考研考博-英语-山东理工大学考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东理工大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thedoctorsareverymuchworriedaboutthe（）ofthepatient’sconditionafteroperation.

问题1选项

A.disposition

B.deliberation

C.deterioration

D.diversion

【答案】C

【解析】名词词义辨析。disposition“处置,性情”;deliberation“审议,考虑”;deterioration“恶化,退化”;diversion“消遣,转移注意力”。句意:医生非常担心病人手术后情况会恶化。选项C符合句意。

2.单选题

Thelivelihoodofeachspeciesinthevastandintricateassemblageoflivingthingsdependsontheexistenceofotherorganisms.Thisinterdependenceissometimessubtle,sometimesobvious.Perhapsthemoststraightforwarddependenceofonespeciesonanotheroccurswithparasites,organismsthatliveonorinotherlivingthingsandderivenutrientsdirectlyfromthem.Theparasiticwayoflifeiswidespread.Amultitudeofmicroorganisms(includingvirusesandbacteria)andanarmyofinvertebrates—orcreatureslackingaspinalcolumn(includingcrustaceans,insects,andmanydifferenttypesofworms)—maketheirlivingsdirectlyattheexpenseofothercreatures.Inthefaceofthisonslaught,livingthingshaveevolvedavarietyofdefensemechanismsforprotectingtheirbodiesfrominvasionbyotherorganisms.

Certainfungiandevensomekindsofbacteriasecretesubstancesknownasantibioticsintotheirexternalenvironment.Thesesubstancesarecapableofkillingorinhibitingthegrowthofvariouskindsofbacteriathatalsooccupythearea,therebyeliminatingorreducingthecompetitionfornutrients.Thesameprincipleisusedindefenseagainstinvadersinothergroupsoforganisms.Forexample,whenattackedbydisease-causingfungiorbacteria,manykindsofplantsproducechemicalsthathelptowardofftheirinvaders.

Membersoftheanimalkingdomhavedevelopedavarietyofdefensemechanismsfordealingwithparasites.Althoughthesemechanismsvaryconsiderably,allmajorgroupsofanimalsarecapableofdetectingandreactingtothepresenceofforeigncells.Infact,throughtheanimalkingdom,fromspongestocertaintypesofworms,shellfish,andallvertebrates(creaturespossessingaspinalcolumn),thereisevidencethattransplantsofcellsorfragmentsoftissuesintoananimalareacceptedonlyiftheycomefromgeneticallycompatibleorcloselyrelatedindividuals.

Theabilitytodistinguishbetween“sel”and“nonself”,whilepresentinallanimals,ismostefficientamongvertebrates,whichhavedevelopedanimmunesystemastheirdefensemechanism.Theimmunesystemrecognizesandtakesactionagainstforeigninvadersandtransplantedtissuesthataretreatedasforeigncells.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Theword“intricate”inLineOneisclosestinmeaningto（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,someorganismsproduceantibioticsinorderto（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,atransplantoftissuebetweengeneticallyincompatibleorganismswillresultinthetransplantedtissue（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,theabilitytodistinguishbetween“self”and“nonself”enablesvertebratesto（）.

问题1选项

A.Howparasitesreproduce.

B.Howorganismsreacttotheinvaders.

C.Howantibioticsworktocuredisease.

D.Howtheimmunesystemofvertebratesdeveloped.

问题2选项

A.difficult

B.widespread

C.critical

D.complex

问题3选项

A.preventdiseaseinhumans

B.aiddigestion

C.fightoffotherorganisms

D.createnewtypeofnutrients

问题4选项

A.becomingaparasite

B.beingtreatedasaninvader

C.alteringitsgeneticmakeup

D.developinganewimmunesystem

问题5选项

A.accepttransplantedcells

B.detectandreacttoinvasion

C.weakentheirimmunesystem

D.getridofantibiotics

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.【试题解析】主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到原文首段中心句“Inthefaceofthisonslaught,livingthingshaveevolvedavarietyofdefensemechanismsforprotectingtheirbodiesfrominvasionbyotherorganisms.”，中文翻译为：在面临这种袭击时，生物体已演化出各种各样的防御机制来保护自己的身体不被其他生物体入侵。因此答案为B选项：生物体如何反抗入侵者。

