考研考博-英语-内蒙古医科大学考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-内蒙古医科大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

AgriculturalprogressprovidedthestimulusnecessarytosetoffeconomicexpansioninmedievalFrance.Aslongasthosewhoworkedthelandwerebarelyabletoensuretheirownsubsistenceandthatoftheirlandlords,allotheractivitieshadtobeminimal,butwhenfoodsurplusesincreased,itbecamepossibletoreleasemorepeopleforgovernmental,commercial,religiousandculturalpursuits.

However,notallthefundsfromtheagriculturalsurpluswereactuallyavailableforcommercialinvestment.Muchofthesurplus,intheformoffoodincreases,probablywenttoraisethesubsistencelevel;anadditionalamount,intheformofcurrencygainedfromthesaleoffood,wentintotheroyaltreasurytobeusedinwagingwar.AlthoughLouisVIIofFranceleviedalesscrushingtaxburdenonhissubjectsthandidEngland’sHenryII,LouisVIIdidspendgreatsumsonanunsuccessfulcrusade,andhisvassals—bothlayandecclesiastic—tookoverspendingwheretheirsovereignstopped.SurplusfundswereclaimedbothbytheChurchandbyfeudallandholders,whereuponcathedralsandcastlesmushroomedthroughoutFrance.

Thesimultaneousprogressofcathedralbuildingand,forinstance,vineyardexpansioninBordeauxillustratestheveryrealcompetitionforavailablecapitalbetweentheChurchandcommercialinterests;theformerproducedinestimablemoralandartisticriches,butthelatterhadastrongerimmediateimpactupongrossnationalproduct.Moreover,thoughallwarsbydefinitionaredefensive,thefrequentcrossingsofarmiesthatlivedoffthelandandimpartiallyburnedallthehutsandbarnsontheirpathconsumedconsiderableresources.

Sincedemandsontheagriculturalsurpluswouldhavevariedfromyeartoyear,wecannotpreciselycalculatetheirimpactonthecommercialgrowthofmedievalFrance.Butwemustbearthatimpactinmindwhenestimatingtheassetsthatwerelikelytohavebeenavailableforinvestment.Nodoubtcastleandcathedralbuildingwasnottotallybarrenofprofit(forthebuilders,thatis),anditproducedintangibledividendsofmaterialandmoralsatisfactionforthecommunity.Evenwarshandedbackafragmentofwhattheytook,atleasttoafew.Still,wecannotplaceonthesameplaneaprimarilydestructiveactivityandaconstructiveone,norexpectthesameresultsfromanewbelltowerasfromanewwatermill.Aboveall,medievalFrancehadlittleroomforinvestmentoverandabovethepreservationoflife.Grantedthatwarcostmuchlessthanitdoestoday,thattheChurchrenderedallsortsofeducationalandrecreationalservicesthatwereunobtainableelsewhere,andthatgovernmentwasfarlessdemandingthanisthemodernstate—nevertheless,formedievalmenandwomen,supportingcommercialdevelopmentrequiredconsiderableeconomicsacrifice.

1.Accordingtothepassage,agriculturalrevenuesinexcessoftheamountneededforsubsistencewereusedbymedievalkingsto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanimportantsourceofrevenueinmedievalFrance?

3.ThepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldhavereducedtheassetsimmediatelyavailableforcommercialinvestmentinmedievalFrance?

I.Renovationofalargecathedral

II.Asharpincreaseinthebirthrate

III.AninvasionofFrancebyHenryII

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmorepeoplecouldentergovernmentandtheChurchinmedievalFrancebecause（

）.

5.Theauthorimpliesthatthereasonwecannotexpectthesameresultsfromanewbelltowerasfromanewwatermillisthat（

）.

6.Theauthorofthepassagemostprobablybaseshiscentralargumentonwhichofthefollowingtheoreticalassumptionsoftenmadebyeconomists?

7.TheauthorsuggeststhatcommercialexpansioninmedievalFrance“requiredconsiderableeconomicsacrifice”(lines59-60)primarilyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

8.Thepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingyieldedthelowestdividendtomedievalmenandwomenrelativetoitscost?

