考研考博-英语-宣城职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宣城职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Although,recentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehicles,thenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequently,morethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxide,particulatematter,andozone(generatedbyphotochemical,reactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaust)thatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions—shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleanerburningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgasliquefiedpetroleumgas,ethanol,ormethanol.

Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesbummorecleanlythangasoline,inpartbecausetheyhavefewer,ifany,carbon-carbonbonds,andthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargemolecules,whichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbonds,involvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseuncombustedandphotochemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhand,alternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiencyandliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsonsupply.

Ethanolandmethanol,ontheotherhand,haveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbon-basedalternativefuels;theyhavehitherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplement,butitiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanol,thelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol'smostattractivefeature,however,isthatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozone,themostseriousurbanairpollutant.

Likeanyalternativefuel,methanolhasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof"gasolineclone”vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrue,forexample,thatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequal,thefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.However,sincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthan"gasolineclone"vehiclesfueledwithmethanol,theywouldneedcomparativelylessfuel.VehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheEngineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith

（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,incompletecombustionismorelikelytooccurwithgasolinethanwithanalternativefuelbecause:（

）.

3.ThepassagesuggestswhichoftheFollowingaboutairpollution?

4.Theauthordescribeswhichofthefollowingasthemostappealingfeatureofmethanol?

5.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagemostlikelyregardsthecriticismofmethanolinthelastparagraphas（

）.

问题1选项

A.counteringaflawedargumentthatdismissesapossiblesolutiontoaproblem

B.reconcilingcontradictorypointsofviewaboutthenatureofaproblem

C.identifyingthestrengthsofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem

D.discussingaproblemandarguinginfavorofonesolutiontoit

问题2选项

A.thecombustionofgasolinereleasesphotochemicallyactivehydrocarbons.

B.thecombustionofgasolineinvolvesanintricateseriesofreactions.

C.gasolinemoleculeshaveasimplemolecularstructure.

D.gasolineiscomposedofsmallmolecules.

问题3选项

A.Furtherattemptstoreduceemissionsfromgasoline-fueledvehicleswillnothelplowerurbanair-pollutionlevels.

B.Attemptstoreducethepollutionsthatanindividualgasoline-fueledvehicleemitshavebeenlargelyunsuccessful.

C.Fewseriousattemptshavebeenmadetoreducetheamountofpollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehicles.

D.Pollutantsemittedbygasoline-fueledvehiclesarenotthemostcriticalsourceofurbanairpollution.

问题4选项

A.Itissubstantiallylessexpensivethanethanol.

B.Itcouldbeprovidedtoconsumersthroughtheexistingmotorfueldistributionsystem

C.Ithasahigherenergycontentthanotheralternativefuels.

D.Itsusewouldsubstantiallyreduceozonelevels.

问题5选项

A.flawedbecauseoftheassumptionsonwhichitisbased

B.inapplicablebecauseofaninconsistencyinthecritics’arguments

C.misguidedbecauseofitsexclusivelytechnologicalfocus

D.invalidbecauseitreflectsthepersonalbiasofthecritics

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段最后一句Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions—shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleanerburningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgasliquefiedpetroleumgas,ethanol,ormethanol是本文的主旨句，提出如何来减少机动车尾气排放。所以选项C符合题意。

2.文章第二段第三句Thecombustionoflargemolecules,whichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbonds,involvesamorecomplexseriesofreactions提到大分子的燃烧有着更复杂的反映，选项B符合题意。

3.题干中出现了airpollution,因此可以将重点放在第一段。第一段主要提及了尽管污染减少，但还是需要有效的方法来改善环境。第一段最后一句话可以推出选项A符合题意。

4.文章第三段最后一句Methanol'smostattractivefeature,however,isthatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozone,themostseriousurbanairpollutant.提到甲醇最吸引人的特点就是会大幅度减少臭氧水平。选项D符合题意。

5.根据文章第四段第二句Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseof"gasolineclone”vehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol可知选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

IncolonialAmerica,peoplegenerallycoveredtheirbedswithdecorativequiltsresemblingthoseofthelandsfromwhichthequittershadcome.WealthyandsociallyprominentsettlersmadequiltsoftheEnglishtype,cutfromlargelengthsofclothofthesamecolorandtextureratherthanstitchedtogetherfromsmallerpieces.TheymadetheseuntiltheadventoftheRevolutionaryWarin1775,wheneverythingEnglishcametobefrownedupon.

