考研考博-英语-内蒙古丰州职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-内蒙古丰州职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

W:Goodtoseeyou.Youlookfatterandbetter.

M:Thanks.Ihadalotofexerciseanddrankvegetablejuiceeveryday.

Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?

问题1选项

A.Themanusedtobeunhealthy

B.Themandoesn’thaveasmuchexerciseasheusedto.

C.Themanatealoteveryday.

D.Themanhasbecomeabetterperson

【答案】D

【解析】根据女士的话“你看起来更胖，更好了。”可知D选项‘这个人变得更好了’正确。

2.单选题

Yourstoryaboutthefrogturningintoaprinceis（

）nonsense.

问题1选项

A.shear

B.sheer

C.shield

D.sheet

【答案】B

【解析】考察形容词、名词词义辨析。shear“剪（羊毛等）”;sheer“纯粹的；不掺杂的”；shield“盾牌”；sheet“床单，被单”。句意：你的关于青蛙变成王子的故事完全是无稽之谈。选项B符合题意。

3.单选题

Asasalesman,heworksona(n)（）basis,taking10%ofeverythinghesells.

问题1选项

A.income

B.commission

C.salary

D.pension

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。根据下半句句意：从他销售的每件商品中抽取10%。由此推断，填空处应该指佣金，所以选项B正确。pension指退休金，抚恤金。

4.填空题

UnemploymentintheWest:Thequestforjobs

Itisnot（1）forpoliticianstoreducetheWest'sfrighteninglyhighunemploymentlevels.

ALITTLFgeographicalimaginationhelpstoconveythescaleofjoblessnessintheWest.Ifthe44mpeoplewhoare（2）inthemainlyrichmembersoftheOECDlivedinonecountry,itspopulationwouldbesimilarto（3）.InSpainitself,whichhastheWest'shighestjoblessrate(21%),thenumberofpeople（4）workmatchesthecombinedpopulationofMadridandBarcelona.InAmericathe14mpeopleofficiallyjoblesswould（5）thefifth-most-populousstateintheunion.Andinthe11m“underemployed”,whoareworkinglessthantheywouldlike,anditisthesizeofTexas.

Thelandscapeisnotuniformlybleak.Germany,forexample,nowhasa（6）joblessratethanbeforethefinancialcrisis.Butinmostoftherichworldthe（7）ofpeopleunemployed,thoughdownabitfromitspeakin2009,（8）stillalarminglyhigh,evenasfearsmountthatseveralcountriesmaybeslippingbackintorecession.Andthehumancostoftheeconomiccrisisispaidlargely（9）thosewhoareoutofwork,forjoblessnessincreasesdepression,divorce,substanceabuseandprettymucheverythingthatcango（10）inalife.

Worse,today'sjoblessnessisaparticularlydangeroussort.Adisproportionateshareofthoseoutofworkarcyoung,andyouthunemploymentleavesmorescars,intermsoflowerfuturewagesandgreaterlikelihoodoffutureunemployment.

【答案】1.impossible

2.unemployed

3.Spain’s

4.without

5.form

6.lower

7.number

8.is

9.by

10.wrong

【解析】1.词汇题。该处句型为:Itis...forsb.todosth.,因此应填入一个形容词。根据文章可推测,此处句意为:对于政客们来说，降低西方国家令人为之恐惧的高失业率并不是不可能。

2.词汇题。空格所在从句为定语从句,修饰先行词44mpeople,前句句意为:一张小的地理图片便能有助于映射出西方国家的失业情况。因此空格处应该指的是“失业人群”。

3.词汇题。根据空格后的“InSpainitself(就西班牙本身而言)”可知,前面涉及的应该是西班牙的现状。这里应该指:失业人口和西班牙人口相一致。

4.词汇题。此处句意为:没有工作的人数与马德里和巴塞罗那的人口总数相当。

5.词汇题。空格所在句意为:在美国，官方统计的失业人口为1400万，足以……该国的第五大州。因此此处填入form表示“组成”。

6.词汇题。根据前句句意“西方这景象也不全是这么惨淡”可推测此处表示:与金融危机之前扣比，德国如今的失业率却相对较低。

7.词汇题。该处表示“失业人群的数量”,因此填入number比较合适。

8.语法题。空格处应填入主句的谓语动词。主语是“proportion比例”,而且空格后是副词和形容词,所以此处填入系动词is。

9.固定搭配。Bepaidby由…承担，由…支付。

10.固定搭配。Gowrong误入歧途。

5.单选题

Diamondshavelittle______valueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.

