoyouwannawintherace?Whichhorsedoyouwantt

towintherace?

Whichhorsedoyouwanttowin50花园小径句Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.Themanwhohuntsducksouton

weekends.Thecottonclothingisusuallymadeofgrows

inMississippi.Fatpeopleeataccumulates.花园小径句51花园小径句指那些误导我们先建立起一个最初的句法结构，后来发现不正确而需要重新进行句法分析的句子。花园小径句指那些误导我们先建立起一个最初的句法结构，后来发现52Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.

Thehorse(thatwas)racedpastthebarnfell.Themanwhohuntsducksoutonweekends.

Whatdoesthemanwhohuntsdoonweekends?

Heducksoutonweekends.ThecottonclothingisusuallymadeofgrowsinMississippi.

Wheredotheygrowthecottonthatthatclothingisusuallymadeof?

TheygrowitinMississippi.Fatpeopleeataccumulates.

Thefatthatpeopleeataccumulates.Thehorseracedpastthebarn53形态学(morphology)通过分析形位的性质、形位兑现成语素的规律以及语素组合成词的状态来解析词的内部结构。形态学(morphology)54形位(morpheme)形位(morpheme):最小的携带意义的语言单位

-ThefriendspromisedtoinquirecarefullyaboutaschoolmasterforthefairBianca.-compounds:jack-in-the-boxlookingglassgirlfriend-Thefriend-spromis-edtoinquirecare-ful-lyaboutaschool-masterforthefairBianca.形位(morpheme)55

形位的类型

自由形位(freemorpheme)依附形位(boundmorpheme)

Thefriend-spromis-edtoinquirecare-ful-lyaboutaschool-masterforthefairBianca.

形位的类型

56形位的类型内容形位（contentmorpheme，lexicalmorpheme)

promise,friend,fair,Biancaschool-master功能形位（functionmorpheme，grmmaticalmorpheme）

-s,-ed,-lya,an,the,this,thatto,about,for形位的类型内容形位（contentmorpheme，lex57依附形位的类型

--派生形位(derivationalmorpheme)

(countable,reproduce)--屈折形位(inflectionalmorpheme)(promised,friends)依附形位的类型

--派生形位(derivational58英语的屈折形位

-s thirdpersonsingularpresent-ed pasttense-ing progressive-en pastparticiple-s plural-’s possessive-er comparative-est superlative英语的屈折形位

-s thirdpersonsingu59英语形位分类图

形位自由形位(boy)依附形位(-ish)

屈折形位派生形位

(-ed)(-ness)英语形位分类图60形位和语素形位(morpheme)是抽象的语言单位，在语言使用过程中，可分别兑现成音素实体(phoneticsubstance)和文字实体(orthographicsubstance)，形成可感知的语素(morph)。形位和语素形位(morpheme)是抽象的语言单位，在语言使61形位和语素{-s},{复数}booksbedsbushes语音层面：{-s}→[s],[z],[iz]

拼写层面：

{-s}→-s,-es

形位和语素{-s},{复数}62形位的界定同一分布位置意义一致多次出现

-ness:sadness,happiness,rudeness

-re

centre,cadre,reconnoitre

形位的界定同一分布位置63构词的层级结构构词的层级结构64派生词构词的层级结构同一派生形位往往依附在特定词性的词根上。adjustable,breakable,comparable,debatable

(*preexist,predawn,prehistoric)派生词构词的层级结构65

歧义unlockableunlock+ableun+lockable歧义66Root（词根）

basicwordformsthatcanstandalone-cannotbeanalyzedintosmallerparts

antidisestablishmentarianismStem（词干）teachers

Root（词根）67词缀（affix)Affix:Thegeneraltermformorphemesattachedtoaword.四种词缀

Prefix(前缀） Infix（中缀） Suffix（后缀） Circumfix（环缀）词缀（affix)Affix:Thegeneralt68前缀

English:in+,dis+,un+,etc.

in+ability dis+ability un+able

in+consistent dis+member

un+tangle

in+sufficient dis+place un+happyZapotec:ka+

zigi

"chin" ka+zigi "chins"

zike"shoulder” ka+zige "shoulders"diaga

"ear" ka+diaga "ears"前缀

English:in+,dis+,un+,et69中缀

Tagalog:+um+bili b+um+ili"buy“ "tobuy"sulat s+um+ulat"write" "towrite"kuha k+um+uha "take” "totake”中缀