2.【试题解析】词汇题。A:difficult“困难的”；B:widespread“普遍的，广泛的；分布广的”；C:critical“鉴定的；批评的，危险的”；D:complex“复杂的”。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“Thelivelihoodofeachspeciesinthevastandintricateassemblageoflivingthingsdependsontheexistenceofotherorganisms.”中文翻译为：在庞大而复杂的生物群落中，每个物种的生计都依赖于其他生物体的存在。得知intricate为“复杂的”，故选D。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段“Forexample,whenattackedbydisease-causingfungiorbacteria,manykindsofplantsproducechemicalsthathelptowardofftheirinvaders.”中文翻译为：例如，当遭受致病菌类或细菌攻击时，许多种类的植物产生有助于击溃入侵者的化学物质。因此，C选项“击退其他生物体”最符合题意。

4.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第三段“…thereisevidencethattransplantsofcellsorfragmentsoftissuesintoananimalareacceptedonlyiftheycomefromgeneticallycompatibleorcloselyrelatedindividuals.”中文翻译为：有证据表明，只有细胞或组织碎片来自在基因上相容或有密切关系的个体时，细胞或组织移植到一个动物中才会被接受。故B选项“被当成入侵者”最符合题意。

5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位原文尾段“Theimmunesystemrecognizesandtakesactionagainstforeigninvadersandtransplantedtissuesthataretreatedasforeigncells.”中文翻译为：这个免疫系统识别并针对外来入侵者和被看成是外来细胞的移植组织采取行动。可以得知B项“发现和反抗入侵”最为符合。

3.单选题

Atnight,carsoften（

）smallanimalsthatareblindedbytheheadlights.

问题1选项

A.runover

B.heldup

C.tookapart

D.droveat

【答案】A

【解析】词组辨析题。runover碾过；holdup举起；takeapart拆开；driveat用意所在。

句意：晚上，汽车经常碾过被车头灯照懵了的小动物。选项A符合句意。

4.单选题

Moviedirectorsusemusicto（

）theactiononthescreen.

问题1选项

A.contaminate

B.compliment

C.contemplate

D.complement

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。contaminate“污染”；compliment“恭维”；contemplate“沉思，注视”；complement“补充”。句意：电影导演用音乐来补充荧幕上的动作。选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

Heseemstothinktheplanwillwork,butIam（

）aboutitssuccess.

问题1选项

A.unbelieving

B.unbelievable

C.incredible

D.skeptical

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。unbelieving“不相信的”；unbelievable“难以置信的，不可信的”；incredible“难以置信的，惊人的，极好的”；skeptical“怀疑的”。句意：他似乎觉得这个计划会凑效，但我对它的成功表示怀疑。前半句表达的是一个人相信的态度，由but可知后半句态度与之相反，即怀疑的态度。故D项正确。beskepticalabout对……表示怀疑。

6.单选题

Ⅷ.Internationallaw

Legalconceptsofdomesticlawprofoundlyinfluencethewayhowoneapproachesandconceptualizesinternationallaw.JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.Thatissurelyright(althoughthetrendtowardsspecializationthaterodestheauthorityofgeneralistsmightalsoeventuallyexpungethememoryofthedomesticoriginsoftheinvisiblecollege).

Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.AconvenientpointofdepartureisthepropositionmadebyArnoldMcNairaslongagoasin1930,contrastingthevarietylegalformsemployedbythedomesticlegalorderwiththesparsenessofformbywhichinternationallawaddressedsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationships:Theinternallawsofthemodernstateprovideitsmemberswithavarietyoflegalinstrumentsfortheregulationoflifewithinthatcommunity:thecontract;theconveyanceorassignmentofimmovableormovableproperty,whichmaybemadeforvaluableconsiderationormaybeagiftoranexchange;thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform;thecharterorprivateActofParliamentcreatingacorporation;legislation,whichmaybeconstituent,suchasawrittenconstitution,fragmentaryorcomplete,ormaybedeclaratoryofexistinglaw,orcreatenewlaw,orcodifyexistinglawwithcomparativelyunimportantchanges.Further,thoughrarely,wemayfindaconstitutionaldocumentwhichcloselyresemblestheinternationaltreatyitself.

