考研考博-英语-新疆兵团警官高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-新疆兵团警官高等专科学校考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Yourstoryaboutthefrogturningintoaprinceis（

）nonsense.

问题1选项

A.shear

B.sheer

C.shield

D.sheet

【答案】B

【解析】考察形容词、名词词义辨析。shear“剪（羊毛等）”;sheer“纯粹的；不掺杂的”；shield“盾牌”；sheet“床单，被单”。句意：你的关于青蛙变成王子的故事完全是无稽之谈。选项B符合题意。

2.单选题

Theparty,（）Iwastheguestofhonor,wasextremelyenjoyable

问题1选项

A.bywhich

B.forwhich

C.towhich

D.atwhich

【答案】D

【解析】句意:我以贵宾身份参加这个聚会,聚会极其令人愉快。

语法题。考查定语从句。空格所在句为which引导的定语从句修饰先行词party(聚会)。与party搭配的介词通常为at或in。因此选D。

3.单选题

Davidtendstofeeluselessandunwantedinasocietythatgivessomuch（）tothosewhoareaggressiveandcompetewell.

问题1选项

A.regime

B.prestige

C.superiority

D.legislature

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项regime“政权；政体；社会制度；管理体制”；B选项prestige“威望；声望；声誉”；C选项superiority“优越；优势”；D选项legislature“立法机关；立法机构”。句意：在一个给予那些有进取心且相当有竞争力的人很多声誉的社会里，大卫倾向于认为自己无用且不被该社会所需要。根据句意可知B选项正确。

4.单选题

M:Howiseverythinggoingwithyou?

W:Notbad.Say,ifyouaredonefortheday,maybewecouldcelebrateyourbirthdayatStarbucks,I’llbuy!

Q:What’sthewomandoing?

问题1选项

A.Sheismakinganinvitation.

B.Sheismakingasuggestion.

C.Sheisaskingforadvice.

D.Sheisofferingheropinion

【答案】A

【解析】根据女士说的话“如果你今天的工作完成了，也许我们可以到星巴克为你庆祝生日，我请客！”可知A选项‘她正在发出邀请。’正确。

5.写作题

Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionwithnolessthan50words.RemembertowriteyouranswerclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.（5%）

WhoisConfucius（孔子）？

【答案】略

6.单选题

Thisyearwilldifficultforthisorganizationbecause（）.

问题1选项

A.theyhavelessmoneyandvolunteersthantheyhadlastyear

B.ithaslessmoneyandfewervolunteersthanithadlastyear

C.thelastyearitdidnothaveasfewvolunteersandmoney

D.therearefewermoneyandvolunteersthaninthelastyeartherewere

【答案】B

【解析】语法题。因为little修饰不可数名词，few修饰可数名词，money为不可数名词，volunteer为可数名词，选项A、C和D可排除，又因为句子表示比较所以用比较级less和fewer表示更少的。句意：今年对于组织来说会是困难的一年，因为资金和志愿者都比去年更少了。选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

Thegovernmentgaveavery（

）explanationofitsplanforeconomicdevelopment.

问题1选项

A.comprehensive

B.compound

C.considerable

D.complacent

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析题。comprehensive综合的，全面的；compound混合的；considerable重要的，相当大的；complacent满足的。句意：政府对其经济发展计划作了非常全面的解释。选项A符合句意。

8.单选题

Ifprofitandmoneyareyourfirst（

）,andcommitmenttopeopleyourleastconcern,youhavefailededucation.

问题1选项

A.potentiality

B.priority

C.superiority

D.responsibility

【答案】B

【解析】potentiality潜力，可能性；priority优先权，优先考虑的事；superiority优越，优势；responsibility责任，职责，义务。句意：如果利润和金钱是你最优先考虑的事，而对他人的承诺是你最不关心的，那么你的教育就是失败的。选项B符合句意。

9.单选题

Amongpicturebooksfor4-8yearsold,severaloutstandingworksappearedthatcombinedoriginalstorieswith（）illustrations.

