考研考博-英语-克孜勒苏职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-克孜勒苏职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thegroupoftechniciansareengagedinastudywhich（

）allaspectsofurbanplanning.

问题1选项

A.inserts

B.grips

C.performs

D.embraces

【答案】D

【解析】句意:这组技术人员正忙于一项涉及到城市规划所有方面的研究。

动词辨析。Insert插入，嵌入;grip抓住，紧握;perform执行,完成;embrace拥抱,包含。故D符合句意。

2.单选题

Agrowingnumberofcollegeofficials,guidancecounselorsandeducationexpertswouldliketoeliminate,orsharplycurtail(减少)earlyadmission(提前录取)—aprocessinwhichmanycollegesadmitasubstantialpercentageoftheirstudentsinthefall.Controversyisparticularlyheatedregardingmanyearlyadmissionprogramsthatrequireapplicantstogiveupthechancetoapplyelsewhere.

Opponentsofearlyadmissionsofferseveralcriticisms.Thepracticeintensifiesanunhealthylevelofcompetitionforadmissiontothenation’stopcollegesanduniversities,theysay.Moreover,criticssay,earlyadmissionunfairlygivesaleguptosomeapplicants,mostlythosewhoalreadyhavemanyadvantages-studentsateliteprivateschoolsandwealthypublicschoolswherefamiliesandguidancecounselorsknowhowtoworktheanglesoftheadmissionssystem.

ThepresidentofYaleUniversityfueledthedebateearlierthismonthbyproposingthatYaleandothereliteinstitutionsconsiderabandoningtheearlyprograms.Inasignofjusthowcompetitivetheadmissionsprocesshasbecome,hesaidhisuniversitycouldnotmakesuchamovealone.Evensomestudentswhogainearlyadmissiontothecollegestheywantsaytheprocessinvolvestoomuchpressure,toosoon.

Theuseof“earlydecision”and“earlyaction”programs,which,indifferentways,grantadmissiontostudentsmonthsaheadoftheusualspringnotifications,hassoaredinrecentyearsandisatwhatsomesayarerecordhighs.ManytopprivatecollegesnowacceptmorethanathirdoftheirfreshmanclassesintheweeksbeforeChristmas,significantlyreducingthenumberofspotsavailableinthespring.Fornextyear,Stanfordalreadyhaspicked34%ofitsfreshmanclass;Yalehaschosen42%ofits.TheUniversityofPennsylvaniahaslockedup49.5%ofitsenteringclass.

Earlyadmissionpolicieshaveexistedforatleast20years.Buttheiruse—andthecontroversyaroundthem—hasgrowninthelastdecade,especiallysincethemid-1990s,whenYale,PrincetonandStanfordallinstitutedbindingearlydecision.Theprogramsclearlybenefitcolleges,allowingschoolstolockintalentedyoungscholarsandenhancetheirownstandingsintheinfluentialcollegerankings.

31.Insomepeople’sopinion,earlyadmissions（）.

32.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

33.Accordingtothepassage,Yaleclaimedthat（）.

34.Inrecentyears,earlyadmissions（）.

35.Theauthor’sattitudetoearlyadmissionis（）.

问题1选项

A.willbeabolishedinthefuture

B.causeunfaircompetitionincolleges

C.attractmoreandmorestudents

D.arepopularwithoutentranceexams

问题2选项

A.earlyadmissionsincludeexcellentstudentsineveryschool

B.parentsareagainstearlyadmissionsabsolutely

C.manyparentslearnlittleabouttheearlyadmissionsystem

D.thepeoplewhohavetheupperhandhasmorechancesinearlyadmissions

问题3选项

A.theyweresatisfiedwiththestudentsfromearlyadmissions

B.theywerecriticalofthedeedofothercolleges

C.theywereawareofthedisadvantagesoftheearlyadmissionsystem

D.theywouldreformthecurrentearlyadmissionsystem

问题4选项

A.changedthestandardfully

B.werelesscompetitive

C.werebecomingmoreandmorepopular

D.werenotpublicizedinspringanylonger

问题5选项

A.optimistic

B.pessimistic

C.despairing

D.conservative

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】31.推理判断题。定位在文章第二段第一句Opponentsofearlyadmissionsofferseveralcriticisms.（反对提前录取的人提出了一些批评言论。）Thepracticeintensifiesanunhealthylevelofcompetitionforadmissiontothenation’stopcollegesanduniversities,theysay.（他们说，这种做法加剧了进入美国顶尖大学的不健康竞争。）由此可知提前录取会引起大学不公平竞争。B选项“会造成大学里不公平的竞争”正确，符合题意。A选项“将来会被废除”，C选项“吸引越来越多的学生”，D选项“没有入学考试很受欢迎”，A，C，D在文章中并未涉及，可排除。故选B。

