考研考博-英语-南京师范大学中北学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京师范大学中北学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thereisnothingsecretaboutwhatwe’redoing;it’sallperfectly（

）.

问题1选项

A.outofsight

B.ontheair

C.onthehorizon

D.aboveboard

【答案】D

【解析】考察固定搭配。“outofsight”看不见；“ontheair”在播送；“onthehorizon”在地平线上，即将来临的；“aboveboard”诚实的，光明正大的。句意：我们所做的事没有任何秘密，完全都是光明正大的。选项D符合句意。

2.单选题

TheestablishmentofEarthDaybeganwithanideaproposedinOctober1969byJohnMcConnell,aSanFranciscoresident.McConnellapproachedtheSanFranciscoBoardofSupervisorswitharesolutiontodevoteonedayayeartopublicawarenessdedicatedtonatureandtheweakecosystemthatmakesupit.Theday'seventswouldemphasizetheurgencyofallinhabitantsoftheplanettotakeresponsibilityforbuildingahealthyandecologicallysustainableplanetforthepresentandlongintothefuture.TheboardwasimpressedwithMcConnell'sideaanddeclaredEarthDayanannualcelebrationtobeheldonMarch21,thedateofthevernalequinox.McConnellstated“Thisisthemomentwhennightanddayareequalthroughouttheearth—remindingusofEarth'sbeautifulsystemofbalancewhichhumanityhaspartiallyupsetandmustrestore.”EarthdaywasestablishedasanationaldayofcelebrationintheUnitedStatesin1970andwasembracedbytheUnitedNationsin1971whenitdeclaredanEarthDayceremonytobeheldeachyearonthedayoftheMarchEquinox.WhenthefirstEarthDaywascelebratedintheUnitedStatesonApril22,1970,twentymillionparticipantsnationwidetookpartinteach-ins,streetdemonstrations,andworkshopsin2,000communitiesand12,000collegesandhighschoolcampuses.Themajorpublicconcernatthattimewasindustrialpollutionanditseffectontheairwebreathe,thewaterwedrink,andthehealthoftheplanetwaslivein.thosecelebrationsledtopowerfulpublicoutcriesforlegislationmandatingecologicallysoundenvironmentalpoliciesandrigidcontrolsonindustrialpollution.Overtheyears,theissuesofconcernhaveexpandedgreatlyintoaspectsofair,water,soil,andnoisepollution.Whetheritcomesfromvehicles,factories,agriculture,housing,orprivateproperty,publicconcernandactivismcontinueswithcitizensfromaroundtheworldinvolvedineffortstoachieveasustainableandenduringecosystem.

EarthDayactivitiesaresupportedandsponsoredbyalargenetworkoforganizations,governmentagencies,businesses,universities,andinstitutions.TheyworkdiligentlyeachyeartomakeEarthdayeventsmeaningfulandrelevanttotheinhabitantsofPlanetEarth.Theregularobservanceofthisholidayfixesenvironmentalvaluesintothenationalconsciousnessandprovidesanopportunitytointroduceenvironmentalissuesintoschools,mediaandpublicevents.ItshouldbenotedthatEarthDayactivitieshavebeeninstrumentalinbringingaboutmanyofthesignificantenvironmentalchangesthathavetakenplaceinthelastthreedecades.

1.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith（）

2.Accordingtothepassage,onMarch21,（）

3.WhichofthefollowingdatesisdefinitelyaninternationalEarthDay?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?

5.Itcanbeconcludedthat（）

问题1选项

A.howtostartanationalholiday

B.whentheEarthdaywasintroduced

C.thereasonsforestablishingtheEarthDay

D.theoriginandmovementoftheEarthDay

问题2选项

A.theboardacceptedtheproposalofMcConnell

B.theUnitedNationsdeclaredanEarthDaycelebration

C.dayandnightareequallydividedthroughouttheworld

D.theearthisatitsmostbeautifulmomentthroughouttheyear

问题3选项

A.October1,1969.

B.March21,1970.

C.April22,1970.

D.March21,1972.

问题4选项

A.OnlycollegestudentsandscholarsparticipatedintheactivitiesonthefirstEarthDay.

B.Themovementhasgrownfromconcernoverindustrialpollutiontoallkindsofenvironmentalpollution.

