考研考博-英语-南京航空航天大学金城学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京航空航天大学金城学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Mypurposeistoconsiderif,inpoliticalsociety,therecanbeanylegitimateandsureprincipleofgovernment,takingmenastheyareandlawsastheymightbe.InthisinquiryIshalltryalwaystobringtogether（

）with（

）sothatjusticeandutilityareinonewaydivided.

问题1选项

A.whichrightpermitted...whichinterestprescribed

B.whatrightpermits...whichinterestprescribed

C.whatrightpermits...whatinterestprescribes

D.whichrightpermitted...whatinterestprescribes

【答案】C

【解析】考查宾语从句。由选项和空格前动词短语bringtogether“使结合”可知此题考点，with连接的两个部分作宾语。which和what都可引导宾语从句，但what指代的对象没有限定范围，而which受限制。由句意判断此处应表示“权利允许的一切以及利益要求的一切”，因此都应用what引导。C选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Tuckerisa______eater.Everydayhepolishesoffahalf-dozenhamburgers,apoundofpotatosalad,andagiantbowlofchocolatemousse.

问题1选项

A.savory

B.palatable

C.culinary

D.voracious

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项savory“咸味的，好吃的，好闻的”，B项palatable“（食物或饮料）可口的，味美的”，C项culinary“烹饪的，食物的”，D项voracious“饭量大的，贪吃的，狼吞虎咽的”。由后面的句意“吃掉六个汉堡包、一磅土豆沙拉和一大碗巧克力慕斯”可知，D项符合。句意：塔克食量很大，他每天要吃掉六个汉堡包、一磅土豆沙拉和一大碗巧克力慕斯。因此，该题选择D项。

3.单选题

Recently,JapaneseimportsofmanufacturedgoodsfromChinahavesurgedandthereputationofChineseproductshasimprovedsubstantially,givingrisetoconcernthatChinawillsoonreplaceJapanasthe"factoryoftheworld".AnobjectiveevaluationofChina'sindustrialstrength,however,suggeststhatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforeitwillbecomeatrulyadvancedindustrialcountryonparwithJapan.

Firstofall,thehighproportionoflabor-intensiveproductsinChina'sexportsmeansthatitstradestructureistypicalofanewlyindustrializingeconomy(NIE).

Thisisdifferentfromthatofdevelopedcountries,wherethemajorexportitems,suchasmachinery,aretechnology-intensive.AlthoughChinaisincreasingitsshareoftheglobalmarketformanufacturedgoods,includingsomeinformation-technology(IT)productsthatareclassifiedashigh-tech,Chineseexportsarestillhighlyconcentratedinlower-endproducts.Intheeaseoftelevisions,forinstance,Japanspecializesinhigh-definitionandotherhigher-endmodels,whileChinaproducesstandardmodelswhoseunitvaluesaremuchlower.

ReflectingChinasemphasisonprocessingtrade,goods"madeinChina"containlargenumbersofoverseascomponents,someofwhicharemadeinJapan.AccordingtoofficialChinesestatistics,increasingexportsbyUSS1millionrequiresimportingintermediategoodsandcomponentsworth$500,000,whichdonotformpartofChina'sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP).Moreover,theproportionofthisimportedcontentishigherforhigh-techthanforlow-techproducts.Acomputerlabeled"madeinChina"islikelytocontainalargeportionofimportedcontentsincludinganIntelcentralprocessingunit(CPU),MicrosoftWindowsoperatingsystem,andaliquidcrystaldisplaymadeinJapanorSouthKorea.

Inaddition,approximatelyhalfofChina'sexportsareproducedbysubsidiariesofforeigncompanies,towhichdividends,interestcharges,royaltiesandotherfeesmustbepaid.EvenamongChinesecompanieswithnocapitalrelationswithoverseascompanies,themajorityoftheirexportsareprocessedunderOEM(originalequipmentmanufacturing)contractsandsoldwithforeignbrandnames.Thusonlyaverysmallpercentageofthevalue-addedofproductslabeled"madeinChina"isactually"madebyChina".ThelattercorrespondstotheconceptofChina'sgrossnationalproduct(GNP),andexcludesimportchargesonintermediategoodsandinvestmentincomepaidtooverseascountries.