Ifthedebateisputinahistoricalperspective,itmaybesaidthattheappropriatenessofdomesticanalogieshasbeendebatedinslightlydifferingtermsbyeachsucceedinggenerationofinternationallawyers.Inthelate19thcentury,HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.

Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.

1.JamesCrawfordthinksthat___.

2.ArnoldMcNaircomparedlegalformsindomesticlawwiththoseofinternationallawin1930andfoundthat___.

3.HeinrichTriepelmadethedistinctionbetween___.

4.Fromthelastparagraph,wecanseethatHerschLauterpachtandMcNair___.

问题1选项

A.thecharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsinnationallegalsystemdecidestheinternationallegalsystem

B.influenceofnationallegalsystemsgetintoone’sthinkingaboutlaw

C.nationallawyerscandothingsbetter

D.internationallawismarinatedbynationallaw

问题2选项

A.forsubstantivelycomparablelegalrelationshipsthereweremuchlessformsofinternationallaw

B.internationaltreatiesresemblethestructureemployedinthedomesticlaw

C.thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreaties

D.thegratuitouspromiseisclothedinaparticularform

问题3选项

A.treatiesandcontracts

B.internationallawyersanddomesticlawyers

C.contractualparties

D.differenttypesoftreaties

问题4选项

A.disagreedonthenatureofinternationallaw

B.bothmadeanalogiesofinternationallawtodomesticlaw

C.applieddifferentmethodologyinanalyzingtherelationbetweeninternationallawanddomesticlaw

D.haddifferentviewinpossibleanalogies

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“JamesCrawford”定位到原文第一段JamesCrawfordhasobservedthat“itcannotbesaidtoooftenthatourthinkingaboutlawisinfiltrated,marinated,drenchedwiththeinfluenceofnationallegalsystems,withtheircharacteristicwaysofenforcingobligationsandvindicatingrights.Wewereallnationallawyersfirst”.（詹姆斯•克劳福德曾指出，“我们对法律的思考被国家法律体系的影响所渗透、浸泡、浸透，以及它们执行义务和维护权利的独特方式，这种情况不能说太多。我们首先都是国家律师”）可知选B选项“国家法律制度的影响进入人们对法律的思考”，同时可知A选项“在本国法律体系中履行义务的独特方式决定了国际法律体系”错误，我们对法律的思考被它们执行义务和维护权利的独特方式所影响，但是并没有说在本国法律体系中履行义务的独特方式能决定国际法律体系；C选项“国家律师可以做得更好”，D选项“国际法受国内法的制约”未提及。因此B选项正确。

2.事实细节题。定位到原文第二段开头Thedomesticlawperspectiveapplieswithparticularforcetointernationaltreatiesthatcombineaconsensualform,primafaciereminiscentofthestructureemployedinthedomesticlawofcontracts,withasubstantivebreadth,primafacieextendingbeyondthelegalrelationshipsthatwouldbeaddressedbythelawofcontractsindomesticlaw.（国内法的观点特别适用于国际条约，这些条约结合了协商一致的形式，表面上使人想起国内合同法所采用的结构，实质上具有广泛性，表面上超越了国内法中合同法所处理的法律关系）可知B选项“国际条约类似于国内法所采用的结构”，C选项“国内法的观点特别适用于国际条约”和原文相符；第一段thegratuitouspromiseclothedinaparticularform（无偿的承诺是以一种特殊的形式体现出来的）可知D选项“无偿的承诺是以一种特殊的形式体现出来的”符合原文；A选项“就实质性可比的法律关系而言，国际法的形式要少得多”原文未提及。因此A选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“HeinrichTriepel”定位到原文第三段HeinrichTriepeldrewthedistinctionbetweentreatiesanalogoustocontractsproperlyso-called,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedopposinginterests,andthelaw-makingtreatiesanalogoustoagreements,wherethecontractualpartiespursuedcommoninterests.（海因里希•特里佩尔区分了类似于合同的条约，即所谓的合同当事人追求对立利益的条约，以及类似于协议的立法条约，即合同当事人追求共同利益的条约）可知选D选项“不同类型的条约”；A选项“条约和合同”，B选项“国际律师和国内律师”以及C选项“合同方”和原文不符合。因此D选项符合题意。