70后缀

English:+ment,+ly,+stance

judg+ment establish+ment

abandon+ment

brief+ly happi+ly angri+lyhappen+stancecircum+stance

后缀

English:+ment,+ly,+stanc71环缀Chickasaw:ik+…+ochokma ik+chokm+o

"heisgood” "heisn'tgood"lakna ik+lakn+o"itisyellow” "itisn'tyellow"palli ik+pall+o

"itishot” "itisn'thot”tiwwi ik+tiww+o

"heopens(it)”

"hedoesn'topen(it)"环缀Chickasaw:ik+…+o72其他的构词方法Eponymy（因人名、地名等得名的词）:sandwich,jumboBlending（缩合词）:smog=smoke+fogCompounding（复合词）:girlfriend,paperclip

比较：bláckbirdbláckbírdmákeupmákeúp其他的构词方法73其他的构词方法Acronym（首字母缩拼词）:UNESCO=UnitedNationalEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationBack-formation（逆构词）:enthusiasm-->enthuseAbbreviation（缩写词）:

doctor-->Dr.其他的构词方法Acronym（首字母缩拼词）:UNESC74语言的词素类型Analytic（分析性）:allfreemorphemes,i.e.noaffixes(Mandarin)Synthetic（综合性）:combinationoffreeandboundmorphemesAgglutinating（粘着语）:affixesattachtobasebutarestillvisable,eachcarriesonemeaningFusional（溶合语）:affixesfusewithbaseinpronunciationsothattheindividualmorphemesarehardtospotPolysynthetic（多式综合语):severalstemswiththeiraffixescancombinewithotherstemsandaffixes语言的词素类型Analytic（分析性）:allfree75

句法学(Syntax)语言学导论课件276句法学研究的范围句法学：研究组词造句的规则或规律。形态学(词)句法学(句子)篇章分析(篇章)句法学研究的范围77语序类型SOVSVOVSO

VOSOVS语序类型SOV78递归BillyeatswormsRuthymade

BillyeatwormsTheteacherlet

Ruthymake

BillyeatwormsIsaw

theteacherlet

Ruthymake

BillyeatwormsTheprincipleknows

Isaw

theteacherlet

Ruthymake

BillyeatwormsThesuperintendentwonderswhether

theprincipleknows

Isaw

theteacherlet

Ruthymake

Billyeatworms递归Billyeatsworms79SNPVerbSNPletSDetNoun

letSthe

teacher

letStheteacher

let

NounVerbStheteacherletRuthy

makeStheteacherletRuthymakeNounVerbNountheteacherletRuthymakeBilly

eat

wormsS80语言学导论课件281语言学导论课件282语言学导论课件283语言学导论课件284语言学导论课件285语言学导论课件286乔姆斯基对句法学的贡献通过有限的规则生成无限的句子。(WilliamHumboldt)递归函数短语结构规则SNP+VPVPV,VPV+NP,VPV+CP,VPV+NP+CPCPS,CPC+S…乔姆斯基对句法学的贡献通过有限的规则生成无限的句子。87树形图能够标志：

句法成分（constituency）

统领关系（dominancerelations）

前后关系（precedencerelations）

姐妹关系（sisterhoodrelations）

统治关系（c-command）树形图能够标志：

句法成分（constituency）88

SNPVPVNPDetN

Shelikesthatdress

S89*HeilovesJohni’smother.Hisi,motherlovesJohni.语言学导论课件290

SNPVP

VNP

DetN

HeilovesJohnj’smotherS91

SNPVP

DetNVNP

HisimotherlovesJohni,jS92Johniloveshimselfi*Johni’smotherloveshimselfi.Johniloveshimselfi93

SNPVPVNP

Johniloveshimselfi

S94S

NPVPDetNVNP

Johni’smotherloveshimselfj.语言学导论课件295结构歧义NPVNPPNP[[the]det[cow]N]Np[attacked]V[[the]det[man]N]Np[with]P[[the]det[gun]N]NP结构歧义NP96NP