问题1选项

A.imaginable

B.imaginative

C.imaging

D.imageless

【答案】B

【解析】imaginable可能的，可想象的；imaginative想象的，虚构的；imaging成像；imageless无意象的。句意为“把故事原形与充分的想象相结合”。选项B符合句意。

10.单选题

PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820,afterseveraldecadesofrelativestability,theeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits.

Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcentury,thepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrew,itsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility—downwardaswellasupward—touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulation—intheNorthandSouth,intheemergingcitiesoftheNortheast,andintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWest—changedtheirresidenceachdecade.Asaconsequence,historianDavidDonaldhaswritten,“Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety,”anditseemedtomanypeoplethat“alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded.”

Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefined,sodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchange,thehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquilityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreased,therolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespecially,menparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrent,andagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Accordingtothepassage,theeconomyoftheUnitedStatesbetween1820and1900was（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,asthenineteenthcenturyprogressed,thepeopleoftheUnitedStates（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthesocietyaboutwhichDavidDonaldwrote?

问题1选项

A.TheeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesintheeighteenthcentury.

B.WaysinwhicheconomicdevelopmentledtosocialchangesintheUnitedStates.

C.PopulationgrowthinthewesternUnitedStates.

D.TheincreasingavailabilityofindustrialjobsforwomenintheUnitedStates.

问题2选项

A.expanding

B.insharpdecline

C.stagnate

D.disorganized

问题3选项

A.emigratedtoothercountries

B.oftensettledintheWest

C.tendedtochangetheplaceinwhichtheylived

D.hadahigherrateofbirththaneverbefore

问题4选项

A.Ahighlyconservativesocietythatwasresistanttonewideas.

B.Asocietythatwasundergoingfundamentalchange.

C.Asocietythathadbeengraduallychangingsincetheearly1700’s.

D.Anomadicsocietythatwasstartingpermanentsettlements.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?1.这篇文章主要讨论什么？

A.TheeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesintheeighteenthcentury.A.18世纪美国的经济发展。

B.WaysinwhicheconomicdevelopmentledtosocialchangesintheUnitedStates.B.经济发展导致美国社会变化的方式。

C.PopulationgrowthinthewesternUnitedStates.C.美国西部的人口增长。

D.TheincreasingavailabilityofindustrialjobsforwomenintheUnitedStates.D.在美国，越来越多的工业工作机会为妇女提供。

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】首先，根据首段第一句“十九世纪的美国人被这样一种前景所困扰：国家经济的空前变化将带来社会混乱”，以及末段第一句“十九世纪快速的工业化和不断增加的地理流动性对妇女产生了特殊的影响，因为这些变化往往扩大了社会差异”可知，该文主要是围绕社会的变化来开展；然后，文章的结构是总分结构，文章开头先介绍经济增长引起的社会混乱，然后后面两段阐述经济增长带来的社会的变化，即人口构成发生变化，以及男性和女性的角色明显地分化；综合理解我们可以推断，这篇文章主要讨论的是经济发展对社会变化的影响，B项“经济发展导致美国社会变化的方式”符合这一分析。因此，该题选择B项。

【干扰项排除】

A项“18世纪美国的经济发展”和C项“美国西部的人口增长”只是在段落里部分提及，属于以偏概全；

D项“在美国，越来越多的工业工作机会为妇女提供”，根据最后一段倒数第二句“男性参与生产经济，而女性则统治家庭，充当文明和文化的守护者”可知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.Accordingtothepassage,theeconomyoftheUnitedStatesbetween1820and1900was______.2.根据这篇文章，美国在1820年到1900年间的经济是______。

A.expandingA.扩张的

B.insharpdeclineB.急剧下降的

C.stagnateC.萧条的

D.disorganizedD.混乱的

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第二句“在1820年之后的几年里，在经历了几十年的相对稳定之后，经济进入了一个持续的、极其快速的增长期（theeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowth），这种增长期一直持续到19世纪末”，从中可知，1820年至1900年，美国经济经历了一个持续快速增长的时期，这与A项“扩张的”符合。因此，该题选择A项。