Chinaissoheavilydependentonforeignpartnersthatithasyettodevelopitsownedge-cuttingtechnologyandinternationallyrecognizedbrandnames.Ontopofthis;Chinesecompaniesareinferiortotheiroverseascounterpartsinvirtuallyeveryaspect,beitcapital,humanresources,orbusinessmanagement.Asaresult,Chinahasnooptionbuttolooktocheaplaborforitsexportcompetitiveness.Indeed,themajorityofChinascontributiontothevalue-addedofitsexportslieswiththecostoflabor,andtheverylowwagesinChina,averaginglessthan$100amonth,implythatthiscontributionmustbeverysmall.Assuch,thecommonassumptionthatChinesegoodsarecompetitivebecausethecountry'swagelevelsarelowholdstrueonlyforlabor-intensiveproductsanddoesnotnecessarilyapplytoindustryasawhole.Instead,China'slowwagesshouldbeinterpretedasareflectionofthefactthatitslaborproductivityispoor.ItiswhenChina'swagelevelsapproachthoseofJapan,reflectingariseinproductivity,whichChinawillreallybecomeaformidablecompetitorforJapan.

1.Whydoestheauthorsay"thereisstillalongwaytogobeforeitwillbecomeatrulyadvancedindustrialcountryonparwithJapan"?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,what'sthedifferencebetweenproductslabeled"madeinChina"andthoselabeled"madebyChina'?

3.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthecompetitivenessofJapan'sproducts?

4.Theword“subsidiaries”inParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.China'stradestructureisstilllaggingbehindthatofdevelopedcountries.

B.China'sexportgoodsarenotascompetitiveasJapan's.

C.WithoutforeignhelpandadvancedtechnologyChinacannotproducemostofitsproducts.

D.Chinaisstillfacedwiththeproblemsofbackwardtradestructure,low-techandlabor-intensiveproducts.

问题2选项

A.Productslabeled"madeinChina"arehigh-techproductswhilethelatterarenot.

B.WhetherChinaisthemanufactureroftheoriginalpartofproductsandsellsthoseproductswithChinesebrandnames.

C.WhetherChinesecompaniesaresubsidiariesofforeigncompanies.

D.WhetherChinesecompaniesaredependentonforeignpartners.

问题3选项

A.Japandoesn'texportlower-endproducts.

B.Japanisthe'factoryoftheworld".

C.Japan'smajorexportitemsarehigh-techproductsandcompetitiveinbusinessmanagement.

D.Japandoesn'tputstressonprocessinggoods.

问题4选项

A.furnishingaids

B.asumofmoney

C.assistants

D.affiliates

问题5选项

A.Chinaisn'taDevelopedCountry.

B.So-called'MadeinChina'Label.

C.JapanWon'tFear'MadeinChina'Label.

D.ChinaWillReplaceJapanastheFactoryofWorld.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段和第三段，“Firstofall,thehighproportionoflabor-intensiveproductsinChina'sexports…Chineseexportsarestillhighlyconcentratedinlower-endproducts.”，可知二三段总结了中国工业发展的问题，包括劳动密集型产品占比重过高，中国出口仍高度集中于低端产品。可推断出中国仍然面临贸易结构落后、科技含量低、劳动密集型产品等问题。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“ReflectingChinasemphasisonprocessingtrade,goods"madeinChina"containlargenumbersofoverseascomponents,someofwhicharemadeinJapan.”，可知“中国制造”的商品含有大量海外零部件，其中一些是日本制造的，这反映出中国对加工贸易的重视。根据文章第四段，“Thusonlyaverysmallpercentageofthevalue-addedofproductslabeled"madeinChina"isactually"madebyChina".”，可知产品的研发不在中国。可推断出中国制造和中国创造的区别在于中国是否是原装产品的生产商，并销售那些有中国品牌的产品。选项B符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第三段，“Japanspecializesinhigh-definitionandotherhigher-endmodels,whileChinaproducesstandardmodelswhoseunitvaluesaremuchlower.”，可知日本生产高清和高端机型。根据文章第六段，“Chinaissoheavilydependentonforeignpartnersthatithasyettodevelopitsownedge-cuttingtechnologyandinternationallyrecognizedbrandnames.”，可知中国严重依赖外国合作伙伴，以至于尚未开发出自己的尖端技术和国际知名品牌。可推断出日本的主要出口产品是高科技产品，在企业管理方面具有竞争优势。选项C符合题意。