9.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthecentralideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.patronizethearts

B.sponsorpublicrecreation

C.wagewar

D.buildcathedrals

E.fundpubliceducation

问题2选项

A.Cheese

B.Wine

C.Wool

D.Oliveoil

E.Veal

问题3选项

A.IIIonly

B.IandIIonly

C.IandIIIonly

D.IIandIIIonly

E.I,II,andIII

问题4选项

A.thenumberofindividuallandholdingsinheavilyagriculturalareaswasbeginningtoincrease

B.anincreaseinthevolumeofinternationaltradehadbroughtanincreaseinthepopulationofcities

C.adecreaseinwarfarehadallowedthekingtodecreasethesizeofthearmy

D.foodproducerscouldgrowmorefoodthantheyandtheirfamiliesneededtosurvive

E.landlordswereprosperingandthusweredemandingasmallerpercentageoftenants’annualyields

问题5选项

A.belltowersyieldanintangibledividend

B.belltowersprovidematerialsatisfaction

C.watermillscostmoretobuildthanbelltowers

D.watermillsdivertfundsfromcommerce

E.watermillsmightwellbedestroyedbywar

问题6选项

A.Differentpeopleshouldbetaxedinproportiontothebenefittheycanexpecttoreceivefrompublicactivity.

B.Perfectcompetitionexistsonlyinthecasewherenofarmer,merchant,orlaborercontrolsalargeenoughshareofthetotalmarkettoinfluencemarketprice.

C.Apopulationwealthyenoughtocutbackitsrateofconsumptioncanfunneltheresultingsavingsintothecreationofcapital.

D.Afull-employmenteconomymustalways,toproduceonegood,giveupproducinganothergood.

E.Thereisauniversaltendencyforpopulation,unlesscheckedbyfoodsupply,toincreaseinageometricprogression.

问题7选项

A.Cathedralscostmoretobuildandrebuildthandidcastles.

B.Thenumerouswarsfoughtduringtheperiodlefttheroyaltreasurybankrupt.

C.LouisVIIleviedamorecrushingtaxburdenonhissubjectsthandidHenryII.

D.Althoughmuchoftheavailablesurplushadbeendivertedintovineyardexpansion,thevineyardshadnotyetbeguntoproduce.

E.Althoughmorefoodwasbeingproduced,thesubsistencelevelwasnotveryfarabovetheminimumrequiredtosustainlife.

问题8选项

A.Warfare

B.Vineyardexpansion

C.Watermillconstruction

D.Castlebuilding

E.Cathedralbuilding

问题9选项

A.CommercialgrowthinmedievalFrancemaybeaccuratelycomputedbycalculatingthenumberofcastlesandcathedralsbuiltduringtheperiod.

B.CompetitionbetweentheChurchandthefeudalaristocracyforfundscreatedbyagriculturalsurplusdemonstrablyslowedtheeconomicgrowthofmedievalFrance.

C.Despitesuchburdensaswarandcapitalexpansionbylandholders,commerceinmedievalFranceexpandedsteadilyastheagriculturalsurplusincreased.

D.FundsactuallyavailableforcommerceinmedievalFrancevariedwiththedemandsplacedontheagriculturalsurplus.

E.ThesimultaneousprogressofvineyardexpansionandbuildinginmedievalFrancegivesevidenceofarapidlyexpandingeconomy.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:E

第4题:D

第5题:A

第6题:C

第7题:E

第8题:A

第9题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“inexcessoftheamount”“subsistence”,将信息点定位到原文第二段第二句。“Muchofthesurplus,intheformoffoodincreases,probablywenttoraisethesubsistencelevel;anadditionalamount,intheformofcurrencygainedfromthesaleoffood,wentintotheroyaltreasurytobeusedinwagingwar.（以粮食增长形式出现的大部分盈余，很可能用于提高生活水平；又有因卖粮所得的银钱，用以打仗。）”即可得出本题答案。

2.

细节推断题。定位原文第三段。根据“vineyardexpansioninBordeauxillustratestheveryrealcompetitionforavailablecapitalbetweentheChurchandcommercialinterests（波尔多葡萄园的扩张表明，教会和商业利益之间对可用资本的争夺非常激烈）”即可得出本题答案。

3.