C.Somepeoplecryfortheabandonmentofallvehiclesandagriculturebecauseoftheirpollution.

D.Asustainableandenduringecosystemshouldbemaintainedatthecostofhousingandprivateproperty.

问题5选项

A.manyorganizationsandbusinessessuffervastlossesasaresultofEarthDaycampaign

B.peoplehavelearnedtouseEarthDayactivitiesasinstrumenttoacquirewhattheywant

C.supportersworkhardtomakethewholenationawareofEarthDayeventsbypublicizingtheminmedia

D.EarthDayactivitieshavesucceededinchangingourenvironmentoverthepastyears

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。通读全文可知,第一段主要是讲世界地球日的由来以及活动；第二段主要是讲地球日活动举办的意义。所以选项D正确。选项A表述错误,选项B和C不全面。

2.细节事实题。根据关键词定位到第一段第四句“TheboardwasimpressedwithMcConnell'sideaanddeclaredEarthDayanannualcelebrationtobeheldonMarch21,thedateofthevernalequinox.”可知3月21号是春分。然后接下来的一句话“Thisisthemomentwhennightanddayareequalthroughouttheearth.”说明春分这一天地球上昼夜时长相等。所以选项C正确。

3.细节事实题。根据第一段中“Earthdaywasestablished...onthedayoftheMarchEquinox.”可知,1971年,联合国宣布每年3月春分那天举行地球日庆祝活动,地球日因此受到联合国的欢迎。但是每年的春分在阳历里面的日子是不固定的,所以并不是每年的3月21号都是地球日。根据下文“WhenthefirstEarthDaywascelebratedintheUnitedStatesonApril22,1970,”可知,1970年4月22号是美国庆祝的第一个地球日。所以选项C正确。

4.细节事实题。根据第一段可知,第一次地球日活动有两千万人参与,但并没有说只是学生和教员,only表述错误,选项A错误。第一段的倒数第二句“Overtheyears,theissuesofconcernhaveexpandedgreatlyintoaspectsofair,water,soil,andnoisepollution.”可知,人们关心的问题已扩展到空气、水、土壤和噪音污染等方面。所以选项B符合原文。选项C和D在文中都没提及。

5.判断推理题。选项A文中只提到很多组织和公司都在支持地球日活动,并没有提及他们因活动造成了巨大损失。选项B人们庆祝地球日不是为了自己的利益,而是为了生态环保,表述错误。选项C原文提到三种手段,所以这里表达不全面。选项D符合原文最后一句话,正确。

3.单选题

Afterthemusichad（

）therewasastormofapplause.

问题1选项

A.diedout

B.diedhard

C.diedoff

D.diedaway

【答案】D

【解析】dieout灭绝，消失；diehard难改掉，难断气；dieoff相继死去，逐个死亡；diedaway减弱，消失。

根据句意，这里指音乐减弱直至消失，所以选项D符合句意。

4.单选题

AsmoreandmoreAfricanAmericansmovedawayfromsegregatedhousing,theyhadlessconnectiontothevernacularandmoreoccasiontospeakstandardAmericanEnglish.

问题1选项

A.restricted

B.isolated

C.outdated

D.exhausted

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.restricted限制，限定（数量、范围等）B.isolated（使）隔离，孤立

C.outdated（新东西）使过时D.exhausted使筋疲力尽

【答案】B

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】segregated的意思为“隔离并区别对待（不同种族、宗教或性别的人）”，这里指的是这些房屋和其他地方是隔离开的，非裔美国人就住在这片区域，isolated与之词义相近，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项词义与之不符。

【句意】随着越来越多的非裔美国人搬离被隔开的住房，他们与当地方言的联系越来越少，在更多场合中说标准的美式英语。

5.单选题

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Hospitals,hopingtocurbmedicalerror,haveinvestedheavilytoputcomputers,smartphonesandotherdevicesintothehandsofmedicalstaffforinstantaccesstopatientdata,druginformationandcasestudies.

Butlikemanycures,thissolutionhascomewithanunintendedsideeffect:doctorsandnursescanbefocusedonthescreenandnotthepatient,evenduringmomentsofcriticalcare.Apollshowedthathalfofmedicaltechnicianshadadmittedtextingduringaprocedure.