问题1选项

A.extinct

B.permanent

C.surplus

D.intrinsic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项extinct“灭绝的”；B选项permanent“永恒的，不变的”；C选项surplus“过剩的”；D选项intrinsic“固有的，内在的，本质的”。根据theirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity可知D选项符合语义。句意：钻石几乎没有内在价值，其价格几乎完全取决于其稀缺性。

6.单选题

Inasudden______ofanger,themantoreupeverythingwithinreach.

问题1选项

A.attack

B.burst

C.split

D.blast

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项attack“攻击；抨击；动手干”；B选项burst“爆炸；戳破；爆裂；（器官或血管）爆裂；装满；充满感情；突然爆发（某种感情）”；C选项split“分离；使分离；劈开；离开；分解”；D选项blast“爆炸；损害；使枯萎”。根据固定搭配inasuddenburstofanger“突然爆发的愤怒”可知句意为：那人勃然大怒，把伸手可及的一切东西都撕碎了。因此B选项正确。

7.单选题

He（）thathewasanaccompliceintherobberyhappened15yearsago.

问题1选项

A.knowledge

B.admitted

C.confessed

D.granted

【答案】C

【解析】句意:他坦白，15年前发生的一起抢劫案，他是共犯。

考查动词辨析。knowledge承认（属实）；鸣谢；admit（常指勉强）承认原来企图否认或推诿的事情；confess侧重指供认、坦白或承认自己过错；grant（尤指正式地或法律上）同意；向某人承认某种情况是事实。因此C项符合句意。

8.单选题

Whateverthecauses,theEnglishbytheendoftheyear2050willhavebeenmorewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherlanguage______.

问题1选项

A.everwas

B.hadeverbeen

C.wouldeverbe

D.haseverbeen

【答案】D

【解析】考查时态。句意：不管原因是什么，到2050年年底，英语的使用和书写将比现在任何其他语言都要广泛。willhavebeen是将来完成时，此句表示英语在未来会比到目前为止在用的任何一门语言都应用广泛，形容其他语言的动词应该用现在完成时，D选项haseverbeen符合题意。A选项everwas是一般过去时，B选项hadeverbeen是过去完成时，C选项wouldeverbe是过去将来时，不符合语境。因此D选项正确。

9.单选题

Arrivinganywherewiththesepossessions,hemightjustaseasily_____foramonthorayearasforasingleday.

问题1选项

A.putup

B.stayup

C.speedup

D.makeup

【答案】A

【解析】putup在某地投宿;stayup熬夜,不睡觉;speedup加速;makeup组成,化妆,整理。句意：带着这些东西到任何地方,他都可以轻松地住上一个月或一年,就好像只住一天一样。选项A符合句意。

10.单选题

“Ineveryknownhumansocietythemale’sneedsforachievementcanberecognized.Inagreaternumberofhumansocietiesmen’ssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirrightorabilitytopracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice.Theirmalenessinfacthastobeunderwrittenbypreventingwomenfromenteringsomefieldorperformingsomefeat.”

ThisistheconclusionoftheanthropologistMargaretMeadaboutthewayinwhichtherolesofmenandwomeninsocietyshouldbedistinguished.

Iftalkandprintareconsidereditwouldseemthattheformalemancipationofwomenisfarfromcomplete.Thereisaflowofpublicationsaboutthecontinuingdomesticbondageofwomenandaboutthecomplicatedsystemofdefencewhichmenhavethrownuparoundtheirhithertoacceptedadvantages,takingsometimestheobviousformofexclusionfromtypesofoccupationandsociablegroupings,andsometimesthemoresubtleformofautomaticdoubtoftheseriousnessofwomen’spretensionstothelevelofintellectandresolutionthatmen,itissupposed,bringtothebusinessofrunningtheworld.