事实细节题。根据题干关键词“commercialinvestment”“medievalFrance”，将信息点定位到原文第三段。根据“theformerproducedinestimablemoralandartisticriches”“thoughallwarsbydefinitionaredefensive,thefrequentcrossingsofarmiesthatlivedoffthelandandimpartiallyburnedallthehutsandbarnsontheirpathconsumedconsiderableresources.”从而得出本题答案。

4.事实推断题。根据题干关键词“entergovernmentandtheChurch”,将信息点定位到原文第一段最后一句。“Aslongasthosewhoworkedthelandwerebarelyabletoensuretheirownsubsistenceandthatoftheirlandlords,allotheractivitieshadtobeminimal,butwhenfoodsurplusesincreased,itbecamepossibletoreleasemorepeopleforgovernmental,commercial,religiousandculturalpursuits.（只要那些耕种土地的人勉强能够保证他们自己和他们的地主的生存，所有其他活动都必须尽量减少，但是，当粮食盈余增加时，就有可能释放更多的人从事政府、商业、宗教和文化活动。）”即可得出本题答案。

5.

事实细节题。根据题干关键词“newbelltower”“newwatermill”,将信息点定位到原文第四段第五句。根据第四段第三句，“Nodoubtcastleandcathedralbuildingwasnottotallybarrenofprofit(forthebuilders,thatis),anditproducedintangibledividendsofmaterialandmoralsatisfactionforthecommunity.（毫无疑问，城堡和大教堂的建设并不是完全没有利润（也就是说，对建筑者来说），它为社会带来了无形的物质和道德满足的红利。）”即可得出本题答案。

6.

细节推理题。通读全文，可知作者的核心观点与选项C的表述最为吻合。从而得出本题答案。

7.

细节事实题。根据题干关键词“requiredconsiderableeconomicsacrifice”,将信息点定位到原文最后一段最后一句，“Grantedthatwarcostmuchlessthanitdoestoday,thattheChurchrenderedallsortsofeducationalandrecreationalservicesthatwereunobtainableelsewhere,andthatgovernmentwasfarlessdemandingthanisthemodernstate—nevertheless,formedievalmenandwomen,supportingcommercialdevelopmentrequiredconsiderableeconomicsacrifice.”即可得出本题答案。

8.

细节推断题。通读全文，能发现战争（战事）对中世纪人们的影响最大。从而得出本题答案。

9.

主旨大意题。通读全文，发现本文多次提及的关键词为“agriculturalsurplus”“Fundsavailableforcommerce”“medievalFrance”，从而得出本题的答案。

2.单选题

Thedisagreementovertraderestrictionscouldseriously（）relationsbetween

thetwocountries.

问题1选项

A.tumble

B.jeopardize

C.manipulate

D.intimidate

【答案】B

【解析】句意：贸易限制方面存在的意见分歧会严重（）两国的关系。A选项tumble跌倒；B选项jeopardize危害；C选项manipulate操纵；D选项intimidate恐吓，B选项jeopardize符合句意。

3.翻译题

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.(1)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,human,nature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.(2)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.(3)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.(4)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andthey’reessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?(5)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

【答案】1．难题在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。

2．行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

3．自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

4．自由和尊严（它们）是传统理论定义的自主的人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

5．（如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。

4.单选题

Manyofthesestateshaveexperienced______nationalityconflicts,andfewoftheseconflictshavebeenpermanentlyresolved.

问题1选项

A.traumatic

B.stocky

C.irremediable

D.forgetful

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.traumatic痛苦难忘的；极不愉快的B.stocky矮壮的；敦实的

C.irremediable无法纠正的；不可治愈的D.forgetful健忘的；好忘事的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键词nationalityconflicts（国籍冲突）和关键信息fewoftheseconflictshavebeenpermanentlyresolved（这些冲突中很少有得到永久解决）可推知，这些国籍冲突没有得到永久解决，也就是说这些冲突是痛苦难忘的，该题选择A项符合句意。

【干扰项排除】

B、D项不符合句意；

C项是用来描述一个糟糕的情况或改变无法改善，通常是指永久性的，在这不符合语境。

【句意】这些国家中有许多经历过创伤性的国籍冲突，而这些冲突中很少有得到永久解决。

5.单选题

Thedebatesoverstemcellresearchduringthelastdecadehavebeenamongthemostheated（

）inthehistoryofscience.

问题1选项

A.conspiracies

B.contradictions

C.contentions

D.controversies

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。conspiracy意为“阴谋”；contradiction意为“矛盾”；contention意为“论点，争论”；controversy意为“公开辩论，论战”。

句意：过去十年中关于干细胞研究的争论是科学史上最激烈的论战之一。

6.单选题

Spaceisadangerousplace,notonlybecauseofmeteors（流星）butalsobecauseofraysfromthesunandotherstars.Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearth.Lightgetsthrough,andthisisessentialforplantstomakethefoodwhichweeat.Heat,too3makesourenvironmentendurable.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspace,butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.