32.推理判断题。定位在第二段最后一句Moreover,criticssay,earlyadmissionunfairlygivesaleguptosomeapplicants,mostlythosewhoalreadyhavemanyadvantages-studentsateliteprivateschoolsandwealthypublicschoolswherefamiliesandguidancecounselorsknowhowtoworktheanglesoftheadmissionssystem.（此外，批评人士说，提前录取不公平地让一些申请人获得了优势，主要是那些已经有很多优势的学生——就读于精英私立学校和富裕的公立学校的学生，这些学校的家庭和辅导员都知道如何从招生系统的角度出发。）A选项“每所学校的优秀生都被提前录取”，B选项“家长坚决反对提前录取”，C选项“许多家长对提前录取制度了解甚少”，A，B，C选项在文章中并未提及，可排除。D选项“那些占上风的人在提前录取方面机会更大”正确，故选D。

33.推理判断题。定位在第三段ThepresidentofYaleUniversityfueledthedebateearlierthismonthbyproposingthatYaleandothereliteinstitutionsconsiderabandoningtheearlyprograms.（本月早些时候，耶鲁大学的总统教授提出，耶鲁和其他精英机构应该考虑放弃早期的项目，这引发了这场争论。）Evensomestudentswhogainearlyadmissiontothecollegestheywantsaytheprocessinvolvestoomuchpressure,toosoon.（甚至一些提前被他们想要的大学录取的学生也说，这个过程压力太大，太早了。）由此推论耶鲁大学和提前录取的学生都觉得这项制度有不合理的地方。A选项“他们对提前录取的学生感到满意”，未提及。B选项“他们对其他学院的行为持批评态度”，只是倡议取消，并未提出批评，C选项“他们意识到了提前录取制度的弊端”正确，正是意识到了弊端才会提出考虑放弃提前录取的项目。D选项“他们将改革现行的提前录取制度”，太过肯定，还处在提议争论中，并未得出结果。故选C。

34.推理判断题。定位在第四段第一句Theuseof“earlydecision”and“earlyaction”programs,which,indifferentways,grantadmissiontostudentsmonthsaheadoftheusualspringnotifications,hassoaredinrecentyearsandisatwhatsomesayarerecordhighs.（“提前决定”和“提前行动”项目的使用，以不同的方式，让学生比通常的春季通知提前几个月被录取。近年来，这些项目的使用激增，有人说达到了创纪录的高点。）Earlyadmissionpolicieshaveexistedforatleast20years.Buttheiruse—andthecontroversyaroundthem—hasgrowninthelastdecade…（提前录取政策已经存在了至少20年。但它们的使用——以及围绕它们的争议——在过去10年中不断增长），由关键词soar“激增”，grown“生长，扩大”，我们可以推理出提前录取到现在还是普遍盛行的。因此C选项“变得越来越受欢迎”正确。A选项“完全改变了标准”并未谈及标准，B选项“竞争性较弱”，Thepracticeintensifiesanunhealthylevelofcompetitionforadmissiontothenation’stopcollegesanduniversities,theysay.（他们说，这种做法加剧了进入美国顶尖大学的不健康竞争。）表述错误，D选项“在春天不再宣传了”，据第四段第一句可知，表述有误。故选C。

35.观点态度题。定位在文章中的最后一句Theprogramsclearlybenefitcolleges,allowingschoolstolockintalentedyoungscholarsandenhancetheirownstandingsintheinfluentialcollegerankings.（这些项目显然对大学而言是有利的，允许学校锁定有才华的年轻学者，提高自己在有影响力的大学中的地位排名。）由此可知作者觉得这项制度还是有利可取的。故A选项“乐观的”正确。B选项“悲观的”，C选项“绝望的”，D选项“保守的”均可排除，故选A。

3.单选题

Ihavebeenlivinginadormroom,（

）facesnorth,forthreeyearsandhavesufferedalot.