4.词义理解题。根据文章第五段，“…approximatelyhalfofChina'sexportsareproducedbysubsidiariesofforeigncompanies,towhichdividends,interestcharges,royaltiesandotherfeesmustbepaid.”，可知中国大约一半的出口产品是由外国公司的子公司生产的，必须向这些子公司支付股息、利息、特许权使用费和其他费用。可知subsidiaries意思为子公司。选项D符合题意。

5.主旨题。文章第一段提出中国很快取代日本成为“世界工厂”的观点，接下里讨论了中国工业发展过程中面临的问题，最终得出结论中国成为高端科技的工业国还需要更多的时间和努力，所以目前中国可能还不是日本的竞争对手和威胁因素。可推断出日本无惧“中国制造”是符合整个文章意思的。选项C符合题意。

4.单选题

Thepreservedfoodshouldretainpalatableappearance,flavor,andtexture,aswellasitsoriginalnutritionalvalue.

问题1选项

A.tasty

B.stylish

C.delicate

D.notable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。palatable“美味的，可口的；愉快的”；A选项tasty“美味的；高雅的；有趣的”；B选项stylish“时髦的；现代风格的；潇洒的”；C选项delicate“微妙的；精美的；柔和的；易碎的”；D选项notable“值得注意的，显著的；著名的”。句意：腌制食品应保持其可口的外观、风味和质地，以及原有的营养价值。题干提到“preservedfood腌制的食物”和“flavor,andtexture味道和质地”，可推知palatable在这里“有美味的”的意思，因此A选项正确。

5.单选题

Itispolitelyrequestedbythehotelmanagementthatthepiano（）after11ofo’clockatnight.

问题1选项

A.wasnotplayed

B.nottoplay

C.notbeplayed

D.didnotplay

【答案】C

【解析】考查虚拟语气。在itis+表示要求、建议、必要、命令意思的形容词或分词+主语从句的结构中。句子使用虚拟语气。其结构是“should+动词原形”，should可以省略，且此处表示被动。本句句型是：Itisrequestedbysbthat…，所以句子要用虚拟语气。句意：饭店管理部门恳请客人晚上11点以后不要打开收音机。所以本题选择C选项正确。

6.单选题

Iamoneofthemanycitypeoplewhoarealwayssayingthatgiventhechoicewewouldprefertoliveinthecountryawayfromthedirtandnoiseofalargecity.Ihavemanagedtoconvincemyselfthatifitweren'tformyjobIwouldimmediatelyheadoutfortheopenspacesandgobacktonatureinsomesleepyvillageburiedinthecounty.Buthowrealisticisthedream?

Citiescanbefrighteningplaces.Themajorityofthepopulationlivesinmassivetowerblocks,noisy,dirtyandimpersonal.Thesenseofbelongingtoacommunitytendstodisappearwhenyoulivefifteenfloorsup.Allyoucanseefromyourwindowissky,orotherblocksofflats.Childrenbecomeaggressiveandnervous-coopedupathomeallday,withnowheretoplay;theirmothersfeelisolatedfromtherestoftheworld.Strangelyenough,whereasinthepasttheinhabitantsofonestreetallkneweachother,nowadayspeopleonthesamefloorintowerblocksdon'tevensayhellotoeachother.

Countrylife,ontheotherhand,differsfromthiskindofisolatedexistenceinthatasenseofcommunitygenerallybindstheinhabitantsofsmallvillagestogether.Peoplehavetheadvantageofknowingthatthereisalwayssomeonetoturntowhentheyneedhelp.Butcountrylifehasdisadvantagestoo.Whileitistruethatyoumaybeamongfriendsinavillage,itisalsotruethatyouarecutofffromtheexcitingandinimportanteventsthattakeplaceincities,there'slittlepossibilityofgoingtoanewshoworthelatestmovie.Shoppingbecomesamajorproblem,andforanythingslightlyoutoftheordinaryyouhavetogoonanexpeditiontothenearestlargetown.Thecity-dwellerwholeavesforthecountryisoftenoppressedbyasenseofunbearablestillnessandquiet.

