考研考博-英语-山东工商学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东工商学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Theoldhouseattheendofthestreethasrecentlybeen______.

问题1选项

A.pulled

B.demolished

C.erased

D.leveled

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项pull“拉，拔，拖”，B项demolish“拆除，破坏，毁坏”，C项erase“抹去，擦除”，D项level“瞄准，拉平，变得平坦”。由oldhouse“旧房子”可知，“拆除”符合语境。句意：这条街尽头的那幢旧房子最近已被拆除了。因此，该题选择B项正确。

2.填空题

Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth:Whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillions（1）areoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases.Obesityisaworldwidephenomenon,affectingchildrenaswellasadultsandforcingallbutthepoorestcountriestodivertscarceresources（2）fromfoodsecuritytotakecareofpeoplewithpreventableheartdiseaseanddiabetes.

Toreversetheobesityepidemic,wemustaddressfundamentalcauses.Overweightcomesfromconsumingmorefoodenergythan（3）expendedinactivity.Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive.Marketeconomiesencouragethis.Theyturnpeoplewithexpendableincomeintoconsumersofaggressivelymarketedfoodsthatarehighinenergybutlowin（4）value,andofcars,televisionsets,andcomputersthatpromotesedentarybehavior.Gainingweightisgoodforbusiness.Foodisparticularlybigbusinessbecauseeveryoneeats.

Moreover,foodissooverproducedthatmanycountries,especiallytherichones,havefar

morethantheyneed（5）irony.IntheUnitedStates,totakeanextremeexample,most

adultsofallages,incomes,educationallevels,andcensuscategories—areoverweight.TheU.S.foodsupplyprovides3800kilocaloriesperpersonperday,nearlytwiceasmuchasrequiredbymanyadults.Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompete（6）salesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaigns（7）towardchildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.Indeed,itisdifficulttothink（8）anymajorindustrythatmightbenefitifpeopleatelessfood;certainly（9）theagriculture,foodproduct,grocery,restaurant,diet,ordrugindustries.Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployamidesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibit（10）.

A.splendid

B.elegant

C.snobbish

D.prudent

A.hehadagoodopinionoftheStClairfamily

B.hegrantedtheStClairfamilysomecredits

C.heowedsomemoneytotheStClairfamily

D.hewasmorerespectablethansomemembersoftheSt.Clairfamily

A.marryingformoney

B.robbingone'swife

C.makingfortunes

D.sellingtheteethofdeadsoldiers

A.brag

B.possess

C.arrange

D.pluck

A.detached

B.positive

C.cynical

D.liberal

【答案】1.more

2.away

3.is

4.nutritional

5.another

6.for

7.directed

8.of

9.not

10.overeating

【解析】1.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是：当成千上万的人由于经济不平衡、政治腐败和战争而饿肚子时，还有成千上万的人超重。前后进行对比，说明超重的人更多，所以more符合题意。

2.考查固定搭配。divertaway“转移”。空格处所在句子的句意是：肥胖是一个世界性的普遍现象，它对大人孩子都有影响，它迫使除了最贫穷的国家外的所有国家把稀有资源从食品安全上转移到了照顾患有可预防的心脏病和糖尿病的人们。

3.考查动词的用法。空格处所在句子的句意是：超重源于摄入的食物能量超过了被消耗的能量。分析句子结构可知，为了避免重复，than后面省略了energythat，完整的句子应该是energythatisexpended。

4.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是：他们把具有消费水平的人变为疯狂购买食物的消费者，这些食物通常能量很高，营养价值很低。nutritional符合题意。

5.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是：此外，食物被过量生产，尤其是发达国家拥有的食物远远超过他们所需要的食物--这又是一件具有讽刺意义的事。前面已经提到过一件讽刺的事thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity，因此another符合题意。

6.考查动词短语。空格处所在句子的句意为：过量的食物使各大公司为销售而进行竞争。competefor“为……而竞争”。

7.考查后置定语。空格处所在句子的句意是：各大公司为了竞争，采用的手段有：广告，健康宣言，推出新产品，加量包装，还有直接针对孩子的活动。空格处所在的单词显然是用来修饰campaigns这个单词的，应该填一个过去分词来作后置定语，directtoward表示针对……。