问题1选项

A.thewindow

B.whichwindow

C.whosewindow

D.itswindow

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我在一个窗户朝北的宿舍里已住了三年，这让我受了很多苦。

语法题。考查定语从句。分析题干和选项可知,句子主干为Ihavebeenlivinginadormroomforthreeyearsandhavesufferedalot,而“facesnorth”为room的定语,window（窗户）和room(房间)是从属关系,所以用关系代词whose引导定语从句。

4.单选题

ThecorporationIheadtookadeepbreathofcleanairlastweekandwentcoldturkey.Smokingonthejobinthehomeofficewasabsolutelyforbidden.Nowweprovideasmokefreeworkingenvironment.Why?

Anythingthatkills350,000Americanseachyeardeservesdecisiveaction,andallthebrawnycowpokesandtawny-hairedsirenscannotblowenoughadvertisingsmoketoobscurethefactthatoneoutofeverysevendeathsinthiscountryislinkedtosmoking.Thecostsrelatedtoitarealsosappingoureconomy.Onerecentreportestimatesthatsmokersutilizethehealth-caresystematleast50percentmorethannonsmokers;theywaste30minuteseachworkdayfumblingwithmatchesandlighters,suckingseductivepoisons.

Still,abancancreateseriouspersonnelproblems.Since25percentofouremployeessmoke,weareofferingthemon-the-jobsmoking-cessationclassesandcounseling.OurmedicalofficeprovidesNicorettes,asugarlesschewinggumformulatedtoeasethephysicalwithdrawalfromnicotine.Mostofour3,000home-office,employeessupportournewpolicy,smokersandnonsmokersalike,butthereisaquerulousminoritythataskswhyweare“discriminatingagainstsmokers.”Wearenot.Ourpolicyaffectsallemployees.Smokersarenotaprotectedclass.Nomatterwhattheirrace,color,religion,sexornationalorigin,theycannotsmokeatwork.

Wearenottryingtodictatepersonallifestyles.Weencourageouremployeestoquitsmokingaltogether,buttheycannotsmokeonthejob.Wesimplycannotaffordtheirhabit.Accordingtoacongressionalstudy,thecosttotheeconomyaverages$65billionannuallyinincreasedmedicalbills,prematuredeathandtimelostfromwork.Andasamajorparticipantinthefieldofhealth-carefinancing,wehaveanobligationtoprovethat,ifproperlyconceived,asmoke-freeworkingenvironmentisattainable.Thisisn’tacrusade.Thisisabusinessdecision.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

2.Whichofthefollowingcouldbeinferredfromthepassage?

3.Thepurposeofthisarticleis______.

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotusedbytheauthorasjustificationforregulatingtobaccosmokingonthejob?

问题1选项

A.Thesmokingemployees,onthewhole,feltuncomfortableaboutthecorporation’srulesthatpermittednosmokingintheworkplace.

B.Thebanoncigarettesmokingwasintroducedatthecompanygraduallyandconditionally.

C.Smokerswereconsideredaquerulousminorityatthemainofficeofthefirm.

D.Smokingwasbannedatthefirm’sheadquartersabruptlyandcompletely.

问题2选项

A.Cigaretteadvertisinggenerallymakesuseoftheappealofseductiveimages.

B.Cigaretteadvertisingtendstoremindpeopleoftherelationshipbetweensmokingandagoodlife.

C.Cigaretteadvertising,asarule,isdesignedtomisleadnonsmokers.

D.Mostcigaretteadvertisingistargetedatstrongandattractivemenandwomen.

问题3选项

A.tocriticizethehabitofcigarettesmokingasahealthhazard

B.toemphasizetheattainabilityofasmokefreeworkingenvironment

C.todefendthepracticeofcontrollingsmokingintheworkplace

D.topresentanargumentformakingsmokingasolelyjob-relatedissue

问题4选项

A.Theassumptionthatsmokers,duetotheirtime-consuminghabit,arenotasefficientatworkasnonsmokers.

B.Thenotionthattobaccosmokingseriouslycontaminatestheworkingenvironment.

C.Smoking-relatedhealthproblemsthatcauseprematuredeaths.