【干扰项排除】B项“急剧下降的”、C项“萧条的”和D项“混乱的”在文中都没有提及，属于无中生有。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.Accordingtothepassage,asthenineteenthcenturyprogressed,thepeopleoftheUnitedStates______.3.根据这篇文章，随着19世纪的发展，美国人民______。

A.emigratedtoothercountriesA.移居到其他国家

B.oftensettledintheWestB.经常在西部定居

C.tendedtochangetheplaceinwhichtheylivedC.倾向于改变他们居住的地方

D.hadahigherrateofbirththaneverbeforeD.出生率比以往任何时候都高

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第二段二三四五句“随着人口的增长，其构成也发生了变化。大规模的移民潮把新的种族群体带入了这个国家。地理和社会的向下和向上流动几乎影响到了所有人。当地研究表明，近四分之三的北方和南方人口、东北部新兴城市以及西部动荡的农村县的人口在十年内改变了住所。”综合理解我们可以推断，随着十九世纪的发展，美国人民人口增加，社会流动性也随之增加，C项“倾向于改变他们居住的地方”与原文描述一致。因此，该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】

A项“移居到其他国家”根据解题思路可知，是其他国家移居到美国来，而不是从美国移居出去，该项属于反向干扰；

B项“经常在西部定居”根据解题思路可知，西部的农村地区动荡不安，所以人们每十年更换一次居住地，该项属于反向干扰；

D项“出生率比以往任何时候都高”，根据第二段第一句“尽管出生率从18世纪和19世纪初的高水平继续下降，但在19世纪的其余时间里，人口每一代大约翻一番。”可知，随着19世纪的发展，人口增加但出生率持续下降，而不是出生率比任何时候都高，属于反向干扰。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthesocietyaboutwhichDavidDonaldwrote?4.以下哪一项最好地描述了大卫•唐纳德所写的社会？

A.Ahighlyconservativesocietythatwasresistanttonewideas.A.一个高度保守的社会，抵制新思想。

B.Asocietythatwasundergoingfundamentalchange.B.一个正在经历根本变革的社会。

C.Asocietythathadbeengraduallychangingsincetheearly1700’s.C.一个从18世纪早期开始就在逐渐变化的社会。

D.Anomadicsocietythatwasstartingpermanentsettlements.D.一个开始永久定居的游牧社会。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段最后一句“历史学家大卫•唐纳德写道，‘社会分化影响了社会的每一个部分’，在许多人看来，‘有序文明的所有公认价值都在逐渐被侵蚀’。”，从中可知，社会分化逐渐侵蚀了有序文明的所有公认价值，这也就是说社会正在经历根本性的变革，B项“一个正在经历根本变革的社会”符合原文。因此，该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“一个高度保守的社会，抵制新思想”，根据解题思路可知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；

C项“一个从18世纪早期开始就在逐渐变化的社会”，根据第二段可知，是人口的增长才带来社会的变化，而人口增长是从19世纪开始，所以该项属于曲解原文；

D项“一个开始永久定居的游牧社会”，原文中并未提及nomadicsociety（游牧社会），该项无中生有。

11.单选题

Inmostpeople'smind,growthisassociatedwithprosperity.WejudgehowwelltheeconomyisdoingbythesizeoftheGrossNationalProduct(GNP),ameasure,supposedly,ofgrowth.Equallyaxiomatic,however,isthenotionthatincreasedpressureondwindlingnaturalresourcesmustinevitablyleadtoadeclineinprosperity,especiallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation.So,whichiscorrect:growthmeansprosperityandnogrowthmeansadversity,orgrowthmeansadversityandnogrowthmeans…what?