What,then,istheanswer?Thecountryhastheadvantageofpeaceandquiet,butsuffersfromthedisadvantageofbeingcutoff,thecitybreedsafeelingofisolationandconstantnoisebattersthesenses.Butoneofitsmainadvantagesisthatyouareatthecenterofthings,andthatlifedoesn'tcometoanendathalf-pastnineatnight.Somepeoplehavefound(orratherbought)acompromisebetweenthetwo:theyhaveexpressedtheirpreferenceforthe"quietlife"byleavingthesuburbsandmovingtovillageswithincommutingdistanceoflargecities.Theygenerallyhaveaboutasmuchsensitivityastheplasticflowerstheyleavebehind-theyarepollutedwithstrangeideasaboutchangeandimprovementwhichtheyforceontotheunwillingoriginalinhabitantsofthevillages.

Whatthenofmydreamsofleaningonacottagegateandmurmuring"morning"tothelocalsastheypassby.I’mkeenontheidea,butyouseethere'smycat,Toby.I'mnotatallsurethathewouldtaketoallthatfreshairandexerciseinthelonggrass.Imean,canyouseehimmixingwithallthoseheartymalesdownthefarm?No,hewouldratherhavetheelectricimitation-coalfireanyevening.

1.Wegettheimpressionfromthefirstparagraphthattheauthor

（

）.

2.Intheauthor’sopinion,thefollowingmaycausecitypeopletobeunhappyEXCEPT（

）.

3.ThepassageimpliesthatitiseasytobuytothefollowingthingsinthecountryEXCEPT

（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribesthosepeoplewhoworkinlargecitiesandliveinvillages

（

）.

5.Doyouthinktheauthorwillmovetothecountry?（

）.

问题1选项

A.usedtoliveinthecountry

B.usedtoworkinthecity

C.worksinthecity

D.livesinthecountry

问题2选项

A.astrongsenseoffear

B.lackofcommunication

C.housingconditions

D.asenseofisolation

问题3选项

A.dailynecessities

B.freshfruits

C.designerclothes

D.freshvegetables

问题4选项

A.Original

B.Quiet

C.Arrogant

D.Insensitive

问题5选项

A.Yes,hewilldoso.

B.No,hewillnotdoso

C.Itisdifficulttotell.

D.Heisintwominds.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由文章第一段中Ihavemanagedtoconvincemyselfthatifitweren'tformyjobIwouldimmediatelyheadoutfortheopenspacesandgobacktonatureinsomesleepyvillageburiedinthecounty.（我设法说服自己，如果不是因为工作的缘故，我将马上搬到开阔的农村，回到隐藏在宁静的村庄）可知作者在城市工作，因此选C。

第2题:推理判断题。文章第二段中nowadayspeopleonthesamefloorintowerblocksdon'tevensayhellotoeachother与B选项对应；Themajorityofthepopulationlivesinmassivetowerblocks,noisy,dirtyandimpersonal.Allyoucanseefromyourwindowissky,orotherblocksofflats与C选项对应；theirmothersfeelisolatedfromtherestoftheworld与D选项对应，因此选A。

第3题:推理判断题。由文章第三段中Shoppingbecomesamajorproblem,andforanythingslightlyoutoftheordinaryyouhavetogoonanexpeditiontothenearestlargetown.（购物成了一个大问题，对于任何不寻常的东西，你必须远征到最近的大城市）可知选C，其他选项都为平常的东西。

第4题:推理判断题。由文章第四段中Theygenerallyhaveaboutasmuchsensitivityastheplasticflowerstheyleavebehind-theyarepollutedwithstrangeideasaboutchangeandimprovementwhichtheyforceontotheunwillingoriginalinhabitantsofthevillages.（他们大概和他们留下的塑料花一样，没有感受，他们的脑子里充满了关于改变和改进农村的奇怪想法，并将这些强加给不愿接受的原始居民）可知D选项“麻木不仁的”最恰当。这里是将这些人和塑料花进行比较，他们只知道一味的强加，并不在意当地人的感受，所以说和塑料花一样麻木不仁。所以选项D正确。