D.Thefactthatthenationaleconomyisweakenedbysmoking-relatedcosts.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】1.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据文章，下列哪一项是正确的？”。文章第一段指出ThecorporationIheadtookadeepbreathofcleanairlastweekandwentcoldturkey.Smokingonthejobinthehomeofficewasabsolutelyforbidden.（我负责的公司在上周深吸了一口新鲜空气，然后就彻底戒掉了吸烟坏习惯。在家庭办公室里工作，吸烟是完全禁止的。），根据wentcoldturkey（快速戒掉坏习惯）这个词语，可以推断出公司是突然禁止吸烟，故D项“公司总部突然全面禁止吸烟”正确，由此也可知B项“该公司逐步、有条件地实行了禁烟令”错误；根据第三段中的Mostofour3,000home-office,employeessupportournewpolicy,smokersandnonsmokersalike,butthereisaquerulousminoritythataskswhyweare“discriminatingagainstsmokers.”（在我们的3000名家庭办公室员工中，大多数人支持我们的新政策，吸烟者和不吸烟者都是一样的，但有少数人抱怨说，我们为什么要“歧视吸烟者”。）可知，关于公司的禁烟令，包括吸烟者和不吸烟者在内，大部分的员工是支持的，只有少数人有抱怨，这其中可能有吸烟者可能也有不吸烟者，因此A项“总的来说，吸烟的员工对公司规定不允许在工作场所吸烟感到不舒服”和C项“在公司的主要办公室里，吸烟者被认为是少数爱发牢骚的人”错误。因此，该题选择D项正确。

2.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“下列哪一项可以从文章中推断出来？”。根据第二段中的Anythingthatkills350,000Americanseachyeardeservesdecisiveaction,andallthebrawnycowpokesandtawny-hairedsirenscannotblowenoughadvertisingsmoketoobscurethefactthatoneoutofeverysevendeathsinthiscountryislinkedtosmoking.（任何每年杀死35万美国人的事情都应该采取果断的行动，所有强壮的牛仔和黄褐色头发的迷人的女人都不能充分地鼓吹香烟广告，来掩盖这个国家七分之一的死亡与吸烟有关的事实。）可以推断，香烟广告通常都是以诱人的形象来展示，故A项“香烟广告通常利用诱人形象的吸引力”正确；B项“香烟广告倾向于提醒人们吸烟和美好生活之间的关系”从文中推断不出来；C项“一般来说，香烟广告是为了误导不吸烟的人”也不正确，香烟广告既可能诱导不吸烟者也可能误导吸烟者；D项“大多数香烟广告的目标是强壮和有吸引力的男人和女人”颠倒了文章意思。因此，该题选择A项正确。

3.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“这篇文章的目的是什么？”。通读全文可知，文章第一段通过公司突然禁烟的做法引出了无烟工作环境的观点，第二段阐述了提供无烟工作环境的原因，即吸烟的一系列危害，接着第三段讲到了公司为了实行禁令为员工做的一些努力和大多数员工对禁令的支持，然后最后一段总结，吸烟导致的增加的医疗费用、死亡和工作时间损失都会给经济造成一定的损失，所以提供无烟工作环境是一个商业的决策；综合全文我们可以推断出，这篇文章的目的是给“提供无烟工作环境”这一策略做辩护，C项“为在工作场所控制吸烟的做法辩护”符合题意；A项“批判吸烟的习惯对健康有害”和B项“强调无烟工作环境的可获得性”都是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文；D项“提出一个关于让吸烟成为仅仅是与工作相关的问题的论点”不符合文意。因此，该题选择C项正确。

4.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“下列哪项不是作者用以作为管制工作期间吸烟的理由？”。由第二段最后两句Thecostsrelatedtoitarealsosappingoureconomy.Onerecentreportestimatesthatsmokersutilizethehealth-caresystematleast50percentmorethannonsmokers;theywaste30minuteseachworkdayfumblingwithmatchesandlighters,suckingseductivepoisons.（与此相关的成本也在侵蚀我们的经济。最近的一份报告估计，吸烟者使用医疗保健系统的人数至少比不吸烟者多50%；他们每天要浪费30分钟的时间摸索火柴和打火机，吸食诱人的毒药。）以及最后一段中的倒数第二句Accordingtoacongressionalstudy,thecosttotheeconomyaverages$65billionannuallyinincreasedmedicalbills,prematuredeathandtimelostfromwork.（根据一项国会研究，每年因吸烟而增加的医疗费用、过早死亡和工作时间损失给经济造成的损失平均为650亿美元）可知，A项“由于吸烟者耗时的习惯，所以在工作效率不如不吸烟者的假设”、C项“与吸烟有关的导致过早死亡的健康问题”和D项“与吸烟有关的成本削弱了国民经济的事实”都是禁止工作期间吸烟的理由；只有B项“吸烟严重污染工作环境的观点”没有提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。

5.填空题

Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetoaddaword,crossoutaword,orchangeaword.PutyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10%)

e.g.,1.Themeetingbegun2hoursago.

CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:begun—began

e.g.,2.Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainswentup.CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:(Scarcely)had(they)

e.g.,3.Neverwill1notdoitagain.

CorrectionintheANSWERSHEET:not×

StephenWilliamHawking,oneofthegreatesttheoreticalphysicistsintheworld,suffersfromarareslow-progressingformofamyotrophiclateralsclerosis(ALS),alsoknownasmotorneurondisease.21.AsALShasmadeStephenWilliamHawkingavirtualprisonerinhisownbody,22.ithaslefthiscourageandhumorintact,hisintellectfreelytoroam.23.Androamitdoes,fromtheinfinitesimaltotheinfinite,fromthesubatomicrealmtothefarreachesofauniverse.Inthecourseofthesementalexpeditions,24.HawkinghasconceivedstartlingnewtheoriesaboutblackholesandthedisorderlyeventsthatimmediatelyfollowedtheBigBanginwhichtheuniversesprang.

25.WithouthiswifeJane,Hawkinghasalwaysemphasized,hiscareermighteverhavesoared.26.ShemarriedhimshortlyafterhediagnosedwithALS,fullyawareofthedreadful,progressivenatureofthedisease,givinghimhopeandthewilltocarryonwithhisstudies.

Theyhadthreechildrenintheearlystagesoftheirmarriage,andlater,27.ashebecameincreasinglydisabled,shedevotedherselftocareforhiseveryneed.28.Afteryearsofapparentlyharmoniousmarriage,therefore,seriousdisagreementsbeganappearing.AsawardspouredinforStephen,Jane—competentandintelligentherself—begantoresentlivinginhisshadow.Deeplyreligious,shewasalsooffendedbyhisdisbeliefoftheexistenceoftheGod.29.Particularlyannoyedtoherwashisconceptthattheuniversemightbecompletelyself-contained,havingnoboundaryoredge,nobeginningorend.Ifthatweretrue,heaskedchallengingly,“Whatplace,then,foracreator?”30.Still,friendswereshockedin1990whenHawkingabruptlyendedtheir25-yearmarriage,movinginwithoneofhisnurse.

【答案】21.As—While/Although

22.freely—free

23.a—the

24.in—from

25.ever—never

26.(he)was(diagnosed)

27.care—caring

28.therefore—however

29.annoyed—annoying

30.nurse—nurses

【解析】21.

as引导让步状语从句时主句需要部分倒装，而句子是陈述语气所以需要把as换成although或者while。

22.

intellect是名词，但是freely是副词，副词一般修饰动词不修饰名词，所以应该把freely改为其形容词形式。

23.

universe是专属名词，表示的是独一无二的事物，所以不能用不定冠词修饰，所以应该把不定冠词改为定冠词。

24.

定语从句中关系代词前的介词主要是根据后面的动词或者形容词的搭配来确定的，从句中的动词只有sprang（spring的过去分词），这里从句句意是“宇宙起源于（大爆炸）”，由此这里的介词应该是from，和spring组成固定搭配springfrom“起源于”。

25.

这里根据句意应该是“霍金总是强调，没有他的气质，他的事业不会起飞”，所以这里的ever应该改为否定词never。

26.

这里霍金应该是被诊断出患上渐冻症，所以应该加上助动词。

27.

这里根据固定搭配devoteoneselftodoing/n.所以应该把care改为caring。

28.