Amongthewhole-clothquiltsmadebythesewealthysettlersduringtheearlyperiodarethosenowcalledlinsey-woolseys.Thistermwasusuallyappliedtoafabricofwoolandlinenusedinheavyclothingandquiltedpetticoatsworninthewintertime.Despitethename,linsey-woolseybedcoversdidnotoftencontainlinen.Rather,theyweremadeofatoplayerofwoolenorglazedworstedwoolfabric,consistingofsmooth,compactyarnfromlongwoolfiberdyeddarkblue,green,orbrownwithabottomlayerofacoarserwoolenmaterial,eithernaturalorashadeofyellow.Thefillingwasasoftlayerofwoolwhichhadbeencleanedandseparatedandthethreelayerswereheldtogetherwithdecorativestitchingdonewithhomespunlinenthread.Later,cottonthreadwasusedforthispurpose.Thedesignofthestitchingwasoftenasimpleonecomposedofinterlockingcirclesorcrosseddiagonallinesgivingadiamondpattern.

Thistypeofheavy,warm,quiltedbedcoverwassolargethatithungtothefloor.Thecomersarecutoutatthefootofthecoversothatthequiltfitsnuglyaroundthetallfour-poster,bedsofthe1700s,whichdifferedfromthoseoftodayinthattheywereshorterandwider;theywereshortbecausepeoplesleptinasemi-sittingpositionwithmanybolstersorpillows,andwide,becauseeachbedoftensleptthreeormore.Thelinsey-woolseycoveringwasfoundinthecolderregionsofthecountrybecauseofthewarmthitafforded.Therewasnocentralheatingandmostbedroomsdidnothavefireplaces.

1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?

2.TheauthormentionstheRevolutionaryWarasatimeperiodwhen（

）.

3.Thequiltsdescribedinthesecondandthirdparagraphsweremadeprimarilyof（

）.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthatthesleepinghabitsofmostAmericanshavechangedsincethe1700sinallthefollowingwaysEXCEPT

（

）.

5.WhichofthefollowingwasmostlikelytobefoundinabedroominthecolderareasoftheAmericancolonies?

问题1选项

A.Theprocessingofwool

B.Linsey-woolseybedcovers

C.SleepinghabitsofcolonialAmericans

D.QuiltsmadeinEngland

问题2选项

A.quiltsweresuppliedtothearmy

B.moreimmigrantsarrivedfromEngland

C.quiltsimportedfromEnglandbecamehardertofind

D.people'sattitudestowardEnglandchanged

问题3选项

A.wool

B.linen

C.cotton

D.amixtureoffabrics

问题4选项

A.thepositioninwhichpeoplesleep

B.thenumbersofbolstersorpillowspeoplesleepon

C.thelengthoftimepeoplesleep

D.thenumberofpeoplewhosleepinonebed

问题5选项

A.Alinsey-woolsey

B.Aventfromacentralhealingsystem

C.Afireplace

D.Awoodstove

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，原文第一段首先介绍了什么是被褥，接下来的段落则是具体介绍其中的一种——Linsey-woolsey。所以选项B正确。

2.推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“TheymadetheseuntiltheadventoftheRevolutionaryWarin1775,wheneverythingEnglishcametobefrownedupon.”直到1775年革命战争爆发，人们对来自英国的一切都不赞成。也就是说，人们对英国的态度改变了。选项D符合原文。

3.推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“Despitethename,linsey-woolseybedcoversdidnotoftencontainlinen.Rather,theyweremadeofatoplayerofwoolenorglazedworstedwoolfabric...”尽管有这个名字，linsey-woolsey床单通常并不包含亚麻。相反，它们是由一层羊毛或光滑的精纺毛织物制成的……由此可知，其主要成分是羊毛，选项A正确。

4.事实细节题。根据第三段第二句“theywereshortbecausepeoplesleptinasemi-sittingpositionwithmanybolstersorpillows,andwide,becauseeachbedoftensleptthreeormore.”它们短是因为人们以半坐的姿势睡觉，有许多支撑物或枕头；宽是因为每张床通常睡三个人或更多。由此可知，选项A，B，D均有提及，只有选项C不正确。

5.事实细节题。根据最后一段倒数第二句“Thelinsey-woolseycoveringwasfoundinthecolderregionsofthecountrybecauseofthewarmthitafforded.”由于它所提供的温暖，人们在该国较冷的地区发现了这种类似羊毛的覆盖物。所以选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

IntheNavajohousehold,grandparentsandotherrelativesplayindispensablerolesinraisingchildren.