8.考查固定搭配。thinkof“想出”。

9.考查前后逻辑。空格处所在句子的句意是：农业、食品、杂货店、饭店、减肥业或制药业都不会获益。所以此处是一个否定的意思，not符合题意。

10.考查动词的用法。空格处所在句子的句意是：人们吃得多时，所有行业都会发展繁荣，所有行业都花钱请游说者去劝政府不要采取任何措施禁止过度饮食（overeat）。Inhibitdoingsth.“禁止做某事”。

3.翻译题

TranslatetilefollowingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish

历代的智慧，几个世纪以来人类一直籍以为乐的故事，所有这些都可以从书中方便而又便宜的获得。但是我必须懂得如何利用这份宝藏，懂得如何才能使它对我们最为有益。世界上最为不幸的人，也就是那些从未体验过读好书之乐趣的人吧。

我对人最为感兴趣，喜欢结识他们，喜欢了解他们。我认识的一些非凡之人，首先存在于作者的想象之中，然后表现在作品的字里行间，最后在我的想象中重新显现。我在书中找到了新的朋友，新的社会，还有新的语言。

把你的一部分空闲时光用来培养阅读好书的爱好吧。爱读书的人从好书中不但得到乐趣，他们从中获得的那种精神粮食，从其它地方是很难得到的。尽管他们未必有意识地想到读书是为了提高才智。在不知不觉中，他们从书中吸取的知识积累起来，经过想象力的加工，对将来大有用处。

【答案】Allthewisdomoftheages,allthestoriesthatdelightedmankindforcenturies,areeasilyandcheaplyavailabletoallofuswithinthecoversofbooks.Butwemustknowhowtoavailourselvesofthistreasureandhowtogetthemostvaluefromit.Themostunfortunatepeopleintheworldarethosewhohaveneverexperiencedthejoyofreadingagoodbook.

Iammostinterestedinpeople,inmeetingthemandfindingoutaboutthem.SomeoftheremarkablepeopleI’vemetexistedonlyinwriter’simagination,thenonthepagesofhisbook,andthenagain,inmyimagination.Ihavefoundnewfriends,newsocietyandnewwordsinbooks.

Devotesomeofyourleisuretocultivatingaloveofreadinggoodbooks.Fromgoodbooks,moreover,theydrawmuchbesidesentertainment.Theygainmentalfoodsuchasfewcompanionscansupply,albeittheymaynotbedeliberatelyreadingtoimprovetheirmind.Allunconsciouslytheideastheyderivefromtheprintedpagedarestoredup,tobeworkedoverbytheimaginationforfutureprofit.

4.单选题

问题1选项

A.WithDr.Smithat10onWednesday.

B.WithDr.Smithat10onTuesday

C.WithDr.Jonesat10onWednesday.

D.WithDr.Jonesat10onTuesday.

【答案】A

【解析】14.M:Ineedtocomeinandseethedoctor.IhavereallyitchyskinandthinkImayhavetohaveitlookedat.

W:IhopetimesavailableforTuesdayorWednesday,whichonewouldworkbestforyou?

M:IwanttocomeinonWednesday.

W:Icanfityouinonthatdayatten,doctorSmithorDoctorJonesisavailable.

M:IwouldpreferDoctorSmith.

Q:Whatistheman’sappointment?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干为：男士预约了什么？由文中“IwanttocomeinonWednesday.（我想星期三来。）”和“Icanfityouinonthatdayatten（我可以帮你预约那天上午10点。）”以及“IwouldpreferdoctorSmith.（我想约史密斯医生。）”，可知A选项“WithDr.Smithat10onWednesday.（周三上午10点史密斯医生。）”符合原文。

5.单选题

Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedsoslowlyfortwothousandyears-andwhyinthefollowingtwoyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterested,themodernphilosophernotlessthan,theobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiod-oneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingprovidence?

Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflytheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiriesForallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesis,andanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction-bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;landtheancientsciences,affordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.

Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfact,byappealtoexperimentandobservation-thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns:butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofa-greatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.

Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or"facts"and"ideas"—inneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatte?—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts-aparticularglassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.

Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethoD.Afactisapropositionofsimpleverification.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.

1.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis（）.

3.Thedifferencebetween"fact"and"theory"（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis（）.

5.Thestatement"Theoriesarefacts"maybecalled（）.

问题1选项

A.PhilosophyofMathematics

B.TheRecentGrowthinScience

C.TheVerificationofFacts

D.MethodsofScientificInquiry

问题2选项

A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiods

B.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethod

C.thatitwasanactofGod

D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod

问题3选项

A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmation

B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformer

C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeks

D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod

问题4选项

A.aninductivescience

B.inneedofsimpleverification

C.adeductivescience

D.basedonfactandtheory

问题5选项

A.ametaphor

B.aparadox

C.apun

D.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethods

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干意为本文最好的标题表述。原文第一段提出问题：为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人，是应用新旧方法关系还是其他。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。但是，这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。第四、五段涉及事实和理论的关系。综合考虑下可以判断D为最佳选项。

2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章中“Or,shouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents-totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingprovidence?”中文翻译为：或者我们是否应当把两个阶段的特点归因于所谓的历史的偶然性（意外事件）——归因于客观环境中相似（结合）的影响。这一点除非以指导一切的上帝的智慧和无限权利来解释，否则难以解说清楚。可以得知C选项符合题意。

3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第五段,事实是一个提议，通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实，理论因此具有事实的一切特性。因此，A最符合题意。

4.推理判断题。aninductivescience“归纳法科学”；inneedofsimpleverification“需要简单证实”；adeductive“推理演绎科学”；basedonfactandtheory“基于事实和理论”。基于对“数学”的理解，C最符合题意。

5.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到“Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts-aparticularglassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.”，中文翻译为：因为首先，对立是不完整的，事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实——一种特殊类别的事实，一般性的复杂，但仍是事实。而事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。可知，B项“似非而是的隽语；悖论”正确。

6.单选题

Itiseasiertogetdivorcedtodaythanintimespast,butitisnolesspainful.Studieshaveshownthatbothmenandwomensuffersignificantstressattwokeypoints:beforethedecisiontodivorceandatthetimeofthefinalseparation.Poorhealth,difficultyinsleepingandworking,loneliness,depression,anxiety,loweredself-esteem,andimpairedmemoryareallassociatedwiththedivorceprocess.Intheirstudyof252menandwomencurrentlyundergoingadivorce,DavidA.ChiribogaandLoraineCutlerfoundthatmenweremorevulnerabletostressthanwomen.Atthesametime,closeto50percentofbothmenandwomenreportedthattheyfeltsomereliefasaresultofhavinginitiatedthedivorceprocess.

Thechildrenofacoupleplanningtodivorcealsoshareinthepain,especiallyimmediatelyfollowingtheseparation.Intheirstudyoffamilybreakup,JudithS.WallersteinandJoanB.Kellyfoundthatparentsrarelypreparetheirchildrenforthecomingcrisis,nordotheyprovidethemwiththenecessaryassurancesthattheywillbecaredfor.Preoccupiedbytheirpersonalproblems,theparentsareofteninsensitivetotheirchildren'sanger,fearorperplexity.Whendivorcenecessitatesthatthemothergotowork,thechildmaybeplacedinunfamiliarchildcarearrangements,andbothmotherandfatherbecomesubstantiallylessavailable.Thefirstyearfollowingadivorceistypicallythemoststressfulfortheparentsandforthechild.Inthelongrun,however,divorceisnotnecessarilypsychologicallydamagingtochildren,particularlywhenbothparentsremainaccessibleandloving.