在多年表面和谐的婚姻之后，两人之间剧烈的分歧开始出现了。两个分句之间不存在因果或者顺承关系，应该是转折关系，所以应该把therefore改为however。

29.

annoyed“感到生气的”，一般用来形容人Sheishurtandannoyedthattheauthoritieshavebannedherfromworkingwithchildren.“她因当局禁止她做儿童工作而伤心恼怒”，因为政府不让她从事儿童工作，所以她感到恼怒，这时annoyed是用来形容人，生气的人。

annoying“令人生气的”，一般用来形容物，Hermostannoyinghabitwaseatingwithhermouthopen“她最让人讨厌的习惯就是张着嘴吃东西”，她张嘴吃饭这个习惯令人很讨厌，这里annoying是形容习惯，让人生气的习惯。

根据句意来说是他对宇宙的猜想让她感到生气，这里形容词应该是形容概念，所以应该把annoyed改为annoying。

30.

oneof后面需要加名词的复数形式，所以nurse后面应该用复数形式，根据句意也可以理解虽然霍金只能跟一个人结婚，但是他的护士绝对不止一个。

6.翻译题

Sincetheturnofthecentury,Londonershaveexpressedapreferenceforsuburbanlocationsasmorepleasantandsafertobringupchildren.Themiddleclassesfearurbanpubliclifesomuch,theyarewillingtotradeoffthedailyjourneytoworkinfavorofsafetyandseclusionathome.InNewYork,peopleviewthestreets,sidewalks,plazasandsubwaysasareasofcombatratherthancivilitywherethegoalisnotenjoymentbutsurvival.

Thisprocessofdetachmentandwithdrawalhasbeenencouragedbythemotorcar,bringinginitswakedifficultpedestrianaccesskeysitescutoffbyringroads,andmulti-storeycarparkswhichareparticularlythreateningtowomen.Thecinemahaspartlygivenwaytothehomevideo,andluxuryhousingdevelopmentsaroundLondonfeaturehighlevelsofsecuritysurveillance.

InNewYork,newbuildingsarefilledwith“defensiblespace”,galesandguardstofunnelyouthiswayorthatbecausedrugdealerscanmakeapublicspacetheirowninafewdays.

Theunrestrainedgrowthofincivilities—drunks,tramps,rowdyyouth,prostitutes,andotherdisreputables—haddecreasedcommunalcontrol.Thishadledtomoreactualcrime,increasedthefearofcrime,encouragedwithdrawalintoprivatespaces,sofurtherreducingcommitmenttoneighborhoodsandencouraginggreaterincivilities.

Theresultisthatpeoplethencreateashieldforthemselvesinpublicplaces;theyminimizeexpressionsandbodycontact,choosesealingtosignalwhatmighthappennext,theyrun.Sincebeggarsprobablyevokedmixedreactionsofpity,embarrassment,orfear,theirhighvisibilityonthestreetsmaywellleadpeopletoavoidcertainplaces.

ItisincivilitieslikethesewhichsurelymakepeoplefearfulincitiesandwhichcannotbedismissedasHomeofficialstendtodo,asirrationalfears.Awoman’sfearfulnessabouttravellingontheTube,forexample,cannotbelightlydismissedonthegroundsthatstatisticallysheislesslikelytosufferanassaultthanayoungman.Herfearsarefuelledbyallthesesurroundingincivilities,plusgestures,sexualinnuendos,orremarksfromyouth:inthecarriage.IfacoupleofyoungmenstartsmokingontheTube,thetensioninthecarriageispalpablebecausepeopleknowwhatthereactionislikelytobeiftheyaretoldtostop.Womenoroldpeoplefeelmorevulnerablethanyoungmenbecausetheyarcmorevulnerable.Whenconsideringrisks,policymakerstendtoemphasizestatisticalinfrequencyanddownplaythegravityofoutcomes.

Londoncriesoutforsomekindofcoherentcityplanning.Butthequalityofitscitizens,liveswon’tbeimprovedunlesstheseincivilities,whicharesomuchmoredifficulttoquantify,areproperlyaddressed.

【答案】汽车加快了远离城市的过程,随之而来的是难以通过的人行通道,被环形道路切断的重要场所以及对女人有特大威胁的多层停车场。

结果,人们在公共场所找到自我保护的手段;他们尽量少说话或与人碰撞,挑选座位以表明他们不想与人交流,减少目光的接触,他们怀疑某件事可能紧接着发生时,便溜之大吉。

正是这类不礼貌的言行使人们在城市感到恐惧,而内政部的官员往往将不礼貌的言行视为缺乏理性的恐惧。例如,不能因为女人遭到袭击的几率低于年轻男子便对女人的地铁恐惧症等闲视之。

7.单选题

Japanisgoingthroughacomplexnationalidentitycrisis.Thatmaybenobadthing,saysanewbookbyanAmericanacademicJapanologist.Theeconomyisstalled,butthesocietyisinmotion.Japanisadifficultcountrytoreportonandanalyzebecausethingsdonotchangeinbig,noticeableways;theychangeinanincrementalprocess,generallyofsmallstepsbutwhich,overtime,canadduptobigmovements.Andjustsuchabigmovementseemstobetakingplace.