4.定位到原文最后一段Intheinter-Warperiod,HerschLauterpachtdismissedanypracticalvalueofthedistinction,andmadeapowerfulargumentofanalogybetweendomesticcontractlawontheonehandandthelawoftreatiesandparticulartreatyregimesontheotherhand.Conversely,McNairmadeanequallypowerfulargumentforabroaderlistofpossibleanalogiesfromdomesticlaw,shiftingtheattentiontopubliclaw,andinparticularcasesshowingscepticismaboutthevalueofrelyingonprivatelaw.（在两次世界大战期间，HerschLauterpacht驳斥了这种区别的任何实际价值，并对国内合同法与条约和特定条约制度的法律之间的类比进行了强有力的论证。相反，麦克奈尔提出了一个同样有力的论点，认为可以从国内法中进行更广泛的类比，并将注意力转移到公法上，特别是那些对依靠私法的价值表示怀疑的案例）可知选D选项“在可能的类比中有不同的观点”；最后一段未提到他俩在国际法上有分歧，A选项“在国际法的性质上有分歧”错误；B选项“两者都将国际法与国内法进行了类比”和原文不符合；C选项“在分析国际法和国内法之间的关系时采用了不同的方法”在最后一段未提及。因此D选项正确。

7.单选题

Youwillhardlybelieveit,butthisisthethirdtimetonightsomeone（）me.

问题1选项

A.telephoned

B.hastelephoned

C.telephones

D.shouldtelephone

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定句式结构。Thisisthefirst（序数词）timethat…表示“第一次做某事”，后面的从句一定要用“现在完成时”，现在完成时的构成have/hasdone。句意：你可能不会相信，这已经是今晚第三次有人给我打电话了。hastelephoned使用了现在完成时，故选B。

8.写作题

Directions:

Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould

1)describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and

2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.

Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

【答案】参考范文

Asisshowninthetwopictures,thesameflowerhasdifferentfatewhenputindifferentsituations.Whenthereisprotection,theflowerbloomsbeautifully.However,whenexposeddirectlytorainandstorm,theflowerquicklywithers.Wecansafelycometotheconclusionthatgreenhouseflowerscannotwithstandrainandstorm.

Thesameistruewithourchildren.Astheone-childpolicyisadoptedinChina,moreandmoreparentsoverprotecttheirchildren.Witheverythingdoneforthemandeveryneedsatisfiedbytheirparentsorgrandparents,theseonlychildrenseemtobehealthy,happyandhigh-spirited.Butwhentheyleavehome,theybecomedisappointedandfrustrated.Facingharshthingstheyhaveneverexperiencedbefore,suchascompetitionfrompeers,criticismfromsupervisors,pressurefordeadlinesandrestrictionfordiscipline,theywillbeataloss,miserableorevendesperate.Infact,themoreprotectiontheygetfromtheirparents,thelessabilitytheyacquire.Parents’lovefortheirchildrenturnsouttobeadisaster.

Children,likeflowers,shouldbetreatedwithcare,butreasonableandsensiblewaysofdoingthingswillhelptobringaboutmorefruitfulresults,ifwenotonlyloveourchildrenbutalsoteachthemhowtolove,ourlovewillbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration;ifwenotonlysolveproblemsforourchildrenbutalsoencouragethemtosolveproblems,ourdiligenceandingenuitywillmakeourlifemoremeaningfulandworthwhile.

9.单选题

Karachiisfamousforitsbroadboulevardsandmanyfinemodernbuildings,includingthoseofUniversityofKarachi.