Whateverthepainthatdivorceinflicts,itdoesnotseemtosourpeopleontheinstitutionofmarriage.Afourthofthepeoplewhogetdivorcedareremarriedwithintheyear,and75percentremarrywithinnineyearsofdivorce.Aboutfiveofeverysixdivorcedmenandthreeofeveryfourdivorcedwomenmarryagain.Onereasonthatmenaremorelikelytoremarrythanwomenisthatmentypicallymarryyoungerwomen.Whenweconsiderthatbyagetwenty-sevenwomenbeginoutnumberingmen,wecanseehowmiddle-agedandoldermenhavealargerpoolofpotentialpartnersfromwhichtochoosethandowomen.Insum,whilemarriagemaybedifficulttosustain,itiscertainlynotgoingoutofstyle.

1.Accordingtothepassage,womensuffersignificantstresswhen（）

2.Thedivorcedparentsignoretheirchildren'sangerandfearbecause（）.

3.Fromthispassagewecanknowthat（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thepercentageofremarryingmanishigherthanthatofthewomenby（）.

问题1选项

A.theyareforcedtoleavetheirchildren

B.thepropertyisdivided

C.makinguptheirmindtogetadivorce

D.goingtoacourt

问题2选项

A.theyarepoorlypreparedforthecomingcrisis

B.theyareundergreatstress

C.theythinktoomuchabouttheirownproblems

D.theyhavetoliveontheirown

问题3选项

A.divorcemaydogreaterharmtochildrenmentallyandphysicallythantheparents

B.familybreakupcanbeavoidedifthecouple'spersonalproblemsaresettled

C.marriageremainspopularinspiteofrisingdivorcerate

D.Childrenwilllosetheparentalcareandloveaftertheirparentsgetdivorced

问题4选项

A.25%

B.75%

C.8%

D.27%

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Accordingtothepassage,womensuffersignificantstresswhen______.1.根据这篇文章，当女性______时，她们会承受巨大的压力。

A.theyareforcedtoleavetheirchildrenA.女性被迫离开她们的孩子

B.thepropertyisdividedB.财产被分割

C.makinguptheirmindtogetadivorceC.决定离婚

D.goingtoacourtD.上法庭

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据关键词womensuffersignificantstress可定位到第一段第二句“研究表明，男人和女人都在两个关键时刻承受着巨大的压力，即在决定离婚之前和最后分居的时候（beforethedecisiontodivorceandatthetimeofthefinalseparation）”。所以选项C符合原文。

【干扰项排除】A项“女性被迫离开她们的孩子”、B项“财产被分割”和D项“上法庭”都没提到，无中生有。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.Thedivorcedparentsignoretheirchildren’sangerandfearbecause______.2.离婚的父母无视孩子的愤怒和恐惧，因为______。

A.theyarepoorlypreparedforthecomingcrisisA.他们对即将到来的危机准备不足

B.theyareundergreatstressB.他们的压力很大

C.theythinktoomuchabouttheirownproblemsC.他们对自己的问题想得太多了

D.theyhavetoliveontheirownD.他们必须靠自己生活

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干关键词children’sangerandfear定位到第二段的第三句“父母往往被自己的个人问题所困扰（Preoccupiedbytheirpersonalproblems），所以对孩子的愤怒、恐惧或困惑无动于衷”。理解可知，离婚的父母无视孩子的愤怒和恐惧，是因为父母被自己的个人问题所困扰，C项“他们对自己的问题想得太多了”与原文一致。

【干扰项排除】

A项“他们对即将到来的危机准备不足”和B项“他们的压力很大”在文中有提及，但不是对孩子的愤怒等情绪无动于衷的原因，张冠李戴；

D项“他们必须靠自己生活”在文中没有原文依据，无中生有。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.Fromthispassagewecanknowthat______.3.从这篇文章中我们可以知道______。

A.divorcemaydogreaterharmtochildrenmentallyandphysicallythantheparentsA.离婚对孩子的身心伤害可能比父母更大

B.familybreakupcanbeavoidedifthecouple’spersonalproblemsaresettledB.如果夫妻俩的个人问题得到解决，家庭破裂是可以避免的

C.marriageremainspopularinspiteofrisingdivorcerateC.尽管离婚率不断上升，婚姻仍然很受欢迎

D.childrenwilllosetheparentalcareandloveaftertheirparentsgetdivorcedD.父母离婚后，孩子就会失去父母的关爱