Mr.Nathan,aprofessorofJapaneseculturalstudies,hasbeenobservingJapansincethe1960s.Whereasmostpeoplelookateconomicdataorthecomingsandgoingsofprimeministers,heismoreinterestedinschools,novels,comicbooks,andthemindsofyoungentrepreneursandmavericklocalpoliticians.Inparticular,hisfocusisonwhetherJapan’sfamouslycohesive,conformistsocietymaybefracturingunderthestrainofeconomicstagnation,andonhowsuchstrainshavebeenaffectingthecountry’ssenseofpurposeandofnationalidentity.

Fracturesarewhathelooksforandfracturesarewhathefinds.Onbalance,theyareneitherobviouslydangerousnorobviouslypositive,buttheyare,ashesays,signsofmotionwhichcould,intime,leadinunpredictabledirections.Themostworryingfractureshewritesaboutareintheschools,whereviolenceandtruancyhaverisenremarkably.OldJapanhandsshrugwearilyatsuchthings,forworriesaboutbullyinghavelongexistedbuthaveneverreallyseemedterriblyserious.Now,though,Mr.Nathan’snumbersdomakethesituationlookgrave.

Since1998,youthsagedbetween14and19havebeeninvolvedin50%ofallarrestsforfelonies,includingmurder.Truancyisalsointheup.Mr.Nathanassertsthatthetruenumberis350,000children,or5%ofthestudentpopulation.

Suchtrendsappeartobesymptomsoftworelatedphenomena:awidespreadfeelingofdisillusionment,alienation,uncertaintyorplainanger,whichhasspreadtochildrentoo;andagradualbreakdownofoldsystemsofdiscipline—partfamilial,partsocial,partlegal一whichappeartopreventschoolsandparentsfromdealingeffectivelywitherrantchildren.

Japanis,inshort,passingthroughanationalidentitycrisis.Thereareplentyofpositiveaspectstoittoo,however.Oneisaconsiderableincreaseinthenumberofactualorbuddingyoungentrepreneurs,atrendespeciallyvisibleinthewillingnessofhigh-flyerstoleavegood,safejobsinordertosetuptheirownfirms.Thenumbersremainmodest,butareneverthelesssurprisinglyhighgiventhestateoftheeconomyinrecentyears.Anotherisaneweagernessamongpopularwritersandmaverickpoliticianstotrytodefineandencourageanewnationalpride.

1.WhatcharacterizesthesocialchangesinJapanesesocietyisthat（

）.

2.Itisimpliedinthesecondparagraphthat（

）.

3.SchoolviolenceandtruancyinJapanseemtobe（

）.

4.ThereasonbehindschoolviolenceandtruancyinJapanseemstobethat（

）.

5.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?

问题1选项

A.theyareoftenaccompaniedbyanationalidentitycrisis

B.theyoftentakeplaceinmajorscalebutendupinsmalleffect

C.theyoftenhappenhumblywhileproducinghugeaccumulativeconsequences

D.theyoftentakeplacewithoutbeinganalyzedandreportedduetotheircomplexity

问题2选项

A.Japanisundergoingaseriouspoliticalinstability

B.astaticeconomymighthaveanegativeinfluenceonsociety

C.mostpeopleinJapanareunderseverementalstrain

D.manypeoplesufferfromafractureduetotheirjobpressure

问题3选项

A.tiringJapaneseparentsupforalongtime

B.notasseriousasmostJapanesehaveimagined

C.quicklyontheincreaseespeciallyinrecentyears

D.obviouslyendangeringthesafetyofJapanesestudents

问题4选项

A.schoolandparentsdonotwanttodealwitherrantchildreneffectively

B.economicstagnationhasreducedparents'timetocommunicatewiththeirchildren

C.youthsbullyinghasalreadybecomeapopularpracticeforstudentsandtheyfinditexciting

D.childrenareinfectedwithproblemintheadultworldandrulesarenotstrictenough

问题5选项

A.SolutionstoYouthsCrimesinJapan.

B.TheJapaneseNationalIdentityCrisis

C.SchoolViolenceandTruancyinJapan.