Radiationisthegreatestknowndangertoexplorersinspace.Theunitofradiationiscalled“rem”.Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamaged;thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamageapersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.

MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighamountofrems.Sofar,nodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.Wesimplydonotknowyethowmenaregoingtogetonwhentheyspendweeksandmonthsoutsidetheprotectionoftheatmosphere,workinginaspacelaboratory.Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfound,sofar.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theatmosphereisessentialtomaninthat（）.

2.Weknowfromthepassagethat（）.

3.Theharmradiation,hasclonetotheApollocrewmembers（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

5.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe（）.

问题1选项

A.itprotectshimagainsttheharmfulraysfromspace

B.itprovidessufficientlightforplantgrowth

C.itsuppliestheheatnecessaryforhumansurvival

D.itscreensoffthefallingmeteors

问题2选项

A.exposuretoeventinyamountsofradiationisfatal

B.theeffectofexposuretoradiationisslowincoming

C.radiationisavoidableinspaceexploration

D.astronautsinspacesuitsneedn'tworryaboutradiationdamage

问题3选项

A.issignificant

B.seemsoverestimated

C.isenormous

D.remainsunknown

问题4选项

A.theApollomissionwasverysuccessful

B.protectionfromspaceradiationisnoeasyjob

C.astronautswillhavedeformedchildrenorgrandchildren

D.radiationisnotathreattowell-protectedspaceexplorers

问题5选项

A.TheAtmosphereandOurEnvironment

B.ResearchonRadiation

C.EffectsofSpaceRadiation

D.ImportanceofProtectionAgainstRadiation

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.判断推理题。Theatmosphereagainactsasourprotectiveblanketonearth.Variouskindsofrayscomethroughtheairfromouterspace,butenormousquantitiesofradiationfromthesunarescreenedoff.Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.大气层再次成为我们在地球上的保护层。各种光线通过空气来自外太空,但大量的来自太阳的辐射被屏蔽掉。一旦人类离开大气层就会暴露在辐射里，但是他们的宇航服或者飞船的舱壁（如果他们是在飞船内的话）确实会避免许多辐射的危害。据此可知大气层保护人类免受有害光线的影响。A项正确。

2.判断推理题。根据文中第二段“Thetroubleisthatitisextremelydifficulttobesureaboutradiationdamage.Apersonmayfeelperfectlywell,butthecellsofhisorhersexorgansmaybedamaged,andthiswillnotbediscovereduntilthebirthofdeformedchildrenorevengrandchildren.问题是，很难确定辐射的危害。一个人在受到辐射后感觉良好，但他或她的性器官细胞可能会受到损伤，而这要等到畸胎儿甚至孙辈出生后才能发现。据此可知辐射对人的危害不会立马表现出来，而要过很长时间才能体现。故B项正确。A项“暴露在极小的辐射中也是致命的”与原文“Scientistshavereasontothinkthatamancanputupwithfarmoreradiationthan0.1remwithoutbeingdamaged;thefigureof60remshasbeenagreedon.科学家们有理由相信，一个人可以忍受远远超过0.1雷姆的辐射而不受伤害;60雷姆的数字已经达成一致。”不符。C项“在太空探索时辐射是可以避免的”说法错误。D项“穿太空服的宇航员不用担心辐射危害”与"Assoonasmenleavetheatmospheretheyareexposedtothisradiationbuttheirspacesuitsorthewallsoftheirspacecraft,iftheyareinside,dopreventalotofradiationdamage.一旦人们离开大气层，他们就会暴露在这种辐射下，但是如果他们在飞船里，他们的宇航服或太空船的墙壁，确实防止了大量的辐射损伤。"不符。故A项正确。

3.判断推理题。由最后一段“MissionsoftheApolloflightshavehadtocrossbeltsofhighamountofrems.Sofar,nodangerousamountsofradiationhavebeenreported,buttheApollomissionshavebeenquiteshort.阿波罗的飞行任务需要穿越大量的雷姆辐射带。到目前为止，没有危险的辐射量的报告，但阿波罗任务是相当短的。”可知阿波罗宇航员是否受到辐射危害的影响还不得而知。故D项正确。