问题1选项

A.dominant

B.exemplary

C.essential

D.demanding

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。indispensable表示“不可缺少的”；A项dominant“占优势的，支配的”，B项exemplary“典范的，惩戒性”，C项essential“必要的”，D项demanding“要求高的，苛求的”。句意：在纳瓦霍家庭中，祖父母和其他亲戚在抚养孩子方面扮演着不可或缺的角色。根据句意可知，该题选择C项正确。

4.单选题

Thecustomerexpressedher（

）forthatbroadhat.

问题1选项

A.disapproval

B.distaste

C.dissatisfaction

D.dismay

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析。句意:这位顾客表示她不喜欢那顶宽顶帽。

disapproval后与of搭配，表示不赞成、不同意；distaste后与for搭配，表示不喜欢、厌恶；dissatisfaction后与with搭配，表示不满；dismay沮丧。

5.单选题

Recentresearchfromanimalbehavioristssuggeststhat“asthecrowflies”shouldnolongerbetakentomean“theshortestdistancebetweentwopoints.”ZoologistsatOxfordUniversity,（1）conductedaneighteen-month（2）ofhomingpigeons,haveconcludedthatundersomecircum-stances,pigeonsfollow（3）visuallandmarkstofindtheirwayhome（4）thantakingtheshor-test,mostdirectroute.（5）fortheirabilitytonavigatelongdistances,homingpigeonsusethe（6）ofthesunandstars,theirinbuiltcompasses，andperhapsalsotheirsenseofsmelltodirecttheirflightoverlong（7）oronajourneyforthefirsttime.（8），differentfactorsappeartoaffectapigeon’snavigation（9）itisreleasedclosetoits（10）Animalbehavioristsreachedthis（11）afterattachingsmallglobalpositioningdevicestothebacksofpigeonsandreleasingthemafewmilesfromtheirhome.Thesedevicesenabledthescientiststo（12）thepreciselocationofeachpigeonev-erysecondof（13）flight.Eachpigeonwastrackedforapproximatelytwentyflightsfromthe（14）point.Forthefirstseveralflights，eachbird’spath（15）significantlyfromthepathsithadtaken（16）Subsequently，（17），thebirdwouldtendtofollowthesamepath,（18）afterflight,eventhoughthatpathwasnotalwaysthemostdirectroutehome.Thescientistsconcludedthatpigeonsusea（19）offamiliarvisuallandmarkstofindtheirwaywhentheyareneartheirhomeratherthanrel-yingprimarilyoncompassnavigation.Majorhighwaysareone（20）landmark.Almostcomically,someofthepigeonsfollowedthepathofamajorhighwaytheycouldseebelowthem,turningwheretheroadturned,andevenfollowingthecircularpathoftheexitramps.