D.EconomicandSocialChangesinJapan.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.推断题。第一段：...Japanisadifficultcountrytoreportonandanalyzebecausethingsdonotchangeinbig,noticeableways(其实很难报道日本和分析日本，因为在日本，事情不是以大规模以及人们可以注意得到的方式发生变化的)。由此推测C项(通常不起眼地发生，但也会因累积而产生巨大的后果)正确。

2.推断题。第二段：Inparticular,hisfocusisonwhetherJapan’sfamously

cohesive,conformistsocietymaybefracturingunderthestrainofeconomicstagnation,andonhowsuchstrainshavebeenaffectingthecountry'ssenseofpurposeandofnationalidentity.他关注的重点在...日本社会是否在经济停滞的压力下产生裂痕，以及这种压力是怎样影响国家的宗旨和国家特征的。可知，Nathan要研究的就是日本经济停滞是否造成社会裂痕。故选B(停滞的经济可能对社会产生消极影响)。

3.细节题。根据题干关键词Schoolviolenceandtruancy定位至第三段:Themostworryingfractureshewritesaboutareintheschools,whereviolenceandtruancyhaverisenremarkably.OldJapanhandsshrugwearilyatsuchthings,forworriesaboutbullyinghavelongexistedbuthaveneverreallyseemedterriblyserious(他有写到最令人担忧的裂痕是在学校，那里的暴力和旷课现象会显著增加。日本家长对这些事情疲倦地耸耸肩，因为对欺凌的担心由来已久，但似乎并没有那么严重)。故A:使日本家长们疲惫很久了。为正确答案。

4.推断题。第五段:Suchtrendsappeartobesymptomsoftworelatedphenomena:awidespreadfeelingofdisillusionment,alienation,uncertaintyorplainanger,whichhasspreadtochildrentoo;andagradualbreakdownofoldsystemsofdiscipline(这种趋势似乎是两种相关现象的症状：一种普遍的幻灭感、疏离感、不确定感或明显的愤怒感，这种情绪也蔓延到了儿童身上；一种是旧的纪律体系逐渐瓦解),由此可知,D项(成人的问题影响了孩子，而且规则也不够严格)正确。

5.主旨大意题。全文主要是谈论日本经济停滞对社会造成的问题。但是作者认为日本国民认同危机是有利有弊。

8.单选题

Astudyofarthistorymightbeagoodwaytolearnmoreaboutaculturethanispossibletolearningeneralhistoryclasses.Mosttypicalhistorycoursesconcentrateonpolitics,economics,andwar.Butarthistoryfocusesonmuchmorethanthisbecauseartreflectsnotonlythepoliticalvaluesofapeople,butalsoreligiousbeliefs,emotions,andpsychology.Inaddition,informationaboutthedailyactivitiesofourancestors——orofpeopleverydifferentfromourown——canbeprovidedbyart.Inshortartexpressestheessentialqualitiesofatimeandaplace,andastudyofitclearlyofferusadeeperunderstandingthancanbefoundinmosthistorybooks.

Inhistorybooks,objectiveinformationaboutthepoliticallifeofacountryispresented;thatis,factsaboutpoliticsaregiven,butopinionsarenotexpressed.Art,ontheotherhand,issubjective:itreflectsemotionsandopinions.ThegreatSpanishpainterFranciscoGoyawasperhapsthefirsttruly"political”artist.Inhiswell-knownpaintingTheThirdofMay1808,hecriticizedtheSpanishgovernmentforitsmisuseofpoweroverpeople.Overahundredyearslater,symbolicimageswereusedinPabloPicasso’sGuernicatoexpressthehorrorofwar.Meanwhile,onanothercontinent,thepowerfulpaintingsofDiegoRivera.JoseClementeOrozco,andDavidAlfaroSiqueirosaswellastheworksofAlfredoRamosMartines——depictedtheseMexicanartists’deepangerandsadnessaboutsocialproblems.

Inthesameway,artcanreflectaculture’sreligiousbeliefs.ForhundredsofyearsinEurope,religiousartwasalmosttheonlytypeofartthatexisted.ChurchesandotherreligiousbuildingswerefilledwithpaintingsthatdepictedpeopleandstoriesfromtheBible.Althoughmostpeoplecouldn’tread,theycouldstillunderstandbiblicalstoriesinthepicturesonchurchwalls.Bycontrast,oneofthemaincharacteristicsofarti