Thereareagoodmanyobjectivepiecesofevidencefortheerosionofmen’sstatus.Inthefirstplace,thereisthewidespreadpostwarphenomenonofthewomanPrimeMinister,inIndia,SriLankaandIsrael.

Secondly,thereistheverylargeincreaseinthenumberofwomenwhowork,especiallymarriedwomenandmothersofchildren.Morediffuselytherearetheincreasinglynumerousconvergencesbetweenmaleandfemalebehaviour:theapproximationtoidenticalstylesindressandcoiffure,thesharingofdomestictasks,andtheadmissionofwomentoallsortsofhithertoexclusivelymaleleisure-timeactivities.

Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaoftheprimitiveornaturalconditionsofhumanlife.Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology,butthatdoesnotmattersinceitisnotsignificantastheorybutonlyasanexpressionofinwardlyfeltexpectationsofpeople’ssenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiationbetweentherolesofthetwosexes.Inthisrudimentarynaturalsocietymengoouttohuntandfishandtofightoffthetribenextdoorwhilewomenkeepthefiregoing.Amorousinitiativeisfirmlyreservedtotheman,whosetsaboutcourtshipwithaclub.

11.Thephrase“men’ssurenessoftheirsexrole”inthefirstparagraphsuggeststhatthey（）.

12.Thethirdparagraph（）.

13.Attheendofthelastparagraphtheauthoruseshumorousexaggerationinorderto（）.

14.Theusualideaofthecavemaninthelastparagraph（）.

15.TheopeningquotationfromMargaretMeadsumsuparelationshipbetweenmanandwomanwhichtheauthor（）.

问题1选项

A.areconfidentintheirabilitytocharmwomen

B.taketheinitiativeincourtship

C.haveaclearideaofwhatisconsidered“manly”

D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare

问题2选项

A.generallyagreeswiththefirstparagraph

B.hasnoconnectionwiththefirstparagraph

C.repeatstheargumentofthesecondparagraph

D.contradictsthelastparagraph

问题3选项

A.showthatmenarestrongerthanwomen

B.carryfurthertheideasoftheearliestparagraph

C.supportthefirstsentenceofthesameparagraph

D.disowntheideasheisexpressing

问题4选项

A.isbasedonthestudyofarchaeology

B.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehave

C.isdismissedbytheauthorasanirrelevantjoke

D.provesthattheman,notwomen,shouldbethewooer

问题5选项

A.approvesof

B.arguesisnatural

C.completelyrejects

D.expectstogoonchanging

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】11.判断推理题。根据文章关键词定位到第一段men’ssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirright,orability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice．（男子对其性别角色的确定与他们从事某些妇女不允许从事的活动的权利或能力有关）。从此句可知，男人们很清楚自己的“大男人”的角色，并且通过一些方式来把握和巩固这个地位，因此C选项“清楚地知道什么才是‘男子汉气概’”正确。A选项“对自己吸引女性的能力有信心”，没有提及；B选项“在求爱中采取主动”，亦没有提及；D选项“往往比女人更不道德”，文章没有具体说明。

12.判断推理题。第一段讲述的是男性会通过阻止妇女进入某个领域或从事某项壮举来保证他们的男子气概，而第三段说Thereisaflowofpublicationsaboutthecontinuingdomesticbondageof...occupationandsociablegroupings.（关于妇女继续受到家庭奴役和男子围绕其迄今为止公认的优势所建立的复杂的防御体系的出版物层出不穷，有时采取明显的形式，将妇女排除在各种职业和社交团体之外。）和第一段说的几乎都是同样的主题，因此A选项“大致同意第一段”正确。B选项“和第一段没有关系”；C选项“重复第二段的论点”以及D选项“与最后一段矛盾”，最后一段并没有谈到这方面的信息，都不正确。