问题1选项

A.which

B.then

C.who

D.had

问题2选项

A.check

B.flight

C.period

D.study

问题3选项

A.full

B.familiar

C.magnetic

D.no

问题4选项

A.longer

B.other

C.fewer

D.rather

问题5选项

A.Certain

B.Regardless

C.Known

D.Concerning

问题6选项

A.composition

B.influence

C.position

D.dimensions

问题7选项

A.distractions

B.distances

C.moments

D.delays

问题8选项

A.Simply

B.However

C.Otherwise

D.Consequently

问题9选项

A.when

B.until

C.still

D.since

问题10选项

A.flight

B.wings

C.home

D.young

问题11选项

A.decision

B.idea

C.conclusion

D.summary

问题12选项

A.approve

B.match

C.manipulate

D.record

问题13选项

A.its

B.group

C.per

D.one

问题14选项

A.same

B.actual

C.distant

D.home

问题15选项

A.reduced

B.varied

C.followed

D.improved

问题16选项

A.off

B.first

C.earlier

D.over

问题17选项

A.nevertheless

B.moreover

C.although

D.though

问题18选项

A.flight

B.right

C.then

D.soon

问题19选项

A.unit

B.sum

C.link

D.chain

问题20选项

A.example

B.such

C.similar

D.type

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

第6题:C

第7题:B

第8题:B

第9题:A

第10题:C

第11题:C

第12题:D

第13题:C

第14题:A

第15题:B

第16题:A

第17题:A

第18题:A

第19题:D

第20题:B

【解析】（1）此句考察定语从句，空格处应填入关系代词,而先行词是zoologists,因此，正确答案为“who”，C选项正确。

（2）句意为:牛津大学的动物学家在对信鸽进行了18个月的后，得出了结论，选项D“Study”符合句意。

（3）此处需要结合文章倒数第五句“Thescientistsconcludedthatpigeonsuseafamiliarvisuallandmarks(科学家得出结论，鸽子使用一种熟悉的视觉标志物)。因此此处选项B“familiar”正确。

（4）本句句意:鸽子会通过熟悉的地标按原路返回家里，以最短的距离直线飞回家。这里D选项“ratherthan”是固定搭配，表示“而不是”。

（5）此处句意为:鸽子因其长距离的导航能力而，选项D“known”与“for”搭配表示“因……闻名”，其他选项都不能与介词for搭配使用，故选项D正确c

（6）空格处句意:信鸽利用太阳和星星的、它们的内置罗盘以及嗅觉来辨识方向。故C选项“position”符合句意。

（7）根据空后的“oronajourney”判断,此处应填入与“journey”并列平行的单词。因此选项B“distance”正确。

（8）空格后分句句意:不同的因素会影响鸽子的航行，因此此处是一个转折关系，虽然C选项“otherwise”也有转折的意思，但其后不跟逗号，故选项B“however”正确。

（9）空格处句意:当信鸽被放飞到离家近的地方时，它的导航能力似乎会受到不同因素的影响。因此此处应选择A项“when”，表示“当……时”。

（10）空格处句意为:当信鸽被放飞到离近的地方时，它的导航能力似乎会受到不同因素的影响。因此此处应填C项home。

（11）此处句意为:通过给信鸽安装小型全球定位装置，将它们放到离家几公里的地方做实验，动物行为学家由此得出了。选项C“conclusion”符合句意。

（12）句意:给信鸽安装全球定位装置是用来信鸽的飞行位置的，选项D“record”符合句意。

（13）此处表达的是:实验应该对每一只信鸽每一次飞行过程中的每一秒进行记录,并且由“everysecond”推断,此处为“per”。

（14）此处句意为:在起点进行放飞实验，选项A“same”符合句意。

（15）此处句意为:最初的几次放飞实验，信鸽的返回路径与放飞路径，选项B“varied”符合句意。

（16）“takeoff”为固定搭配，表示“起飞”。

（17）空格前后位转折关系。

（18）“flightafterflight”为固定搭配,表示“成群的”。

（19）“achainof”修饰后面的“landmarks”表示“一连串路标”。

（20）句意:在信鸽返回的途中，高速公路就是。B项“such”正确。

6.单选题

Youhavenothingto_______byrefusingtolistentoouradvice.

问题1选项

A.gain

B.grasp

C.seize

D.earn

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项gain“获益；得到（好处）”；B选项grasp“毫不犹豫地抓住（机会）；抓紧；理解”；C选项seize“把握（机会、时机、主动等）；（常指通过暴力突然）夺取”；D选项earn“赚钱；博得”。句意：如果你不听我们的建议，你就没有什么_______。根据语境，这里是指如果不听从建议，就得不到好处，所以gain“获益；得到（好处）”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

7.案例题

Thinkaboutwhatwouldmakeyoureally,reallyhappy.Moremoney?Wrong.Smiling,well-adjustedkids?Wrongagain.Thefactisweareterribleatpredictingthesourceofjoy.Andwhateverchoiceswedomake,welikelylaterdecideitwasallforthebest.