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段第一句话“不管离婚会带来怎样的痛苦，它似乎不会让人们对婚姻制度感到厌恶（itdoesnotseemtosourpeopleontheinstitutionofmarriage）”以及最后一句话“尽管婚姻难以维持，但它肯定不会过时（itiscertainlynotgoingoutofstyle）”，从notgoingoutofstyle（不过时）可推测，尽管离婚率升高，但结婚依然很流行。C项“尽管离婚率不断上升，婚姻仍然很受欢迎”正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“离婚对孩子的身心伤害可能比父母更大”，第二段虽然提到“离婚后的第一年对父母和孩子来说通常是压力最大的一年”，但并没有孩子与父母受到伤害之间的比较，属于曲解原文；

B项“如果夫妻俩的个人问题得到解决，家庭破裂是可以避免的”，由第二段可知，文中提到父母总是忙于自己的个人问题，往往对孩子的愤怒、恐惧或困惑无动于衷，但是并没有个人问题解决，家庭就不会破碎的相关说法，该项无中生有；

D项“父母离婚后，孩子就会失去父母的关爱”从第二段最后一句话“然而，从长远来看，离婚并不一定会对孩子造成心理伤害，尤其是当父母双方都能保持亲近和关爱的时候”可知，离婚会导致孩子失去关爱不是必然事件，而是在于父母的态度，该项曲解原文。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Accordingtothepassage,thepercentageofremarryingmanishigherthanthatofthewomenby______.4.根据这篇文章，再婚的男性比再婚的女性高______。

A.25%A.25%

B.75%B.75%

C.8%C.8%

D.27%D.27%

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】由题干关键词thepercentageofremarrying定位到本文最后一段的第三句“大约六分之五的离婚男性和四分之三的离婚女性会再婚”，所以六分之五减去四分之三等于十二分之一，约等于8%。故该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“25%”是离婚者再婚的百分比，张冠李戴；

B项“75%”是离婚女性再婚的百分比，张冠李戴；

D项“27%”没有提到，无中生有。

7.单选题

Theaccountant_______thousandsofdollarsfromthecharitywhileappearingtobeitsbestfundraiser.

问题1选项

A.donated

B.validated

C.embezzled

D.certify

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项donate“捐赠，捐献”；B选项validate“证实，验证；确认；使生效”；C选项embezzle“盗用；挪用；贪污”；D选项certify“证明；保证”。句意：那个会计盗用善款几千美元，却表现出自己是最佳的捐助者。根据句中的while可知，前后两句关系为转折，后半句提到“最佳捐赠者”，那么前半句句意应该与之相反。因此C选项正确。

8.单选题

Ifsanityandinsanityexist,howshallweknowthem?

Thequestionisneithercapriciousnoritselfinsane.Howevermuchwemaybepersonallyconvincedthatwecantellthenormalfromtheabnormal,theevidenceissimplynotcompelling.Itiscommonplace,forexample,toreadaboutmurdertrialswhereineminentpsychiatristsforthedefensearecontradictedbyequallyeminentpsychiatristsfortheprosecutiononthematterofthedefendant'ssanity.Moregenerally,thereareagreatdealofconflictingdataonthereliability,utility,andmeaningofsuchtermsas"sanity","insanity","mentalillness,"and"schizophrenia."

Finally,asearlyas1934,Benedictsuggestedthatnormalityandabnormalityarenotuniversal.Whatisviewedasnormalinoneculturemaybeseenasquiteaberrantinanother.Thus,notionsofnormalityandabnormalitymaynotbequiteasaccurateaspeoplebelievetheyare.

Toraisequestionsregardingnormalityandabnormalityisinnowaytoquestionthefactthatsomebehaviorsaredeviantorodd.Murderisdeviant.So,too,arehallucinations.Nordoesraisingsuchquestionsdenytheexistenceofthepersonalanguishthatisoftenassociatedwith"mentalillness."Anxietyanddepressionexist.Psychologicalsufferingexists.Butnormalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity,andthediagnosesthatflowfromthemmaybelesssubstantivethanmanybelievethemtobe.