Thisphenomenonhassetoffanintensifyingdiscussionathospitalsandmedicalschoolsaboutaproblemperhapsbestdescribedas“distracteddoctoring.”Inresponse,somehospitalshavebegunlimitingtheuseofelectronicdevicesincriticalsettings,whileschoolshavestartedremindingmedicalstudentstofocusonpatientsinsteadofdevices.

“Youjustifycarryingdevicesaroundthehospitaltodomedicalrecords,butyoucansurftheInternetordoFacebook,andsometimesFacebookismoretempting,”saidDr.PeterPapadakosattheUniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter.

“Mygutfeelingislivesareindanger,”saidDr.Papadakos.“We’renoteducatingpeopleabouttheproblem,andit’sgettingworse.”

Asurveyof439medicaltechniciansfoundthat55percentoftechnicianswhomonitorbypassmachinesacknowledgedthattheyhadtalkedoncellphonesduringheartsurgery.Halfsaidtheyhadtextedwhileinsurgery.Thestudyconcluded,“Suchdistractionshavethepotentialtobedisastrous.”

Medicalprofessionalshavealwaysfacedinterruptionsfromcellphones,andmultitaskingissimplyafactoflifeformanymedicaljobs.Whathaschanged,saydoctors,especiallyyoungerones,isthattheyfaceincreasingpressuretointeractwiththeirdevices.

Thepressurestemsfromamantraofmodernmedicinethatpatientcaremustbe“datadriven,”andinformedbythelatest,instantlyaccessibleinformation.Bymanyaccounts,thetechnologyhashelpedreducemedicalerrorbyprovidinginstantaccesstopatientdataorprescriptiondetails.

Dr.PeterCarmel,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,saidtechnology“offersgreatpotentialinhealthcare,”butheaddedthatdoctors’firstpriorityshouldbewiththepatient.

31.Whydohospitalsequiptheirstaffwithcomputers,smartphonesandotherdevices?

32.Whatdoestheauthorrefertoby“distracteddoctoring”?

33.WhatdoesDr.PeterPapadakosworryabout?

34.Whydodoctorsfeelincreasingpressuretousemoderndevices?

35.WhatisPeterCarmel’sadvicetodoctors?

问题1选项

A.Tofacilitateadministration.

B.Tocopewithemergencies.

C.Toreducemedicalerror.

D.Tosimplifymedicalprocedures.

问题2选项

A.Thedisservicedonebymoderndevicestodoctors,nurses,aswellaspatients.

B.Theproblemofdevicespreventingdoctorsfromfocusingontheirpatients.

C.Thetendencyofmedicalinstitutionsencouragingtheuseofmoderndevices.

D.Thephenomenonofmedicalstaffattendingtopersonalaffairswhileworking.

问题3选项

A.Medicalstudentsarenotadequatelytrainedtousemoderntechnology.

B.Doctorsarerelyingtooheavilyonmodernelectronictechnology.

C.Doctors’interactionwiththeirdevicesmayendangerpatients’lives.

D.Pressuresonthemedicalprofessionmaybecomeoverwhelming.

问题4选项

A.Patientstrustdoctorswhousemoderntechnology.

B.Useofmoderndevicesaddstohospitalsrevenues.

C.Patients’datahastoberevisedfromtimetotime.

D.Dataisgiventoomuchimportanceinpatientcare.

问题5选项

A.Theyfocustheirattentiononthepatient’scondition.

B.Theyfollowcloselytheadvancesinmedicalscience.

C.Theyobservehospitalrulesandregulations.

D.Theymakethebestuseofmoderndevices.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】31.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。由题干定位到文章中第一段“Hospitals,hopingtocurbmedicalerror,haveinvestedheavilytoputcomputers,smartphonesandotherdevicesintothehandsofmedicalstaffforinstantaccesstopatientdata,druginformationandcasestudies.为了遏制医疗失误，医院投入巨资将电脑、智能手机和其他设备交给医务人员，以便即时获取患者数据、药品信息和案例研究。”可知C项“减少医疗事故。”正确。A项“方便行政管理。”；B项“应付紧急情况。”；C项“减少医疗事故。”；D项“简化医疗程序。”，因此C选项正确。