第5题:推理判断题。由文章最后一段中I’mkeenontheidea,but...No,hewouldratherhavetheelectricimitation-coalfireanyevening.可知作者以他的猫为例，认为它不一定会适应农村生活，更喜欢待在城里，间接表达了自己不会去农村生活，因此选B。

7.单选题

Thehandsonmyalarmclockare______，soIcanseewhattimeitisinthedark.

问题1选项

A.exotic

B.gorgeous

C.luminous

D.spectacular

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。exotic“奇异的，引人注目的”；gorgeous“极好的，华丽的”；luminous“发光的，发亮的”；spectacular“壮观的，惊人的”。句意：我手边上的指针会发光，所以我能在黑暗中看清时间。选项C符合题意。

8.不定项选择题

Inforeigntransporttodaythemostpopularandcommonkindofpackingmaterialisfoam（泡沫）plastic.Beforeitscominginthe1950s,however,peopleusedwood,paper,spongeandcottonaswrappers.Woodandpaperwerenotresistibleenoughtointenseshocksthatwereinevitableduringlongdistancetransport;cottonandspongecosttoomuchtobewrappersforordinarygoodslikeglass,porcelainetc.Oftendelicategoodswereputinawoodentrunk;oneachsideandendtherewasalayerofsponge,everyindividualobjectthenwaswrappedbyathicklayerofpaperorcotton.Thiswasverysafeindeed,butthepackingandunpackingmeantagreatdealoflabourandawasteofalotofmoney.

Thearrivaloffoamplasticalmostbroughtarevolutiontotheworld’spackingindustry.Todayitaccountsforthreequartersofpackingmaterialsfordelicategoodswhilecottonandspongehavenearlywithdrawnfromthemodernstageofpackaging.Thisisnothingaccidental:foronethingitisascheapasdirtitself;onetonoffoamplastic,whichoccupiesaspaceofasmuchas1000m³,amountstoonlyUS$260.Itissofterthanwood,andharderthancottonandspongerandpaper,andthereforeamoresuitablewrapperfordelicategoods.Whatismore,itcanbeeasilyshapedbutitsshapeisunchangeablesothatdelicategoodslikecameraswiththeirintruding（外凸的）parts,musicalinstrumentswiththeirirregularshapesandextremedelicacycanbecompletelywrappedandwellprotectedinitwithoutadditionalfillings.Stillanotheradvantageisthatthefoamplasticwrappercanbeusedtosafeguardyourobjectsaslongasitlasts:YoubuyaTVsetinthesupermarket.Thefoamplasticwrapperprotectsitonthewaytoyourhome.Whenyoumovehometenyearslater,thesamewrappercanbepickedoutfromtheboxatthecornerofyourbarnandusedtosafeguardyourTVsettoyournewhome.

1.Whatkindofmaterialisfoamplastic?

2.Wheredidintenseshocksoftenoccur?

3.Whywerecottonandspongenotgoodwrappersforordinarygoods?

4.Whatwastheusualcontainerofdelicategoodsbefore?

5.Whyisfoamplasticsopopular?Thefollowingarethereasonsexcept?

问题1选项

A.Thecheapest

B.Themostpopular

C.Thesafest

D.Thehardest

问题2选项

A.Duringlongdistancetransport

B.Inawoodentrunk

C.Infreighttransporttoday

D.Inamessyshop

问题3选项

A.Toosoft

B.Tooexpensive

C.Toocheap

D.Toohard

问题4选项

A.Awoodentrunk

B.Alayerofsponge

C.Alayerofpaper

D.Alayerofplastic

问题5选项

A.itischeap

B.itsshapeisunchangeable

C.itcanbeusedformanytimestoprotectthesameobject

D.itisdirtitselfandcanbegoteverywhere

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由第一段第一句Inforeigntransporttodaythemostpopularandcommonkindofpackingmaterialisfoamplastic（在如今的国外运输中，泡沫塑料是最流行和最常见的包装材料）可知，B选项“最受欢迎的”符合题意。