Theseareinsightsfromhappinesseconomics,perhapsthehottestfieldinwhatusedtobecalledthedismalscience.Happinessiseverywhere—onthebest-sellerlists,inthemindsofpolicymakers,andfrontandcenterforeconomists—yetitremainselusive.Thegoldenruleofeconomicshasalwaysbeenthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome.That'swhynationsandpeoplealikestriveforhigherincomes-moneygivesuschoiceandameasureoffreedom.Afteracertainincomecap,wesimplydon'tgetanyhappier.Anditisn'twhatwehave,butwhetherwehavemorethanourneighbor,thatreallymatters.Sothenewslastweekthatin2006tophedge-fundmanagerstookhome$240million,minimum,probablydidn'tmakethemanyhappier,itjustmadetherestofuslessso.

Nowpolicymakersareracingtofigureoutwhatmakespeoplehappy,andjusthowtheyshoulddeliverit.CountriesasdiverseasBhutan,Australia,China,ThailandandtheU.K.arecomingupwith,"happinessindexer,"tobeusedalongsideGDPasaguidetosociety'sprogress.InBritain,the"politicsofhappiness"willlikelyfigureprominentlyinnextyear'selections.Nevermindthattheworld'stophappinessresearchersrecentlygatheredataconferenceinRometodebatewhetherjoyisevenmeasurable.

Whyisthisallhappeningnow?Onlyinthelastdecadehaveeconomists,psychologists,biologistsandphilosophersbeguncross-pollinatinginsuch-awaytoarriveat"happinessstudies."HarvardpsychologistDanielGilberthumorouslysumsupmuchofthenewwisdominhisbook"StumblingonHappiness."Hesays24-hourtelevisionandtheInternethaveallowedusalltoseemoreseeminglyhappypeoplethaneverbefore."We'resurroundedbythelifestylesoftherichandfamous,"saysGilbert,"rubbingournosesinthefactthatothershavemore."

Ofcourse,theideathatmoneyisn'ttherealkeytohappinessisn'tnew.The18th-centuryBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamarguedthatpublicpolicyshouldtrytomaximizehappiness,andmanyprominenteconomistsagreedbutcouldnotquiteembracetheidea.Therewasjustnowaytomeasurehappinessobjectively.

Oneoftheearlyrevelationsofhappinessresearch,fromRichardEasterlinattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,wasthatwhilethericharetypicallyhappierthanthepoor,thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.Thereason,saysEasterlin,isthe"hedoniccycle":wegetusedtobeingricherdarnquick,andtakeitforgrantedorcompareittowhatothershave,notwhatweusedtohave.Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,thankstoourpack-creatureroots.

Thoughmanyhappinessresearcherssay"workless,playmore"istheformulaforhappiness,RuutVeenhoven,aprofessoratErasmusUniversityinRotterdam,suggestsotherwise.Hard-workingAmericansranks17thonhislist;thehard-vacationingFrench39th.HumanbeingsdowantaEuropean-stylesafetynet,butalsowantfreedomandopportunity.

Andperhapsourintuitionsabouthappinessshouldtriumphoverthefuzzydata,anyway.Theeconomicsofhappinesshasgivenusacoupleoffairlyhardandfastrulesaboutwell-beingbeingtrulypoorisbad,andtimewithfriendsandfamilyaregood.Thegoodnewsisthatwhateverchoiceswemakeindividuallyandassocietiesinthepursuitofhappinessthere'sgoodchancethatthey'llseembetterinhindsight.Yetanothertruismofhappinessisthat"weallwearrose-coloredglasseswhenitcomestoourpastdecision-making."saysGilbert.Today'sdreadfullifechoicewilllikelybetomorrow'shappyaccident.

Thepassagebelowsummarizesthemainpointsofthepassage.Readthesummaryandthenselectthebestwordorphrasefromtheboxblowaccordingtothepassage.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