32.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】例证题。按题干定位词“distracteddoctoring”定位在第三段。而distracteddoctoring所描述的是第三段首句的“thisphenomenon”，讲的是第二段中所例证的phenomenon，所以答案往上一段找。第二段首句举例说明了随之而来的“sideeffect”——“doctorsandnursescanbefocusedonthescreenandnotthepatient”“admittedtextingduringaprocedure”，可见作者通过说“distracteddoctoring”是想说明devices的“sideeffect”，即B选项。

33.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。由题干定位到文章中的第六段“Asurveyof439medicaltechniciansfoundthat55percentoftechnicianswhomonitorbypassmachinesacknowledgedthattheyhadtalkedoncellphonesduringheartsurgery.Halfsaidtheyhadtextedwhileinsurgery.Thestudyconcluded,‘Suchdistractionshavethepotentialtobedisastrous.’一项对439名医疗技术人员的调查发现，55%监控心脏搭桥机的技术人员承认，他们在心脏手术期间用手机通话。一半的人说他们在手术时发过短信。该研究总结道：‘这种干扰有可能带来灾难性的后果。’”可知C项“医生与设备的互动可能会危及患者的生命。”正确。A项“医学生在使用现代技术方面没有得到充分的训练。”；B项“医生们过于依赖现代电子技术。”；C项“医生与设备的互动可能会危及患者的生命。”；D项“医学专业的压力可能变得势不可挡。”，因此C选项正确。

34.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】因果题。题干信息问的是“why”原因，因此要确定找到定位点附近的因果词，判断孰因孰果选出答案。根据题干“increasingpressure”定位在文章第七段最后一行最后一句“especiallyyoungerones,isthattheyfaceincreasingpressuretointeractwiththeirdevices.”根据金三句原则——定位句本身以及前句和后句，找到第八段首句“Thepressurestemsfrom”“这种压力源于……”即答案在这个后面。“Thepressurestemsfromamantraofmodernmedicinethatpatientcaremustbe‘datadriven,’andinformedbythelatest,instantlyaccessibleinformation.”因此D选项正确。

35.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中的最后一句“butheaddedthatdoctors’firstpriorityshouldbewiththepatient.但他补充说，医生的首要任务应该是照顾患者。”可知A项“他们把注意力集中在病人的病情上。”正确。A项“他们把注意力集中在病人的病情上。”；B项“他们密切关注医学科学的进展。”；C项“他们遵守医院的规章制度。”；D项“他们充分利用现代设备。”，因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

BeijingisthepoliticalcentreofChina，neverthelessitisarguablyatleastasimportantasacentreofthearts，includingsuchfieldsaspainting,dramaandfilm.

问题1选项

A.China，nevertheless

B.arguablyatleastasimportant

C.asacentreofthearts

D.includingsuchfieldsas

E.没有错误

【答案】E

7.单选题

Whenthegovernoroftheprovincearrivedinthetownhallhewasimmediatelysurroundedbylocalofficialswhotriedeverywaytoingratiatethemselves（

）thegovernor.

问题1选项

A.with

B.of

C.into

D.under

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。ingratiateoneselfwithsb.“奉承某人，讨好某人”。当省长到达大厅时，他立刻被当地官员那些想讨好他的官员团团围住了。选项A符合题意。

8.填空题

MakingEveryDropCount

AThehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophisticatedengineeringeffortssuchasdamsandaqueducts.AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.

BDuringtheindustrialrevolutionandpopulationexplosionofthe19thand20thcenturies,thedemandforwaterrosedramatically.Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwatersupplies,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.Nearlyonefifthofalltheelectricitygeneratedworldwideisproducedbyturbinesspunbythepoweroffallingwater.

CYetthereisadarksidetothispicture,despiteourprogress,halfoftheworld’spopulationsstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailabletotheancientGreeksandRomans.AstheUnitedNationsreportonaccesstowaterreiteratedinNovember2001,morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday,andthelatestevidencesuggeststhatwearefallingbehindineffortstosolvetheseproblems.