问题1选项

A.tree-linedstreets

B.mosques

C.highways

D.bridges

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项tree-linedstreets“林荫路”；B选项mosques“清真寺”；C选项highways“高速公路”；D选项bridges“桥梁”。句意：卡拉奇以其宽阔的林荫大道和许多漂亮的现代建筑而闻名，包括卡拉奇大学的建筑。划线部分boulevards是林荫大道的意思。因此A选项正确。

10.单选题

Ihavebeenlivinginadormroom,（

）facesnorth,forthreeyearsandhavesufferedalot.

问题1选项

A.thewindow

B.whichwindow

C.whosewindow

D.itswindow

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我在一个窗户朝北的宿舍里已住了三年，这让我受了很多苦。

语法题。考查定语从句。分析题干和选项可知,句子主干为Ihavebeenlivinginadormroomforthreeyearsandhavesufferedalot,而“facesnorth”为room的定语,window（窗户）和room(房间)是从属关系,所以用关系代词whose引导定语从句。

11.翻译题

Despitetheweb,wewatchmoretelevisionthanever.

Inthechaosoftoday’smediaandtechnologybrawl-iPodvs.Zune,Googlevs.Yahoo,Windowsvs.Linux,Intelvs.AMD-wecandeclareoneunlikelywinner.Standingtallinafieldofnewtechwonders,it’sageezertechnologythatareinventedinthe1920sandcommercializedinthe1940s,andit’sstillmorepowerfulthananythingcreatedsince.

Asyoutrytofigureoutwhereconsumerinfo-techisgoing,andwhatitmeansforsociety,rememberthisbig,centralreality:Peoplejustwantmoretelevision.

Ifyoudoubtit,lookattoday’sbiggestnewsintech.Itcontinuallycentersonnewwaystobringconsumersthethingtheycraveaboveallelse.SonyfloodedtherecentConsumerElectronicsShowwithproductsthatputinternetvideoonyourTVset,asdidalmosteveryotherconsumerelectronicscompany.AtthesimultaneousMacworldExpo,ApplechiefSteveJobsintroducedAppleTV,whichdoesthesamething.VerizonsaiditwillsoonofferliveTVoncellphonescreens.Itwillalsosellfull-lengthprogramsforviewingwheneveryouwant.Putitalltogether,andwehaveachievedanirvanathatdidn’texistevenayearago:unlimitedtelevisionavailable24/7oneveryscreenyouown.

It’snosurprise,ofcourse.

Eversincethebasicfactsofsteadilymultiplyingprocessorpowerandbandwidthbecameapparent,seershaveconfidentlypredictedthisday.Theyjustasconfidentlypredictedwhatitwouldmean:traditionaltelevision’sdemise.OncetheWorldWideWebappearedinthemid-1990s,thefuturelookedveryclear.BoringoldTV,thescheduledprogramsthatcometoyouthroughacoaxialcableorsatellitedishorantenna,wouldfadeaway.

Whichisexactlytheoppositeofwhathashappened.DespitemanyNetAgealternatives,weAmericanstodaywatchmoreboringoldTVthanever,whichissayingsomething.Howcanthatbe?MytheoryistheTwo-LiterCokePrinciple.TheCoca-ColacompanydiscoveredlongagothatifitcouldgetpeopletobringhomebiggerbottlesofCoke,thosepeoplewoulddrinkmorethantheyusedto.JustgettingmoreCokeinfrontofthemincreasedtheirconsumption.ItseemstobethesamewithTV.Putmoreofitinfrontofpeople—over100channelsinmanyhomes—andpeoplewillwatchmore.

Seenfromthisperspective,thelatestannouncementsofnewTV-relatedtechnologylooksimplylikeadditionalwaystoputmoreTVinfrontofAmericanconsumer.ThesupposedthreatfromtheInternetwasthatwe’dcutbackonTVaswespentmoretimeonMySpaceorinSecondLife.WemaywellspendmoretimeonsuchnewNetattractions,butwe’reunlikelytotakethattimeawayfromvideoviewing.We’remorelikelytocutbackonthingsweconsiderlessimportant,likesleep.