第2题:事实细节题。由第一段第三句Woodandpaperwerenotresistibleenoughtointenseshocksthatwereinevitableduringlongdistancetransport（木材和纸的抗冲击能力不足以应对长途运输中不可避免的强烈冲击）可知长途运输中，强烈的冲击是无法避免的，因此A选项“在长途运输中”符合题意。

第3题:事实细节题。由第一段第三句cottonandspongecosttoomuchtobewrappersforordinarygoodslikeglass,porcelainetc.（作为玻璃、瓷器等普通商品的包装，棉花和海绵太贵了）可知，B选项“太昂贵了”符合题意。

第4题:事实细节题。题目为“以前通常用来装精致物品的容器是什么”，关键词是容器。由第一段第四句Oftendelicategoodswereputinawoodentrunk（精致的物品通常被装在一个木箱里）可知A选项“一个木制的箱子”符合题意。

第5题:事实细节题。题目为“下列哪一项不是泡沫塑料受欢迎的原因”，由第二段第三句中的itisascheapasdirtitself（它像泥土一样便宜）可排除A选项，同时也可推断出D选项“它本身就是泥土，随处可取”是文中没有提及的，因此D选项符合题意。由第二段第五句中的itsshapeisunchangeable（它的形状是不变的）可排除B选项；由文章最后一句可知，同样的电视包装，10年后还可以继续用来保护同一个电视，可以排除C选项“它可以被多次用来保护同一对象”。

9.单选题

Asajuniorassistantmanager,hehadbeenselectedfor（）.

问题1选项

A.interruption

B.promotion

C.consideration

D.intuition

【答案】B

【解析】句意:作为一个年轻的副经理,他已被选中为提拔对象。

考查名词辨析。Interruption中断时间,打扰,插嘴;promotion提升,提拔,晋升;consideration仔细考虑,深思,斟酌;intuition直觉力,(一种)直觉。故B符合句意。

10.单选题

Itisdevelopingaservicethatwillletyoucreateallonlineidentitythatcan（

）variousclaimsthatitwillbackup.

问题1选项

A.plunge

B.assert

C.exert

D.insert

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项plunge“骤降；陷入”；B选项assert“维护，坚持；断言”；C选项exert“运用，发挥”；D选项insert“插入；嵌入”。句意：它正在开发一项服务，可以让你创建所有的在线身份，可以……各种声明并将备份。由句意可知B选项更符合。

11.单选题

Youmustbe（

）whenbuyingausedcar;besuretheengineisingoodcondition.

问题1选项

A.weary

B.zealous

C.wary

D.wily

【答案】C

【解析】weary疲倦的，厌烦的；zealous热心的，积极的；wary谨慎的，考虑周到的；wily狡猾的，诡计多端的。句意：当你买二手车时一定要小心谨慎，确保发动机处于良好状态。选项C符合句意。

12.单选题

Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ecologybegantogrowintoanindependentsciencefromitsrootsinnaturalhistoryandplantgeography.Theemphasisofthisnew"communityecology"wasonthecompositionandstructureofcommunitiesconsistingofdifferentspecies.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,theAmericanecologistFredericClementspointedoutthatasuccessionofplantcommunitieswoulddevelopafteradisturbancesuchasavolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire.Anabandonedfield,forinstance,willbeinvadedsuccessivelybyherbaceousplants（plantswithlittleornowoodytissue）,shrubs,andtrees,eventuallybecomingaforest.Light-lovingspeciesarealwaysamongthefirstinvaders,whileshade-tolerantspeciesappearlaterinthesuccession.

Clementsandotherearlyecologistssawalmostlawlikeregularityintheorderofsuccession,butthathasnotbeensubstantiated.Ageneraltrendcanberecognized,butthedetailsareusuallyunpredictable.Successionisinfluencedbymanyfactors:thenatureofthesoil,exposuretosunandwind,regularityofprecipitation,chancecolonizations,andmanyotherrandomprocesses.