DTheconsequencesofourwaterpoliciesextendbeyondjeopardizinghumanhealth.Tensofmillionsofpeoplehavebeenforcedtomovefromtheirhomes—oftenwithlittlewarningorcompensation—tomakewayforthereservoirsbehinddams.Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.Certainirrigationpracticesdegradesoilqualityandreduceagriculturalproductivity.GroundwateraquifersarebeingpumpeddownfasterthantheyarenaturallyreplenishedinpartsofIndia,China,theUSAandelsewhere.Anddisputesoversharedwaterresourceshaveledtoviolenceandcontinuetoraiselocal,nationalandeveninternationaltensions.

EAttheoutsetofthenewmillennium,however,thewayresourceplannersthinkaboutwaterisbeginningtochange.Thefocusisslowlyshiftingbacktotheprovisionofbasichumanandenvironmentalneedsastoppriorityensuring‘someforall’，insteadof‘moreforsome’.Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities,whichisincreasinglyconsideredtheoptionoflast,notfirst,resort.Thisshiftinphilosophyhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted,anditcomeswithstrongoppositionformsomeestablishedwaterorganizations.Nevertheless,itmaybetheonlywaytoaddresssuccessfullythepressingproblemsofprovidingeveryonewithcleanwatertodrink,adequatewatertogrowfoodandalifefreefrompreventablewater-relatedillness.

FFortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted.Asaresult,thepressuretobuildnewwaterinfrastructureshasdiminishedoverthepasttwodecades.Althoughpopulation,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedtosoarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfromaquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.Andinafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.

GWhatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.Throughoutthefirstthree-quartersofthe20thcentury,thequantityoffreshwaterconsumedperpersondoubledonaverage;intheUSA，waterwithdrawalsincreasedtenfoldwhilethepopulationquadrupled.Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedperpersonhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelptoconservewaterinhomesandindustry.In1965,forinstance,Japanusedapproximately13milliongallonsofwatertoproduce$1millionofcommercialoutput;by1989thishaddroppedto3.5milliongallons(evenaccountingforinflation)—almostaquadruplingofwaterproductivity.IntheUSA,waterwithdrawalshavefallenbymorethan20%fromtheirpeakin1980.

HOntheotherhand,dams,aqueductsandotherkindsofinfrastructurewillstillhavetobebuilt,particularlyindevelopingcountrieswherebasichumanneedshavenotbeenmet.Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.Andeveninregionswherenewprojectsseemwarranted,wemustfindwaystomeetdemandswithfewerresources,respectingecologicalcriteriaandtoasmallerbudget.

【答案】1.xi

2.vii

3.v

4.i

5.ix

6.ii

7.x

【解析】1.根据文章第一段，“Thehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.”，人类文明史与我们学会如何运用水资源的历史交织在一起。第一段最后列举了罗马帝国时期对水资源的控制，建立了发达的水利系统，给罗马人提供了充足的水。可判断出A段的主要内容为古代的供水系统。选项xi符合题意。

2.根据文章第三段，“morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday”，超过10亿人缺乏干净的饮用水，约25亿人没有足够的卫生净水设备。据估计，每天1万至2万名儿童死于与水有关的可预防疾病。可判断出C段的主要内容为水和健康之间的关联。选项vii符合题意。

3.根据文章第四段，“Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.”，超过20%的淡水鱼物种现在受到威胁或濒临灭绝，因为大坝和取水破坏了它们赖以生存的自由流动的河流生态系统。本段还列举了更多因为修建水利系统而带来的环境影响，可判断D段的主要内容为环境问题。选项v符合题意。

4.根据文章第五段，“Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities”，一些水资源专家现在要求以更明智的方式使用现有的基础设施，而不是建设新的设施，下文继续强调了专家们在观念上和措施上提出的转变。可判断出E段的主要内容为科学家们呼吁对政策进行改变。选项i符合题意。

5.根据文章第六段，“Fortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted…inafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.”，出乎意料的是，对水的需求并没有像一些人预测的那样迅速增长。在世界上的一些地方，对水的需求实际上已经下降。可判断出F段主要提到了人们对水的需求出现了令人惊讶的下降趋势。选项ix符合题意。

6.根据文章第七段，“Whatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.”，如何解释对水资源的需求下降（上一段已提及）的这一显著的转变？两个因素：人们已经知道如何更有效地用水，并且正在重新考虑他们用水的优先次序。可判断出G段主要对上一段提到的水资源需求下降的解释。选项ii符合题意。

7.根据文章第八段，“Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.”，与过去相比，这些项目必须按照更高的标准建造，必须考虑到当地居民及其环境影响。可判断出人们对水资源基础设施的建设提出了更高的标准。选项x符合题意。

9.单选题

Hemadea______speechthatcausedagreatdealofargument.