NoonehasevaluatedTVbetterthanthegreatNewYorkeressayistE.BWhite,whoin1938wrote,“Weshallstandorfallbytelevision,ofthatIamsure.”Westilldon’tknowwhichitwillbe,buthisassessmentlookstruerthanever.

【答案】当你试图弄清楚消费者信息技术的发展方向，以及它对社会的意义时，请记住一个重要的中心事实:人们只是想看更多的电视节目。

索尼在最近的消费电子展上推出了大量可以在电视机上播放互联网视频的产品，几乎所有其他消费电子产品公司都是如此。

自从处理器功率和带宽稳步增长的基本事实变得明显以来，预言家们就自信地预测到了这一天。

而事实恰恰相反。尽管有许多网络时代的替代品，但是我们美国人今天比以往任何时候都看更多无聊的老电视，这说明了一些问题。

没有人比伟大的纽约客散文家E，B怀特更好地评估了电视，他在1938年写到“我确信我们的成败将系于电视”。

12.单选题

Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectiveonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsingle-celledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcentury,electronmicroscopeshaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.Nowanothertypeofmicroscope,onethatutilizesX-raysratherthanlightorelectrons,offersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld.

ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopment,however,wasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’s,electronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscope,whiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.Inrecentyears,however,interestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevived,largelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.Asaresult,thebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubes,which,formostofthecentury,weretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftX-rays.

ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.Unlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopy,X-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwater,whichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationused,so-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstroms(anangstromisoneten-billionthofameter),isalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysused,softX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-andelectron-basedinstruments.

1.Whatisthethemedoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whydoestheauthormentionthevisible-lightmicroscopeinthefirstparagraph?

3.WhydidittakesolongtodeveloptheX-raymicroscope?

4.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutX-raymicroscopesinthefuture?

问题1选项

A.Thedetailseenthroughamicroscope.

B.Outdatedmicroscopictechniques.

C.Sourcesofilluminationformicroscopes.

D.Anewkindofmicroscope

问题2选项

A.ToputtheX-raymicroscopeinahistoricalperspective.

B.Tobeginadiscussionofsixteenth-centurydiscoveries.

C.Toshowhowlimiteditsusesare.

D.Toexplainhowitfunctioned.

问题3选项

A.Fundsforresearchwereinsufficient.

B.Thesourceofilluminationwasnotbrightenoughuntilrecently.

C.MaterialsusedtomanufactureX-raytubesweredifficulttoobtain.

D.X-raymicroscopesweretoocomplicatedtooperate.

问题4选项

A.Theywillprobablyreplaceelectronmicroscopealtogether.

B.Theywilleventuallybemuchcheapertoproducethantheyarenow.

C.Theywillprovideinformationnotavailablefromotherkindsofmicroscopes.

D.Theywilleventuallychangetheilluminationrangethattheynowuse.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。由第一段“Nowanothertypeofmicroscope,onethatutilizesX-raysratherthanlightorelectrons,offersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld.现在，另一种显微镜，利用x射线而不是光或电子，提供了一种观察微小细节的不同方法;它应该把人类的感知能力进一步扩展到自然界。”及第二段“ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;制造x射线显微镜的梦想可以追溯到1895年”可知本文讲的是一种新的显微镜，故D项正确。

2.判断推理题。定位第一段中“Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectiveonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.显微技术的每一个进步都给科学家提供了新视角对生物体的功能和物质本身的性质。”及“Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsingle-celledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcentury,electronmicroscopeshaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.16世纪晚期可视光学显微镜的发明引入了单细胞植物和动物的未知领域。在二十世纪，电子显微镜提供了对病毒和微小表面结构的直接观察。”可知提及可见光显微镜的目的是“从历史的角度来看待x射线显微镜”故A项正确。