13.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到最后一段，在文章最后一段结尾处作者用比较夸张的方式提到，在原始社会里，男人和女人的分工，以及扮演的角色。而本段第一句话Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaoftheprimitiveornaturalconditionsofhumanlife.（人们都持着那种从人类最原始的状态时就有的关于男人和女人社会角色的观点。）因此最后两句话形象而具体地解释了那种观点到底是什么。因此C选项“支持同一段的第一句话”正确。A选项“表明男人比女人更强大”，并没有明确说明；B选项“进一步表达最初段落的意思”，最后一段并没有继续讲述第一段的信息；D选项“否认他所表达的观点”，不正确。

14.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到最后一段anexpressionofinwardlyfeltexpectationsofpeople’ssenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiationbetweentherolesofthetwosexes（只是作为人们内心对两性角色区分的基本正确性的期望的表达。）因此B选项“说明了人们对男人的期望”正确。A选项“是基于考古学的研究”；C选项“被作者当作一个无关紧要的笑话而不予理会”以及D选项“这证明了求婚者应该是男人，而不是女人”，都不是正确的理解。

15.判断推理题。根据题干和选项关键词定位到第四段Thereareagoodmanyobjectivepiecesofevidencefortheerosionofmen’sstatus.（有许多客观证据表明男性地位的下降。）随后又举例说明两性社会角色在发生变化，因此D选项“期望继续改变”正确。最后一段作者承认引文的观点自古就有，但他认为这种关系正在变化，因此A选项“同意”；B选项“认为是自然的”以及C选项“完全拒绝”都不正确。

11.单选题

Ashewasathoroughlyprofessionaljournalist,healreadyknewthemedia（

）.

问题1选项

A.insideandout

B.upsideanddown

C.toandfro

D.nowandthen

【答案】A

【解析】句意:因为他是一位十分专业的新闻工作者，所以他非常了解传媒。

短语辨析。insideandout从内到外，彻底的;upsideanddown浮沉,高低;toandfro来回;nowandthen偶尔。故A符合句意。

12.单选题

Onechildperfamilyhasbecomethe（）offamilyinmostcitiesinChina.

问题1选项

A.standards

B.criteria

C.norm

D.Itriedhard

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项standards“标准；规格”；B选项criteria“标准，条件”；C选项norm“标准，规范”D选项touchstone“试金石；检验标准”。句意：一个家庭一个孩子已经成为中国大多数城市的家庭标准。A,B,C选项都有“标准”的意思，它们的区别是：standard指法定的或一般公认的标准，用途比较广泛，criteria指有特殊的确实性,令人信服而用以判断，norm是一种社会习惯(标准)，指规范、基准、定额、分配之工作量、准则。因此A选项正确。

13.单选题

Theyaretryingto（

）thewastedischargedbythefactoryforprofit.

问题1选项

A.expose

B.exhaust

C.exhibit

D.exploit

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。expose“揭发，揭露，显示”;exhaust“用完，花光，使筋疲力尽”;exhibit“展览，显示”；exploit“运用，利用”。句意：他们尝试着通过利用工厂排出的废物来创造利润。根据句意可知，D项符合题意，因此D项为正确答案。

14.单选题

Onhowtheworldhaschangedoverthelast50years,notallofithasbeengood.Asyouarelookingfororganicfoodinformation,youhaveobviouslybecomeawarethatabetteralternativeexistsandyouaretakingacriticallookatthesourceandproductionpracticesofthecompaniesproducingtheworld’sfoodsupplies.

Thepurposeoforganicfoodinformationistogiveyouanunderstandingofwhatisgoingintoyourfood.Youwillseethattherearemanybenefitstoorganicfoodthatyoudidn’tknowbefore.Thebasisbehindknowingaboutorganicfoodinformationisthefactthatfarmersareresortingtousingartificialfertilizersandpesticides（杀虫剂）tocontroldiseaseandinsectattackinordertoproducemorecropstosatisfygrowingdemand.Theseartificialfertilizersleavesomethingpoisonousinandonthefruitandvegetablesweconsumewhichinturnisabsorbedandstoredbyourbodies.