问题1选项

A.successful

B.provocative

C.touching

D.hostile

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项successful“成功的；一帆风顺的”；B选项provocative“刺激的；挑拨的；煽动的”；C选项touching“动人的，令人同情的”；D选项hostile“敌对的；敌方的；怀敌意的”。句意：他做了一个……演讲引起了一番争论。根causedagreatdealofargument（引起大量的争论）可推测B选项与其意思对应正确，因此选项B符合题意。

10.不定项选择题

I.(LegalHistory)

Thepoliticalinstitutionsthatwerefirst,establishedintheQinDynastyhadseveralimportantfeaturesthatlastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.Thefirstisstrongemphasisontherulebylaw(byalargeandrelativelyefficientbureaucracy)butwithlittleconstraintontheemperor.Second,politicaldictatorshipbasedonideologicalmonopoly.Third,localgovernmentsareorganizedinasystemcalledprefecturesandcounties.Thefourthfeatureisthepersonnelsystemforpublicofficesthatreliedfirstonrecommendationandthenonstandardexams.

“AUthingsaredeterminedbytheemperornomattertheyaresmallorbig”,soconcludedanancientscholaronQin’spoliticalinstitutions.Legalismschool,whichisveryattractivetodictators,wasemployedbytheQinStateintheirquesttounifythecountry.ThecrueltyofQin’srulewasrevealedbynotonlythedetailedclassificationofitslawsbutalsohowitcollapsedinlessthan20yearsafterconqueringtheotherstates.Althoughthefollowingdynastiesmoreorlesssoftenedtheirrule,Qin’sinfluenceremaineddominant.ItisaconsensusthatChina’spoliticalinstitutionsweresorepressivethatpeoplehadnowaytoparticipateinpublicdecisionmaking.Intellectualshadbecomesimplyreservesforabureaucraticgovernment.

Thepoliticaldictatorshipwasbuiltonideologicalmonopoly.TheFirstEmperorwasnotoriousforordering“burningbooksandburyingscholars”.ShortlyafterQinunifiedChina,WuEmperorinHanDynastystartedtopromotethemonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking.ThismovementhadsuccessfullyestablishedthemonolithicstatusofChineseintellectualsinthefollowingtwothousandyears.Thiskindofideologicalmonopolywasnotdesignedforanypublicparticipationindecisionmaking.Instead,itwasforeliteswhodevotedthemselvestotheroyalfamily.

Thelocalgovernmentsystemofcountiesandprefectures,thebasicpatternofwhichisstillvisibleinmodernChina,wasalsoestablishedintheQinDynasty.Thissystemdiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethatalllocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor.ForabigempirelikeChina,howtogovernthecountryefficientlyandeffectivelybecameabigproblem.Ontheonehand,localgovernancewascriticaltosustainingthecontroloverthecountry.Ontheotherhand,whosatinpublicofficesbecamecrucialtothesuccessorfailureofeachdynastyortohowpublicinterestsarerepresented.

FengDeng:“EndogenousEvolutionofPatriarchalClanSysteminAncientChina”

51.Thefirstsentenceoftheparagraphsmeansthat___lastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.

52.WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

53.Thereflectionofideologicalmonopolywas___.

54.Thegovernment,systemofQinDynastydiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethat___.

问题1选项

A.thepoliticalinstitutions

B.theimportantfeaturesofthepoliticalinstitutions

C.theQinDynasty

D.thepoliticalinstitutionsestablishedintheQinDynasty

问题2选项

A.QinDynasty,althoughhavingashortlife,hadstronginfluencestolaterdynasties.

B.ThatpeopledidnotparticipateindecisionmakinginancientChinaisagenerallyacceptedopinion.

C.Thebureaucraticgovernmentselecteditsofficialsfromintellectuals.

D.TheEmperorwasnotthesolegovernoroftheQinDynasty.