4.判断推理题。根据最后一句"Drugsmighthelptodecreasethedamagedonebyradiation,butnoreallyeffectiveoneshavebeenfound,sofar."药物可能有助于减少辐射造成的伤害，但迄今为止还没有发现真正有效的药物。可知防止太空辐射不是一件容易的事。B项正确。

5.主旨大意题。本文首先介绍了大气层对人类的重要性，接着讲述了太空辐射的影响，最后表明目前还没有发现真正有效能阻挡辐射的方法。故C项“太空辐射的影响”正确。

7.单选题

Ⅳ.MichaelBrown’s2014deathinFerguson,Missourithrustpolice-officerinvolvedhomicidesintothepopularconsciousness.Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.Despitethis,officialdatasourcesarethinandunreliable.Asinotherlargecities,shootingvictimsareoverwhelminglyminorities,withBlackpersonsconstitutingover80%ofvictims.Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.Shiftingfocusinthiswaywillhelpidentifyconnectionsbetweeneverydaypolicingtacticsinminorityneighborhoods—suchasplainclothespolicingandaggressivestopandfrisk—andofficerinvolvedshootings.Thearticlealsoconcludesthatevidentiarychallengesmarposthocreviewofofficer-involvedshootings,whetheritisintheformofjudicialorcivilianreview.Thisalsounderscorestheimportanceofpreventiveregulation.

Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoneatlyandobjectivelyproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims.Claimingdisproportionalityrequiressignificantnormativejudgments.TheracialprofileofofficerinvolvedshootingvictimsintheIPRAReportsisdramaticallydisproportionatetothatofChicagoresidents.ComparableifnotquitesodramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole.ButtheIPRAReportssuggestthatthemajorityofshootingvictimswerearmedwhenshot.Thisshouldleadonetoaskwhetherthecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuringwhethershootingsareinordinatelyvisiteduponBlackandHispanicmen.Relatedisthequestionofwhatreferencepointshouldbeusedtoassesshowmanyshootingsaretoomany?Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.

1.Theunderlinedword“salient”isclosestinmeaningwith___inthesentence.

2.Whatcouldbetheintuitionreferredtobytheauthor?

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

4.Inthelastsentence,theauthorgivesanexampleofmedicalemploymenttoillustratethat___.

问题1选项

A.noticeable

B.significant

C.outwards

D.jumpingout

问题2选项

A.ManyofthevictimsareBlack.

B.Manyoftheofficershootersareminorities.

C.ManyoftheofficershootersareWhite.

D.Manyofthevictimsareminorities.

问题3选项

A.badofficersfollowingegregiousincidentsarenotthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

B.racistmalevolenceandunconsciousbiashavenothingtodowithofficer-involvedhomicides

C.individualofficers’decision-makingisthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

D.scholarsandpolicymakersshouldnotfocusjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents

问题4选项

A.thecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuring

B.establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup

C.Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims

D.ComparabledramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.词义辨析题。根据题干定位到第一段划线部分句子Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.（随后发生的一系列与警官有关的杀人案使这个问题在政治上和法律上都很重要）此处的salient表示“很突出，很重要”；A选项“显而易见的，显著的”；B选项“重大的（大的，重要的足以产生影响或引起注意的）；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的”；C选项“向外地”；D选项“跳出”，C选项和D选项排除，和原文词义不匹配，noticeable侧重所描绘的事物引人注意，significant侧重某事物由于特别优秀或特别有意义而显得重要与突出，此处significant更符合salient在句中的含义。因此B选项正确。