Wearepooratprevisionoftheoriginofhappiness,andwewouldprobablybelievethedecisionwemadeisthemostsatisfactory.TheHappinesshasbecome(1)everywherebuttoughtodefine.Nationsandpeoplemanagetogainhigherincomesbasedontheprincipleofeconomicsthat(2)arerelatedtohappiness,butthatisnot(3).Wealthaloneisn'tnecessarilywhatmakesushappy.Itmakesdifferentifwepossessmorethan(4),andthat'swhywefeelunhappytofindthosetop(5)havesuperlativeincome.Somenationsarebeginningtoconsiderissueslikemeasuringsociety'sprogressby(6)aswellasGDP,andresearchersevenheldseminartoexchangesurveysaboutthe(7),thoughtheinfluentialtopicwasadvanced10yearsago.Theissuethatastatepolicyshouldbe(8)thehappinessofthemajority,eruptedmanydecadesagobyBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamandacceptedbymanyeminenteconomists,couldnotfairly(9),becausehappinesscannotbeobjectivelymeasured.The(10)ofthehappinessmadebyRichardEasterlinisthatthewealthmakespeoplehappier,buttheirhappinesswillnot(11)asgreatasitshouldbeiftheyliveabovethe(12).Theycaneasilytakethelifeforgrantedand(13)themoreexpansivewayoflife.Theyare(14)tocomparethelifewithothersandmanagetokeepupwiththeJoneses.RuutVeenhoven,aprofessoratErasmusUniversityinRotterdam,doesnotsupportthe(15)"workless,playmore".Accordingtohisinvestigationofhappinesslist,peoplewantaEuropean-style(16)andwanttoenjoyfreedomandopportunityaswell.Weshouldprobablygobeyondtheconfusinginformationand(17)thefairlyprinciplesofthehappiness:povertyis(18),stavingwithfriendsandfamilyis(19),andthedecisionsmade(20)arebychancetobehappyexperience.

A.happinessindexes

B.putintoeffect

C.preliminaryinterpretation

D.formulaforhappiness

E.terrible

F.earnings

G.safetyscheme

H.measurementofhappiness

I.adaptto

J.Mr.Joneses

K.optimize

L.povertyline

M.thecase

N.acquaintwith

O.innate

P.inthepast

Q.joyful

R.agitatingtopics

S.escalate

T.hedge-fundmanagers

【答案】1.R

2.F

3.M

4.J

5.T

6.A

7.H

8.I

9.B

10.C

11.S

12.L

13.N

14.O

15.D

16.G

17.K

18.E

19.Q

20.P

【解析】1.根据第二段的第二句"Happinessiseverywhere—onthebest-sellerlists,inthemindsofpolicymakers,andfrontandcenterforeconomists—yetitremainselusive."可知,幸福是个有争议的话题。所以，空格处应填"agitatingtopics"。

2.根据第二段的三四句"Thegoldenruleofeconomicshasalwaysbeenthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome."经济学的黄金法则一直是：幸福是收入的简单函数。也就是说人们将收入和幸福联系起来。所以，空格处应填"earnings"。

3.thatisnotthecase为固定搭配，意为"事实并非如此"。文中第二段有提到"Afteracertainincomecap,wesimplydon'tgetanyhappier."收人增加不一定会使我们幸福。所以,空格处应填"thecase"。

4.根据第二段的"butwhetherwehavemorethanourneighbor,thatreallymatters."重要的是我们是否比邻居拥有的更多。以及倒数第三段的最后一句"Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,thankstoourpack-creatureroots."由此可以推断，这里的neighbor和Mr.Joneses相对应。

5.根据第二段的最后一句"Sothenewslastweek...madetherestofuslessso."2006年顶级对冲基金经理至少赚了2.4亿美元，这可能并没有让他们更快乐，只是让我们其他人不那么快乐。所以使我们不快乐的是髙收入的对冲基金经理。所以,空格处应填"hedge-fundmanagers"。

6.根据关键词"GDP"定位到第三段第二句“...,“happinessindexer,”tobeusedalongsideGDPasaguidetosociety'sprogress.”不丹、澳大利亚、中国、泰国和英国等多个国家都提出了“幸福指数”将与GDP一起作为社会进步的指南。所以,空格处应填"happinessindexes"。

7.根据第三段的最后一句“Nevermindthattheworld'stophappinessresearchersrecentlygatheredataconferenceinRometodebatewhetherjoyisevenmeasurable.”最近，世界顶尖的幸福研究人员在罗马召开了一次会议，讨论快乐是否可以衡量。所以，空格处应填"measurementofhappiness"。

8.根据第五段的第二句“The18th-centuryBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamarguedthatpublicpolicyshouldtrytomaximizehappiness,...”18世纪的英国启蒙思想家JeremyBentham认为，国家政策应该将幸福最大化。"adaptto"指适应于...。