Whatgrowthadvocatesmean,primarily,whentheysaygrowthisnecessaryforprosperityisthatgrowthisnecessaryforthesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystem.InonearenatheargumentinfavorofgrowthisparticularlycompellingandthatiswithregardtotheThirdWorld.Toargueagainstgrowth,otherthanpopulationgrowth,inlightofThirdWorldpovertyanddegradationseemscallous,ifnotcruel,thepompouspostulatingofthecomfortableandthesecure.Butisit?Coulditbethatgrowth,especiallythegrowthofthewealthiercountries,hascontributedtotheimpoverishment,nottheadvancementsofThirdWorldcountries?Ifnot,howdoweaccounttorthedesperatestraitsthesecountriesfindthemselvesintodayafteracenturyofdedicationtogrowth?

ToseehowthismightbethecasewemustlookattheimpactofgrowthonThirdWorldcountries-thereality,nottheabstractstages-of-economic-growthnostrumpropoundedthroughrose-coloredglassesbyacademiciansofthedevelopedworld.WhatgoodisgrowthtothepeopleoftheThirdWorldifitmeanstheconversionofpeasantfarmsintomechanizedagri-businessesproducingcommoditiesnotforlocalconsumptionbutforexport,ifitmeansthestrippingoftheirlandofitsmineralandarborealtreasurestothebenefitofforeigninvestorsandahandfuloftheirlocalcollaborators,ifitmeanstheassumptionofacrushingforeignindebtedness,theproceedsofwhichgoesnotintothedevelopmentofthecountrybutintothepurchaseofluxurycars,thepaddingofSwissbankaccounts,andthebuyingofcondominiumsinMiami?

Admittedly,thisisanoversimplification,whichappliestonocountryinitsentiretyandtosomecountriesnotatall.Butthepoint,Ibelieve,remainsvalid:thatgrowthinunderdevelopedcountriescannotsimplybejudgedintheabstract;itmustbejudgedbasedonthetruenatureofgrowthinthesesocieties,onwhobenefitsandwhoisharmedonwheregrowthisleadingthesepeopleandwhereithasleftthem.Whenconsideredinthisway,itjustmightbethatinthepresentcontextgrowthismoredetrimentaltothewell-beingofthewretchedoftheearththanbeneficial.

So,doweneedgrowthforprosperity?Onlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer.Butthatisatestnoteasilyundertaken.Moderneconomiesareincrediblycomplexphenomena,atributetoman'sabilitytoorganizeandachallengetohisabilitytounderstanding.Anythingthataffectstheirfunctioning,suchasapolicyofzerogrowth,shouldnotbeproposedwithoutawaryprudenceandaself-doubtinghumility.Butiftheprospectofleapingintotheeconomicunknownisfear-inspiring,equallysoistheprospectoflettingthatfearpreventusfromactingwhenthefailuretoactcouldmeanuntoldmiseryforfuturegenerationsandperhapsenvironmentalcatastropheswhichthreatenourveryexistence.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorsupport?

2.ItisimpliedinParagraphs2and3that（）.

3.WithregardtotheeconomicdevelopmentinThirdWorldcountriestheauthorisactuallysayingthat（）.

4.Theauthorseemstobelievethatprosperity（）.

5.Theansweroftheauthortothequestion"Doweneedgrowthforprosperity"is（）.

问题1选项

A.GrossNationalProductisasafemeasureforeconomicgrowth.

B.Diminishingnaturalresourceswillproveharmfultothewell-beingofhumanity.

C.Adeclineinprosperitywillinevitablyleadtoagrowthinpopulation.

D.Growthinpopulationwillbeachiefthreattoeconomicprosperity.