Eventhequalityoffoodhasgonedowninrecentyears.Today’sfruitshavenowhereneartheVitaminClevelstheydidatonetime.However,withorganicfoodinformationyoulearnthatorganicfoodhasfiftypercentmorenutrients,mineralsandvitaminsthananyotherformofproducethathasbeengrownunderintensivefarming.Ifyouareeatingnon-organicproduceyouwillhavetoeatmorefruitinordertomakeupforthisdeficiency.Butthenthedangerouscyclecontinuessinceyouwillbeeatingmorechemicalsthatareworseforyourhealththantheyaregoodforyou.

Anotheraspectoforganicfoodinformationistheproductionofmeatandpoultry（家食）.Mostonlyconsiderproducewhenitcomestoorganicfoodinformationdisregardingtheantibioticsandhormonesthataregiventobothcattleandpoultrythatarebeingforcefed.Askyourselfwhathappenstoalltheseantibioticsandhormoneswhentheanimaliskilled,theremainingoftheseantibioticsandgrowthhormonesresideinthemeatwhicharethenconsumed,digestedandstoredinhumanbodies.Thereisnowaythatananimalthatisn’tkeptinhealthyconditionscanproducehealthyfoodforhumanstoeat.

Youhavenothingtolosebytryingorganicproduct,notonlywillitbehealthyforyoubutyouwillalsobeabletoeatproduceandmeatthewaytheyaresupposedtobe.Youwilllikelybesoimpressedwiththetasteoforganicfruitthatyouwillneverreturntothemass-producedfruitagain.Whilecostandavailabilitycanbeabigissueforsome,youcandoabitofresearchonlineandfindalocalstorethatstocksorganicproduceforareasonableprice.

1.ItisstatedinParagraph1thatorganicfood（）.

2.Farmersuseartificialfertilizersandpesticidesto（）.

3.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.AccordingtoParagraph3,organicfood（）.

5.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutmeatandpoultry?

6.Inthelastparagraph,peopleareadvisedto（）.

7.Thispassageismainlyabout（）.

8.Whatwillbeprobablyaddressedifthereisanotherparagraphafterthelast?

问题1选项

A.isconsideredasabetterchoice

B.ismostlysuppliedbyworld-famouscompanies

C.hasbecomepopularoverthelast50years

D.reflectsthechangeofproductionpractices

问题2选项

A.satisfypeople’scriticaldemand

B.developbetterfarmingtechnology

C.getahighercropyield

D.keeppeopleinbetterhealth

问题3选项

A.FruitsnowadaysdonotcontainVitaminC

B.FruitsnowadayscontainmoreVitaminCthanbefore

C.FruitsnowadayscontainlessVitaminCthanbefore

D.FruitsnowadayscontainVitaminCasmuchasbefore

问题4选项

A.hasgonedowninquality

B.hasmorenutrients

C.canreplacemass-producedfood

D.lacksVitaminC

问题5选项

A.Organicmeatandpoultryishardlyavailable

B.Agreatamountofmeatisconsumedeveryyear

C.Mercilesskillingoftheanimalslowerstheirquality

D.Theymaycontainantibioticsandgrowthhormones

问题6选项

A.eattraditionalproduceandmeat

B.returntomass-producedfruits

C.dothecostandavailabilityresearch

D.tryorganicproductforbetterhealthandtaste

问题7选项

A.thebenefitsoforganicfoodinformation

B.thechallengesfacingtheworldfoodindustry

C.changesinfoodproductionpractices

D.agrowingdemandhighqualityfood

问题8选项

A.Howfarmersuseartificialfertilizersandpesticides.

B.Howtofindorganicproduceinlocalstoresforareasonableprice.

C.Theproductionofmeatandpoultry.