Thefinalstageofasuccession,calledtheclimaxbyClementsandearlyecologists,islikewisenotpredictableorofuniformcomposition.Thereisusuallyagooddealofturnoverinspeciescomposition,eveninamaturecommunity.Thenatureoftheclimaxisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession.Nevertheless,maturenaturalenvironmentsareusuallyinequilibrium.Theychangerelativelylittlethroughtimeunlesstheenvironmentitselfchanges.

ForClements,theclimaxwasa"superorganism,"anorganicentity.EvensomeauthorswhoacceptedtheclimaxconceptrejectedClements1characterizationofitasasuperorganism,anditisindeedamisleadingmetaphor.Anantcolonymaybelegitimatelycalledasuperorganismbecauseitscommunicationsystemissohighlyorganizedthatthecolonyalwaysworksasawholeandappropriatelyaccordingtothecircumstances.Butthereisnoevidenceforsuchaninteractingcommunicativenetworkinaclimaxplantformation.Manyauthorsprefertheterm"association"totheterm"community"inordertostresstheloosenessoftheinteraction.

Evenlessfortunatewastheextensionofthistypeofthinkingtoincludeanimalsaswellasplants.Thisresultedinthe"biome,"acombinationofcoexistingfloraandfauna.Thoughitistruethatmanyanimalsarestrictlyassociatedwithcertainplants,itismisleadingtospeakofa"spruce-moosebiome,"forexample,becausethereisnointernalcohesiontotheirassociationasinanorganism.Thesprucecommunityisnotsubstantiallyaffectedbyeitherthepresenceorabsenceofmoose.Indeed,therearevastareasofspruceforestwithoutmoose.TheoppositiontotheClementsianconceptofplantecologywasinitiatedbyHerbertGleason,soonjoinedbyvariousotherecologists.Theirmajorpointwasthatthedistributionofagivenspecieswascontrolledbythehabitatrequirementsofthatspeciesandthatthereforethevegetationtypeswereasimpleconsequenceoftheecologiesofindividualplantspecies.

1.Ecologyhadbeenrootedin（）beforeitgrewintoanindependentscience.

2.AccordingtoFredericClements,（）afteravolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire.

3.Successionisinfluencedbythefollowingfactorsexcept（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabout“climax”,accordingtothepassage?

5.Theconceptof"biome"wouldemphasizethat（）.

问题1选项

A.communityecology

B.thescienceofspecies

C.thestudyofcommunitystructure

D.naturalhistoryandplantgeography

问题2选项

A.onlylight-lovingspeciescangrow

B.plantcommunitiescandevelop

C.forestscanhardlysurvive

D.fewplantscangrow

问题3选项

A.regularrainfalls

B.chancecolonizations

C.exposuretosun

D.natureofthesoil

问题4选项

A.Itsnatureisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession.

B.Itchangesrelativelylittlethroughtimeatmaturity.

C.Itisahighlyinteractingcommunicativenetwork.

D.Itisthefinalstageofasuccession.

问题5选项

A.animalsandplantsdonotsubstantiallyaffecteachother

B.plantcommunitiesalwaysrelyoncoexistinganimalstosurvive

C.thereisinternalcohesionintheassociationofanimalswithplants

D.thedistributionofagivenspeciesiscontrolledbythehabitatrequirements

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据原文第一段“Inthelatenineteenthcentury,ecologybegantogrowintoanindependentsciencefromitsrootsinnaturalhistoryandplantgeography”可知，19世纪后期，生态学从其自然历史和植物地理学的根源开始成长为一门独立的科学。由此可判断本题正确答案为D选项。A选项表示“社区生态学”，B选项表示“物种学科”，C选项表示“社区结构的研究”。

2.细节事实题。题干询问：根据FredericClements的理论，在火山爆发、洪水或森林大火之后……。根据题干关键信息定位到原文第一段第三句“asuccessionofplantcommunitieswoulddevelopafteradisturbancesuchasavolcaniceruption,heavyflood,orforestfire”可知，一系列的植物群落会在火山爆发、洪水或者森林火灾后形成。因此本题正确答案为B选项。A选项表示“只有喜光的物种才能生长”，C选项表示“森林很难生存”，D选项表示“很少植物能生长”。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息定位到原文第二段最后一句“Successionisinfluencedbymanyfactors:thenatureofthesoil,exposuretosunandwind,regularityofprecipitation,chancecolonizationsandmanyotherrandomprocesses”可知，生态演替受到多种因素的影响：土壤土质、暴露到阳光和风中、降水的规律性、定居生长的机会以及许多其它随机过程。因此本题正确答案为A选项。