2.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.（与直觉相反，许多枪击警察的人也是少数族裔）推测出直觉为许多枪击警察的人会是白人，选C选项“许多射击警察的人是白人”；A选项“许多受害者是黑人”，D选项“许多受害者是少数民族”和受害者有关，而直觉是和枪击警察的人有关，不匹配；B选项“许多枪击警察的人都是少数民族”属于原文中的内容，和直觉相反，排除。因此C选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.（学者和政策制定者应该更加集中精力规范不良行为，而不是仅仅在发生恶劣事件后惩戒不良官员）可知选D选项“学者和政策制定者不应该只关注在恶劣事件发生后惩罚坏官员”；A选项“糟糕的警官在发生令人震惊的事件后并不是涉及警官的杀人案的原因”第一段未明确指出；第一段Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.（这里的分析表明，无论是种族主义的恶意，还是无意识的偏见，都不能完全解释与警察有关的枪击事件发生的原因）只是说不能完全解释，而不是没有任何关系，B选项“种族主义的恶意和无意识的偏见与警官参与的杀人案没有任何关系，只是不能完全解释”错误；Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.（这两种解释框架都过于集中于个别军官的决策，而牺牲了制度和情境的动态）可知个人警官的决策并不能完全解释与警察有关的枪击事件发生的原因，C选项“个人警官的决策是涉及警官的杀人案的原因”太过片面。因此D选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段最后一句Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.（例如，一名原告起诉一名医疗雇主在雇用医生时存在种族歧视，但不能指出该雇主雇用的少数族裔人数少于其在总人口中所占比例）结合上一句话Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.（这两个问题对任何研究反歧视法的人来说都很熟悉——建立种族差异的事实需要一个适当的对照组）可知举例是为了说明建立种族差异的事实需要一个适当的对照组，选B选项“建立种族差异的事实需要一个适当的比较组”；A选项“城市的总体人口概况是衡量的适当基准”，C选项“没有定量的基准允许人们质疑（或合理化）大量的黑人和西班牙裔警察参与的枪击受害者”以及D选项“其他城市和整个美国都存在类似的戏剧性的种族不均衡现象”和原文不符合。因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

Thepresidentialcandidate（）hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections.

问题1选项

A.enforced

B.enriched

C.intensified

D.consolidated

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项enforce“实施，执行，强制”，B项enrich“使充实，使肥沃”，C项intensify“增加，强化”，D项consolidate“巩固，加强”。根据后面的hispositionbywinningseveralprimaryelections（通过赢得几次初选而获得职位）可知，空格部分表示“巩固”。句意：这位总统候选人通过赢得几次初选巩固了自己的地位。故该题选择D项正确。

9.单选题

Thespeaker,ateacherfromacommunitycollege,addressedasympatheticaudience.Headsnoddedinagreementwhenhesaid,“HighschoolEnglishteachersarenotdoingtheirjobs.”Hedescribedtheinadequaciesofhisstudents,allhighschoolgraduateswhocanuselanguageonlyatagrade9level.Iwasunabletodeterminefromhisanswerstomyquestionshowthisgrade9levelhadbeenestablished.

Mytopicisnotstandardsnoritsdecline.Whatthespeakerwasreallysayingisthatheisnolongeryoung;hehasbeenteachingforsixteenyears,andisabletothinkandspeaklikeamatureadult.

Mypointisthatthefrequentcomplaintofonegenerationabouttheoneimmediatelyfollowingitisinevitable.Itisalsohumannaturetolookforthereasonsforourdissatisfaction.BeforeEnglishbecameaschoolsubjectinthelatenineteenthcentury,itwasdifficulttofindthetargetoftheblameforlanguagedeficiencies.Butsincethen,Englishteachershavebeenunderconstantattack.

Thecomplainersthinktheyhavehituponanoriginalidea.Astheirowncommandofthelanguageimproves,theynoticethatyoungpeopledonothavethissameability.Unawarethattheirownabilityhasdevelopedthroughtheyears,theyassumethenewgenerationsofyoungpeoplemustbehopelessinthisrespect.Totheeyesandearsofsensitiveadultsthelanguageoftheyoungalwaysseemsinadequate.

SincethisconcernaboutthedeclineandfalloftheEnglishlanguageisnotperceivedasagenerationalphenomenonbutratherassomethingnewandpeculiartotoday’syoungpeople,itnaturallyfollowsthattoday’sEnglishteacherscannotbedoingtheirjobs.Otherwise,youngpeoplewouldnotcommitoffensesagainstthelanguage.

1.Thespeakertheauthormentionedinthepassagebelievedthat________.

2.Intheauthor’sopinion,thespeaker________.

3.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthespeaker’sremarksis________.

问题1选项

A.thelanguageoftheyoungergenerationisusuallyinferiortothatoftheoldergeneration

B.thestudentshadapoorcommandofEnglishbecausetheydidn’tworkhardenough

C.thewasanexcellentlanguageteacherbecausehehadbeenteachingEnglishforsixteenyears

D.Englishteachersshouldbeheldresponsibleforthestudents’poorcommand