3.细节事实题。定位第二段中“Inrecentyears,however,interestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevived,largelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.Asaresult,thebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubes,which,formostofthecentury,weretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftX-rays.然而，近年来，人们对x射线显微镜的兴趣又复活了，这在很大程度上是由于x射线照明新光源等技术的发展。结果，今天可用的亮度是x射线管的数百万倍，在本世纪的大部分时间里，x射线管是唯一可用的软x射线源。可知B项“直到最近，光源才足够明亮。”正确，ACD三项都没有提及。答案B。

4.判断推理题。定位最后一段中“Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-andelectron-basedinstruments.相反，它们的特殊性质将使研究成为可能，这将补充那些用光和电子仪器进行的研究。可知C项“X射线将提供其他种类的显微镜无法提供的信息。”正确。

13.单选题

Koizumi'sannualvisitstothenotoriousshrinehavesparkeda_______ofcondemnationandprotestsfromChinaandtheROKbecausetheshrinehonours14Class-Awarcriminals.

问题1选项

A.splash

B.flurry

C.particle

D.stain

【答案】B

【解析】splash污点;flurry骚动,慌张,aflurryof—阵……；particle颗粒;stain污点,瑕疵。句意：小泉每年都要参拜臭名昭著的神社，引发了中韩人民的谴责和抗议，因为神社供奉着14名甲级战犯。选项B符合句意。

14.单选题

（）youarefamiliarwiththeauthor'sideas,tryreadingallthesectionsasquicklyasyoucan.

问题1选项

A.Nowthat

B.Sothat

C.Eversince

D.Aslongas

【答案】A

【解析】nowthat既然,由于,引导原因从句；sothat以便,所以；eversince自从...,引导时间状语从句；aslongas只要,如果,引导条件状语从句。句意：既然你熟悉作者的观点,试着尽快读完所有的章节。选项A符合句意。

15.单选题

Aswecannolongerwaitforthedeliveryofourorder,wehaveto（

）it.

问题1选项

A.postpone

B.refuse

C.delay

D.cancel

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析题。A选项postpone“延迟，延期”；B选项refuse“拒绝，回绝”；C选项delay“延期，推迟”；D选项cancel"取消，撤销，终止”。as引导的原因状语从句，句意是‘因为不能再等订货的送达，我们不得不取消订单。’所以D选项正确。

16.单选题

TheUniversityinTransformation,editedbyAustralianfuturistsSohailInayatullahandJenniferGidley,presentssome20highlyvariedoutlooksontomorrow’suniversitiesbywritersrepresentingbothWesternandnon-Westernperspectives.Theiressaysraiseabroadrangeofissues,questioningnearlyeverykeyassumptionwehaveabouthighereducationtoday.

ThemostwidelydiscussedalternativetothetraditionalcampusistheInternetUniversity—avoluntarycommunitytoscholarsandteachersphysicallyscatteredthroughoutacountryoraroundtheworldbutalllinkedincyberspace.Acomputerizeduniversitycouldhavemanyadvantages,suchaseasyscheduling,efficientdeliveryoflecturestothousandsorevenmillionsofstudentsatonce,andreadyaccessforstudentseverywheretotheresourcesofalltheworld’sgreatlibraries.

YettheInternetUniversityposesdangers,too.Forexample,alineoffranchisedcourseware，producedbyafewsuperstarteachers，marketedunderthebrandnameofafamousinstitution,andheavilyadvertised,mighteventuallycometodominatetheglobaleducationmarket,warnssociologyprofessorPeterManicasoftheUniversityofHawaiiatManoa.Besidesenforcingarigidlystandardizedcurriculum,sucha“collegeeducationinabox”couldunderselltheofferingsofmanytraditionalbrickandmortarinstitutions,effectivelydrivingthemoutofbusinessandthrowingthousandsofcareeracademicsoutofwork,noteAustraliancommunicationsprofessorsDavidRooneyandGregHearn.

Ontheotherhand,whileglobalconnectivityseemshighlylikelytoplaysomesignificantroleinfuturehighereducation，thatdoesnotmeangreateruniformityincoursecontent—orotherdangerswillnecessarilyfollow.Counter-movementsarealsoatwork.

Manyinacademia,includingscholarscontributingtothisvolume,arequestioningthefundamentalmissionofunivers