问题3选项

A.“burningbooksandburyingscholars”

B.themonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking

C.zeropublicparticipationindecisionmaking

D.intellectualsdevotingthemselvestotheroyalfamily

问题4选项

A.allChineselocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor

B.countyandprefecturegovernmentsweresetup

C.alllocalofficialsofthefeudalsystemweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor

D.localgovernancewascriticaltosustainingthecontroloverthecountry

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A、B

第4题:A

【解析】51.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Thepoliticalinstitutionsthatwerefirst,establishedintheQinDynastyhadseveralimportantfeaturesthatlastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.（最早建立于秦朝的政治制度有几个重要的特点，在中国延续了近两千年）可知选D选项“秦朝建立的政治制度”；A选项“政治机构”，B选项“政治体制的重要特征”，以及C选项“秦朝”不符合原文。因此D选项正确。

52.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段“AUthingsaredeterminedbytheemperornomattertheyaresmallorbig”,soconcludedanancientscholaronQin’spoliticalinstitutions.（“非盟之事，无论大小，都由皇帝决定”，古代学者对秦政治制度的总结是这样的）可知D选项“皇帝不是秦朝唯一的统治者”和原文不符；第二段ThecrueltyofQin’srulewasrevealedbynotonlythedetailedclassificationofitslawsbutalsohowitcollapsedinlessthan20yearsafterconqueringtheotherstates.Althoughthefollowingdynastiesmoreorlesssoftenedtheirrule,Qin’sinfluenceremaineddominant（秦朝统治的残酷不仅体现在其法律的详细分类上，还体现在它征服其他国家后不到20年的时间里是如何崩溃的。尽管后来的朝代或多或少地软化了他们的统治，但秦朝的影响仍然占主导地位）可知A选项“秦朝的历史虽短，但对后世的影响却很大”符合原文；结合第二段第一句以及第二段ItisaconsensusthatChina’spoliticalinstitutionsweresorepressivethatpeoplehadnowaytoparticipateinpublicdecisionmaking.（人们普遍认为，中国的政治体制过于压制，人们无法参与公共决策）可知B选项“在古代中国，人们不参与决策是一种普遍接受的观点”符合原文；第二段Intellectualshadbecomesimplyreservesforabureaucraticgovernment.（知识分子已经变成了官僚政府的储备）可知C选项“官僚政府从知识分子中挑选官员”符合原文。因此D选项符合题意。

53.【试题答案】A,B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“ideologicalmonopoly”定位到第三段Thepoliticaldictatorshipwasbuiltonideologicalmonopoly.TheFirstEmperorwasnotoriousforordering“burningbooksandburyingscholars”.ShortlyafterQinunifiedChina,WuEmperorinHanDynastystartedtopromotethemonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking.（政治独裁是建立在意识形态垄断的基础上的。秦始皇因下令“焚书坑儒”而臭名昭著。秦朝统一中国后不久，汉武帝就开始提倡垄断儒学，取缔其他学派）可知选A选项“焚书坑儒”和B选项“儒家思想的垄断和其他学派思想的禁止”；C选项“公众参与决策为零”和D选项“知识分子献身于王室”原文未提及。因此A，B选项正确。

54.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到最后一段Thelocalgovernmentsystemofcountiesandprefectures,thebasicpatternofwhichisstillvisibleinmodernChina,wasalsoestablishedintheQinDynasty.Thissystemdiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethatalllocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor.（县府地方政府制度在秦朝也已确立，其基本格局在近代中国仍可见。这种制度不同于封建制度，所有地方官员都直接对皇帝负责）可知选A选项“所有中国地方官员都直接对皇帝负责”，同时可知B选项“设立县、州政府”错误，未提及州政府；C选项“所有封建制度下的地方官员都直接对皇帝负责”和原文不符；文中未提及D选项“地方治理对维持对国家的控制至关重要”是否是秦朝的制度与封建制度的不同之处，排除。因此A选项正确。

11.单选题

Johnsonneverscrupledtoignorethestandardsofdecentconductmandatedbycompanypolicyif（

）compliancewithinstructionsfromhissuperiorsenabledhimtodoso,whatevertheeffectsonhissubordinates.

问题1选项

A.deigned

B.feigned

C.literal

D.halfhearted

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词和形容词词义辨析。deign赐予；feign假装；装作；捏造；想象；literal文字的；字