D.Thefutureoforganicproduce.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:D

第7题:A

第8题:B

【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。第一段指出：你在寻找有机食品的信息时，你显然已经意识到存在更好的选择，并且在用批判地眼光看待食品公司的原产原料和生产实践，他们为世界提供着粮食供应。由此可知，A项“（有机食品）被认为是更好的选择”正确。

2.【试题解析】细节事实题。第二段指出：Thebasisbehindknowingaboutorganicfoodinformationisthefactthatfarmersareresortingtousingartificialfertilizersandpesticidestocontroldiseaseandinsectattackinordertoproducemorecropstosatisfygrowingdemand.（了解有机食品信息背后的基础是这样一个事实：农民正在使用人工化肥和杀虫剂来控制病虫害，以便生产更多的作物，以满足日益增长的需求），因此C项“获得更高的作物产量”正确。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。第三段指出：Eventhequalityoffoodhasgonedowninrecentyears.Today’sfruitshavenowhereneartheVitaminClevelstheydidatonetime.（近年来，食品的质量都下降了。现在水果的维生素C含量远不如以前）。因此C项“现在的水果所含的维他命C比以前少”正确。

4.【试题解析】细节事实题。第三段指出：However,withorganicfoodinformationyoulearnthatorganicfoodhasfiftypercentmorenutrients,mineralsandvitaminsthananyotherformofproducethathasbeengrownunderintensivefarming.（然而，通过了解有机食品的信息，你会发现有机食品的营养成分、矿物质和维生素比密集农业生产出来的农产品都要高50%），因此B项正确。

5.【试题解析】判断推理题。第四段指出：Askyourselfwhathappenstoalltheseantibioticsandhormoneswhentheanimaliskilled,theremainingoftheseantibioticsandgrowthhormonesresideinthemeatwhicharethenconsumed,digestedandstoredinhumanbodies.（扪心自问，当动物被杀时，所有这些抗生素和激素都去哪儿了，这些残留的抗生素和生长激素保留在所食用的肉里，然后被消化和储存在人体内）。由此可知，D项“它们可能含有抗生素和生长激素”正确。

6.【试题解析】判断推理题。最后一段大意是：食用有机食品很有益处，只是价格和购买是个问题。但可以做一些调查以找到当地合适的地方购买。因此可看出，作者在最后一段建议人们尝试食用有机产品。故选D项“为健康和口感而尝试有机产品”。

7.【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章大意是：有机食品信息的目的是让人们知道食物中含有什么物质：有机食品不含化学肥料和杀虫剂，所含有的对人体有益成分较高。但近年来食品质量下降了。总之，有机食品健康口感好，只是价格和购买是个问题。但可以做一些调查以找到当地合适的地方购买。因此，A项“有机食品信息的好处”比较符合文章主旨。

8.【试题解析】判断推理题。最后一段最后一句提出人们可以做一些调查而选择从当地价格合理的商店购买。由此推测，如果后文还有一段，可能会继续阐述这个话题，故选B项“如何在当地商店找到价格合理的有机产品”。

15.填空题

MakingEveryDropCount

AThehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophisticatedengineeringeffortssuchasdamsandaqueducts.AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.

BDuringtheindustrialrevolutionandpopulationexplosionofthe19thand20thcenturies,thedemandforwaterrosedramatically.Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwatersupplies,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.Nearlyonefifthofalltheelectricitygeneratedworldwideisproducedbyturbinesspunbythepoweroffallingwater.

CYetthereisadarksidetothispicture,despiteourprogress,halfoftheworld’spopulationsstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailabletotheancientGreeksandRomans.AstheUnitedNationsreportonaccesstowaterreiteratedinNovember2001,morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday,andthelatestevidencesuggeststhatwearefallingbehindineffortstosolvetheseproblems.

DTheconsequencesofourwaterpoliciesextendbeyondjeopardizinghumanhealth.Tensofmillionsofpeoplehavebeenforcedtomovefromtheirhomes—oftenwithlittlewarningorcompensation—tomakewayforthereservoirsbehinddams.Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.Certainirrigationpracticesdegradesoilqualityandreduceagriculturalproductivity.GroundwateraquifersarebeingpumpeddownfasterthantheyarenaturallyreplenishedinpartsofIndia,China,theUSAandelsewhere.Anddisputesoversharedwaterresourceshaveledtoviolenceandcontinuetoraiselocal,nationalandeveninternationaltensions.