9.根据第五段的第二句“...andmanyprominenteconomistsagreedbutcouldnotquiteembracetheidea.”许多著名经济学家同意这一观点,但并不完全赞同。也就是说不能完全实施执行。"putintoeffect"意为执行。

10.根据关键词“RichardEasterlin”定位到第六段第一句“Oneoftheearlyrevelationsofhappinessresearch,fromRichardEasterlinattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,...”由此可知RichardEasterlin曾对幸福做过早期的研究。所以,空格处应填"preliminaryinterpretation"。

11.根据第六段第一句“...whilethericharetypicallyhappierthanthepoor,thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.”虽然富人通常比穷人更幸福，但获得额外的金钱并不会像摆脱贫困线那样更能增加幸福。所以，空格处应填"escalate"。

12.根据第六段第一句“...thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.”可知，空格处应填入"povertyline"。

13.根据第六段的倒数第二句“wegetusedtobeingricherdarnquick,andtakeitforgrantedorcompareittowhatothershave,notwhatweusedtohave.”我们很快就习惯了变得更富有，并且认为这是理所当然的，或者把它与别人所拥有的相比，而不是与我们曾经拥有的相比。所以，空格处应填"acquaintwith"。

14.根据第六段的最后一句“Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,...”事实证明，与他人攀比是我们大脑的固有模式。所以，空格处应填"innate"。

15.定位到第七段第一句“"workless,playmore"istheformulaforhappiness.”"少工作,多娱乐"是幸福的公式。所以，空格处应填"formulaforhappiness"。

16.根据第七段最后一句“HumanbeingsdowantaEuropean-stylesafetynet,...”人类确实需要一个欧洲式的安全网...。所以，空格处应填"safetyscheme"。

17.根据最后一段的第一句“perhapsourintuitionsabouthappinessshouldtriumphoverthefuzzydata,anyway.”也许我们对幸福的直觉应该超过那些模糊的数据。所以，空格处应填"optimize"。

18.根据最后一段的第二句“Theeconomicsofhappinesshasgivenusacoupleoffairlyhardandfastrulesaboutwell-beingbeingtrulypoorisbad,...”由此可知，贫穷是不好的，是可怕的。所以应填"terrible"。

19.根据最后一段的第二句“...andtimewithfriendsandfamilyaregood.”与家人和朋友在一起是令人愉快的。所以，空格处应填"joyful"。

20.根据最后一段倒数第二句“...weallwearrose-coloredglasseswhenitcomestoourpastdecision-making...”谈到我们过去的决策，我们都是乐观的。所以，空格处应填"inthepast"。

8.单选题

Instudyingsocialgroups,sociologistsoftengain（）throughtheuseofsuchdevicesasquestionnaires.

问题1选项

A.assess

B.credibility

C.understanding

D.insight

【答案】A

【解析】gainaccess（to）为固定搭配,意为“接近,获得权限,得到（信息,资源等）”,这里省略了介词to。选项A正确。

9.单选题

Inthecompetitivemodel—theeconomyofmanysellerseachwithasmallshareofthetotalmarket—therestraintontheprivateexerciseofeconomicpowerwasprovidedbyotherfirmsonthesamesideofthemarket.Itwastheeagernessofcompetitorstosell,notthecomplaintsofbuyers,thatsavedthelatterfromspoliation.Itwasassumed,nodoubtaccurately,thatthenineteenth-centurytextilemanufacturerwhooverchargedforhisproductwouldpromptlylosehismarkettoanothermanufacturerwhodidnot.Ifallmanufacturersfoundthemselvesinapositionwheretheycouldexploitastrongdemand,andmarkuptheirpricesaccordingly,therewouldsoonbeaninflowofnewcompetitors.Theresultingincreaseinsupplywouldbringpricesandprofitsbacktonormal.

Aswiththesellerwhowastemptedtousehiseconomicpoweragainstthecustomer,sowiththebuyerwhowastemptedtouseitagainsthislabororsuppliers,themanwhopaidlessthantheprevailingwagewouldlosehislaborforcetothosewhopaidtheworkerhisfull(marginal)contributiontotheearningsofthefirm.Inallcasestheincentivetosociallydesirablebehaviorwasprovidedbythecompetitor.Itwastothesamesideofthemarket—therestraintofsellersbyothersellersandofbuyer