Atitsheart,thequestionofwhetherthesanecanbedistinguishedfromtheinsaneisasimplematter:Dothesalientcharacteristicsthatleadtodiagnosesresideinthepatientsthemselvesorintheenvironmentsandcontextsinwhichobserversfindthem?FromBleuler,throughKretchmer,throughtheformulatorsoftherecentlyrevisedDiagnosticandStatisticalManualoftheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation,thebeliefhasbeenstrongthatpatientspresentsymptoms,thatthosesymptomscanbecategorized,andimplicitly,thatthesanearedistinguishablefromtheinsane.Morerecently,however,thisbeliefhasbeenquestioned.Basedinpartontheoreticalandanthropologicalconsiderations,butalsoonphilosophical,legal,andtherapeuticones,theviewhasgrownthatpsychologicalcategorizationofmentalillnessisuselessatbestanddownrightharmful,misleading,andpejorativeatworst.Psychiatricdiagnoses,inthisview,areinthemindsoftheobserversandarenotvalidsummariesofcharacteristicsdisplayedbytheobserved.

Gainscanbemadeindecidingwhichoftheseismorenearlyaccuratebygettingnormalpeopleadmittedtopsychiatrichospitalsandthendeterminingwhethertheywerediscoveredtobesaneand,ifso,how.Ifthesanityofsuchpseudopatientswerealwaysdetected,therewouldbeprimafacieevidencethatasaneindividualcanbedistinguishedfromtheinsanecontextinwhichheisfound.Normalityisdistinctenoughthatitcanberecognizedwhereveritoccurs,foritiscarriedwithintheperson.If,ontheotherhand,thesanityofthepseudopatientswereneverdiscovered,seriousdifficultieswouldariseforthosewhosupporttraditionalmodesofpsychiatricdiagnosis.Giventhatthehospitalstaffwasnotincompetent,thatthepseudopatienthadbeenbehavingassanelyashehadbeenoutsideofthehospital,andthatithadneverpreviouslysuggestedthathebelongedinapsychiatrichospital,suchanunlikelyoutcomewouldsupporttheviewthatpsychiatricdiagnosisbetrayslittleaboutthepatientbutmuchabouttheenvironmentinwhichanobserverfindshim.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassage?

2.Whatdoestheword"them"inthelastsentenceofthefourthparagraphreferto?

3.Theword"pejorative"couldbestbereplacedby（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestexplainthelastpartofthepassage?

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthispassage?

问题1选项

A.Wecanjudgepreciselywhatconstitutesnormalityandabnormality.

B.Itisnoteasytodistinguishsanityfrominsanity.

C.Itisnodoubtthatsomebehaviorsofhumanbeingsareodd.

D.Settingswherepeoplearelivinghavemuchtodowithhowweknowwhatsanityis.

问题2选项

A.Questionsfromnormalityandabnormality.

B.Thediagnoses.

C.Normalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity.

D.People.

问题3选项

A.peevish

B.depreciatory

C.negative

D.meaningless

问题4选项

A.Psychiatricdiagnosisdoesn'tinformpeopleofthepatientbutoftheenvironmentwhereheisliving.

B.Thepatientisn'tbetrayedbypsychiatristsbutbytheenvironmentwhereheisliving.

C.Psychiatristsknowmoreaboutthepatientthantheenvironmentwhereheisliving.

D.Psychiatricdiagnosisislikelytoimprovetheenvironmentwherethepatientislivingwhichdoeslittlehelptohim.

问题5选项

A.Descriptionoftheexperimentofputtingsomesanepeopleinpsychiatrichospitals.

B.Argumentagainstthedifficultyofdistinguishingthesanefromtheinsane.

C.Descriptionoftheexperimentofsaneandinsanepeopleinthesamepsychiatrichospitals.