EAttheoutsetofthenewmillennium,however,thewayresourceplannersthinkaboutwaterisbeginningtochange.Thefocusisslowlyshiftingbacktotheprovisionofbasichumanandenvironmentalneedsastoppriorityensuring‘someforall’，insteadof‘moreforsome’.Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities,whichisincreasinglyconsideredtheoptionoflast,notfirst,resort.Thisshiftinphilosophyhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted,anditcomeswithstrongoppositionformsomeestablishedwaterorganizations.Nevertheless,itmaybetheonlywaytoaddresssuccessfullythepressingproblemsofprovidingeveryonewithcleanwatertodrink,adequatewatertogrowfoodandalifefreefrompreventablewater-relatedillness.

FFortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted.Asaresult,thepressuretobuildnewwaterinfrastructureshasdiminishedoverthepasttwodecades.Althoughpopulation,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedtosoarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfromaquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.Andinafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.

GWhatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.Throughoutthefirstthree-quartersofthe20thcentury,thequantityoffreshwaterconsumedperpersondoubledonaverage;intheUSA，waterwithdrawalsincreasedtenfoldwhilethepopulationquadrupled.Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedperpersonhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelptoconservewaterinhomesandindustry.In1965,forinstance,Japanusedapproximately13milliongallonsofwatertoproduce$1millionofcommercialoutput;by1989thishaddroppedto3.5milliongallons(evenaccountingforinflation)—almostaquadruplingofwaterproductivity.IntheUSA,waterwithdrawalshavefallenbymorethan20%fromtheirpeakin1980.

HOntheotherhand,dams,aqueductsandotherkindsofinfrastructurewillstillhavetobebuilt,particularlyindevelopingcountrieswherebasichumanneedshavenotbeenmet.Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.Andeveninregionswherenewprojectsseemwarranted,wemustfindwaystomeetdemandswithfewerresources,respectingecologicalcriteriaandtoasmallerbudget.

【答案】1.xi

2.vii

3.v

4.i

5.ix

6.ii

7.x

【解析】1.根据文章第一段，“Thehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.”，人类文明史与我们学会如何运用水资源的历史交织在一起。第一段最后列举了罗马帝国时期对水资源的控制，建立了发达的水利系统，给罗马人提供了充足的水。可判断出A段的主要内容为古代的供水系统。选项xi符合题意。

2.根据文章第三段，“morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday”，超过10亿人缺乏干净的饮用水，约25亿人没有足够的卫生净水设备。据估计，每天1万至2万名儿童死于与水有关的可预防疾病。可判断出C段的主要内容为水和健康之间的关联。选项vii符合题意。

3.根据文章第四段，“Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.”，超过20%的淡水鱼物种现在受到威胁或濒临灭绝，因为大坝和取水破坏了它们赖以生存的自由流动的河流生态系统。本段还列举了更多因为修建水利系统而带来的环境影响，可判断D段的主要内容为环境问题。选项v符合题意。

4.根据文章第五段，“Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities”，一些水资源专家现在要求以更明智的方式使用现有的基础设施，而不是建设新的设施，下文继续强调了专家们在观念上和措施上提出的转变。可判断出E段的主要内容为科学家们呼吁对政策进行改变。选项i符合题意。

5.根据文章第六段，“Fortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted…inafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.”，出乎意料的是，对水的需求并没有像一些人预测的那样迅速增长。在世界上的一些地方，对水的需求实际上已经下降。可判断出F段主要提到了人们对水的需求出现了令人惊讶的下降趋势。选项ix符合题意。

6.根据文章第七段，“Whatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.”，如何解释对水资源的需求下降（上一段已提及）的这一显著的转变？两个因素：人们已经知道如何更有效地用水，并且正在重新考虑他们用水的优先次序。可判断出G段主要对上一段提到的水资源需求下降的解释。选项ii符合题意。