4.推理判断题。题干询问：根据文章可知，下面关于“climax”的表述哪个选项是不正确的?由原文第三段第一句“Thefinalstageofasuccession,calledtheclimaxbyClementsandearlyecologists,islikewisenotpredictableorofuniformcomposition.”可知，“climax”指的是生态演替的最后一个阶段——顶级群落。可判断D选项正确。由原文第三段第二句“Thereisusuallyagooddealofturnoverinspeciescomposition,eveninamaturecommunity.”可知，即使在一个成熟的群落中，物种组成通常也有很大的变化，可判断B选项错误。由第三段第三句“Thenatureoftheclimaxisinfluencedbythesamefactorsthatinfluencedsuccession”可知，影响生态演替的因素同样也影响顶级群落的性质，可判断A选项表述正确。由第四段第三句“Anantcolonymaybelegitimatelycalledasuperorganismbecauseitscommunicationsystemissohighlyorganizedthatthecolonyalwaysworksasawholeandappropriatelyaccordingtothecircumstances”可知，一个蚁群可能被合法地称为顶级群落，因为它的交流系统是高度组织化的，由此可判断C选项正确。综上所述，本题正确答案为B选项。

5.推理判断题。题干询问：“生态群系”的概念强调的是……。根据题干关键信息“biome”可定位到原文最后一段，根据“acombinationofcoexistingfloraandfauna”可知，“biome”是指共生的动植物群的组合。由最后一段最后一句“Theirmajorpointwasthatthedistributionofagivenspecieswascontrolledbythehabitatrequirementsofthatspecies”可知，一种特定物种的分布是由该物种的栖息地需求控制的，由此可判断，本题正确答案为D选项。A选项表示“动物和植物之间没有实质性的相互影响”，B选项表示“植物群落总是依靠共存的动物生存”，C选项表示“在动物与植物的联系中有一种内在的凝聚力”。

13.单选题

WhenGinaGarroandBrianDupliseaadopted4-month-oldAndresfromColombialastmonth,theyweredeterminedtotaketimeofffromworktocareforhim.Sixyearsago,aftertheirdaughter,Melina,wasborn,thefamilyscrapedbyonDuplisea’s$36,000salaryasaconstructionworkersoGarro,aspecial-educationteacher,couldstayhome.Now,sinceGarro’sjobfurnishesthefamilyhealthinsurance,she’llheadbacktoworkthisfallwhileDupliseajugglesdiapersandbabybottles.Hisbossagreedtothetimeoff-buthewillhavetoforgohis$18-an-hourpay.Itwon’tbeeasy.ThoughGarro’s$40,000salarywillcovertheirmortgages,thecouplewillhavetofreezetheirretirementaccounts,scalebackonMelina’safter-schoolactivities-andpraythatnothinggoeswrongwiththecar.“Ittakesawayfromyourcushionandyoursecurity,”saysGarro.“Thingswillbetight.”

The1993FamilyandMedicalLeaveActwassupposedtohelpfamilieslikeGarro’s,offeringasafetynettoemployeeswhowanttotaketimeofftonurturenewborns,tendtotheirownmajorillnessesorcareforsickrelatives.Butwhilethelawguaranteesthatworkerswon’tlosttheirjobs,itdoesn’tcovertheirpaychecks.Onesurveylastyearshowedthatwhile24millionAmericanshadtakenleavessince1999,2.7millionmorewantedtobutcouldn'taffordit.Thatmaychangesoon.Inresponsetoincreasingdemandsfromvotersatleast25statesarenowexploringnewwaystoofferpaidleave.Onepossibility:tappingstatedisabilityfundsAhandfulofstates-NewYork,NewJersey,California,RhodeIslandandHawaii—alread