D.Argumentforthedifficultyoffindingoutwhoarerealpatients.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.推断题。根据文章第二段，“Howevermuchwemaybepersonallyconvincedthatwecantellthenormalfromtheabnormal,theevidenceissimplynotcompelling.”，可知无论我们个人多么相信我们能够分辨出正常和异常，这些证据根本就没有说服力。选项B可排除。根据文章四段，“Toraisequestionsregardingnormalityandabnormalityisinnowaytoquestionthefactthatsomebehaviorsaredeviantorodd.”，可知提出关于正常和异常的问题并不能质疑某些行为是异常的或奇怪的这一事实。选项C可排除。根据文章最后一段内容可知，人们生活的环境与了解理智的程度有很大关系，选项D可排除。综上，选项A文中未提及。选项A符合题意。

2.词义理解题。根据第四段最后一句，“Butnormalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity,andthediagnosesthatflowfromthemmaybelesssubstantivethanmanybelievethemtobe.”，可知但正常与异常、理智与疯狂，以及由此产生的分析调查，可能并不像许多人认为的那样具有实质性。可知them指代前面出现的normalityandabnormality,sanityandinsanity，选项C符合题意。

3.词义理解题。pejorative“贬损的，贬抑的”；peevish“脾气坏的，易怒的”；depreciatory“贬低的，轻蔑的”；negative“否定的，消极的”；meaningless“无意义的”。句意：越来越多的观点认为，对精神疾病进行心理分类，往好处说是无用的，往坏处说是完全有害的、误导的和贬低的。选项B符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“…psychiatricdiagnosisbetrayslittleaboutthepatientbutmuchabouttheenvironmentinwhichanobserverfindshim.”，可知精神病学的诊断并很少告诉病人的情况，而是更多告诉他们所生活的环境。选项A符合题意。

5.推断题。文章最后一段主要提到了人神智是否清晰与所处的环境存在很大的关系。可推断出下文可能会对这一话题进行进一步的阐述，可能会描述一个将一些神志正常的人送入精神病院的实验。选项A符合题意。

9.不定项选择题

Desertificationisthedegradationofonce-productivelandintounproductiveorpoorlyproductiveland.Sincethefirstgreaturban-agriculturalcentersinMesopotamianearly6,000yearsago,humanactivityhashadadestructiveimpactonsoilquality,leadingtogradualdesertificationinvirtuallyeveryareaoftheworld.

Itisacommonmisconceptionthatdesertificationiscausedbydroughts.Althoughdroughtdoesmakelandmorevulnerable,well-managedlandcansurvivedroughtsandrecover,eveninaridregions.Anothermistakenbeliefisthattheprocessoccursonlyalongtheedgesofdeserts.Infact,itmaytakeplaceinanyaridorsemiaridregion,especiallywherepoorlandmanagementispracticed.Mostvulnerable,however,arethetransitionalzonesbetweendesertsandarableland;whereverhumanactivityleadstolandabuseinfragilemarginalareas,soildestructionisinevitable.

[A]Agricultureandovergrazingarethetwomajorsourcesofdesertification.[B]Large-scalefarmingrequiresextensiveirrigation,whichultimatelydestroyslandbydepletingitsnutrientsandleachingmineralsintothetopsoil.[C]Grazingisespeciallydestructivetolandbecause,inadditiontodepletingcovervegetation,herdsofgrazingmammalsalsotramplethefineorganicparticlesofthetopsoil,leadingtosoilcompactionanderosion.[D]Ittakesabout500yearsfortheearthtobuildup3centimetersoftopsoil.However,cattleranchingandagriculturecandepleteasmuchas2to3centimetersoftopsoilevery25years—60to80timesfasterthanitcanbereplacedbynature.

Salinationisatypeoflanddegradationthatinvolvesanincreaseinthesaltcontentofthesoil.Thisusuallyoccursasaresultofimproperirrigationpractices.ThegreatMesopotamianempires—Sumer,AkkadandBabylon—werebuiltonthesurplusoftheenormouslyproductivesoiloftheancientTigris-Euphratesalluvialplain.Afternearlyathousandyearsofintensivecultivation,landqualitywasinevidentdecline.Inresponse,around2800BCtheSumeriansbegandiggingthehugeTigris-Euphratescanalsystemtoirrigatetheexhaustedsoil.Atempora