7.根据文章第八段，“Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.”，与过去相比，这些项目必须按照更高的标准建造，必须考虑到当地居民及其环境影响。可判断出人们对水资源基础设施的建设提出了更高的标准。选项x符合题意。

16.单选题

Anyobserverwillagreethatnotallthat[A]surroundsnon-remunerateddonation[B]iscompletelyaltruisticandthatsometimestoomuchuse[C]ismadeinsomecountriesofformsofcompensationofgratificationthat[D]isnotmonetarybutneverthelesshavevalue.

问题1选项

A.surrounds

B.is

C.ismade

D.is

【答案】D

【解析】考查主谓一致。D选项处is的主语是formsofcompensationofgratification，为复数形式，因此谓语动词也要保持一致，应把此处is改为are。

17.单选题

Thecomputerrevolutionmaywellchangesocietyas（）asdidtheIndustrialRevolution.

问题1选项

A.certainly

B.insignificantly

C.fundamentally

D.comparatively

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项certainly“当然；必定”；B选项insignificantly“无关紧要地”；C选项fundamentally“根本地，从根本上；基础地”；D选项comparatively“比较地；相当地”。句意：计算机革命可能会像工业革命一样从根本上改变我们的社会。因此C符合句意。

18.单选题

Look,weareinsuchanawfulsituation.I’dratheryou（）thedatafromtheInternetyesterday.

问题1选项

A.hadn’tdownloaded

B.didn’tdownload

C.weren’tdownloading

D.haven’tdownloaded

【答案】A

【解析】虚拟语气。wouldrather（宁愿）+宾语从句，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气。与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had+过去分词，故本题的正确答案是A选项。

19.翻译题

Highlysuccessfulscientistsdependonspecialtalents,likeinarts,music,andsoon.Natureproducesthemveryslowly,parsimoniously,andataconstantrate.Onehastodomorewithmorewithbothnaturalgiftsandformalextensiveacademictraining.Theirnumbercannotbeincreasedundercommand:theydevelopspontaneouslywheneverthescientifictrainingofthecommunityisadequatetoprovidethebasictrainingtheyneedwhichistodaythecaseinseveralnationsovertheworldincludingmanyofthedevelopingcountries.Thesecondelementisthe“collectivityeffect”Scientificprogressisgreatlyenhancedbyanonlineareffect.Progressismuchfasterwhenmanyanddifferenttypesofscientistsinteractcloselytogether.Thisisparticularlyactiveatthe“interface”betweendisciplines;forinstance,achemistryideaappliedtobiology.Amathematicalconceptappliedtophysics,andsoon.Inotherwords100scientistsofnottoodifferentdisciplinesoperating,sotospeak,underthesameroof,makemuchmoreandfasterprogressthanthesame100peopleworkingseparatelyandinisolation.

【答案】成就卓越的科学家的成功离不开自己在如艺术、音乐等领域的独特天赋。大自然对这些人物的造就非常缓慢，非常吝啬，而且始终如此。科学家必须更好地处理天赋与正规、全面的学校培养的关系。天才科学家的数目是不可能依照命令而增加的。只有当科学家所在的社区能够提供其所需的基础训练时，天才科学家才会自然而然地得到培养。这就是当今世界上的一些国家，包括许多发展中国家中所出现的情形。第二个原因就是所谓的“集体效应”。这种非线性的效应极大地促进了科学的进步。当许多不同类型的科学家在一起进行密切互动，科学进步的速度就会加快。这种进步在不同学科的“交叉地带”尤为活跃。例如，把化学上的某个想法施用于生物学，把数学上的某一概念施用于物理学等。换句话说，100名专业区别不大的科学家在一起合作研究所取得的进展，可以说，要比同样多的科学家在分散的、相互隔离的环境中研究取得的进展要大得多，快得多。

20.单选题

I’lltrytogetintouchwithhimbuthe’s（）everathome