问题2选项

A.thesmoothfunctioningoftheeconomicsystemisdependentonsustainedprosperity

B.economicgrowthhasnotcontributedtothepovertyoftheThirdWorldcountries

C.growthinrichercountriesisachievedattheexpenseoftheThirdWorldcountries

D.thestagesofeconomicgrowthcannotbesupersededormodifiedbysocialmechanisms

问题3选项

A.thepeopleinthesecountrieshavenotactuallybenefitedfromit

B.inadequateinvestmenthasseriouslyaffectedthedevelopment

C.deepdebtvirtuallymakesfurthergrowthinthesecountriesimpossible

D.agricultureinthesecountriesshouldhavebeenleftintact

问题4选项

A.canbeachievedwithouteconomicgrowth

B.canonlybeachievedwitheconomicgrowth

C.isatributetoman'sabilityandcreativity

D.isfragileinfaceofenvironmentalcatastrophes

问题5选项

A.negative

B.positive

C.vague

D.inconclusive

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.根据文章第一段第三句"Equallyaxiomatic,...,especiallywhenaccompaniedbyagrowthinpopulation."同样不言自明的是,对日益减少的自然资源施加越来越大的压力必然导致繁荣的衰落,特别是在伴随人口增长的情况下。选项B符合原文。

2.根据原文二三段的内容可知,作者在第二段提出问题：富裕国家的增长是否导致了第三世界国家的贫困,而不是进步？如果不是这样的话,那么又怎么解释这些国家为什么在致力于增长的一个世纪之后,今天仍处于绝望而不可自拔的境地呢？作者在第三段给出了答案,这种增长并没有给这些国家的人们带来好处,而是让外国投资者及少数本地合作者获益。选项C符合原文。

3.根据第三段的内容可知：经济增长对第三世界国家的人们并无好处,因为他们的农产品是为了出口,矿产和其他资源被剥夺,而他们却要背负沉重的外债,这只会让国外投资者和少数本地人获益。所以选项A符合原文。

4.根据第五段的一二句"So,doweneedgrowthforprosperity?Onlytheadoptionofzerogrowthcanprovidetheanswer."我们需要增长来实现繁荣吗?采用零增长也可以保持社会经济的繁荣。选项A符合原文。

5.结合文章内容可知,作者对增长持否定的态度,因为增长给第三世界国家以及环境带来了种种危害,所以本题选A。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

12.单选题

Thepartsofthemachinewhichexperiencealotoffrictionhavetobemadefrom（）materials.

问题1选项

A.sufferable

B.bearable

C.durable

D.enumerable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。sufferable“可忍耐的，可容忍的”；bearable“可忍受的，支持得住的”；durable“耐用的，持久的”；enumerable“可列举的，可点数的”。句意：经过大量摩擦的机器零部件必须使用耐用的材料。选项C符合题意。

13.单选题

Hecameallthewaytohelpher______thatshehaddrownedherselfinawell.

问题1选项

A.onlytofind

B.tofind

C.inordertofind

D.soastofind

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：他一路赶来帮助她，却发现她投井自尽了。A选项onlytofind“结果却发现”；B选项tofind“发现”；C选项inordertofind“为了发现”；D选项soastofind“以便发现”。根据语境，A选项onlytofind“结果却发现”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

14.单选题

Presumably,excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.

问题1选项

A.Theoretically

B.Practically

C.Incredibly

D.Probably

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。presumably“大概；推测起来；可假定”；A选项theoretically“理论地；理论上”；B选项practically“实际地；几乎；事实上”；C选项incredibly“难以置信地；非常地”；D选项probably“大概；或许；很可能”。句意：据推测，过量食用油炸食品会产生严重的后果，这已被证明。根据句中“excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoods吃油炸食品过多”可知presumably在这里应表示一种推测，因此D选项正确。

15.单选题

Ofalltheclassicalcomposers,Tchaikovskyhasbeenaveritablegold-mineasa（）sourceofthemesforpopulararrangements.

问题1选项

A.lucrative

B.ostensible

C.orthodox

D.tentative

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项lucrative“有利可图的，赚钱的”；B选项ostensible“表面的，假装的”；C选项orthodox“正统的；惯常的”；D选项tentative“不确定的，暂定的；犹豫的”。句意：在所有的古典作曲家中，柴可夫斯基是一个名副其实的金矿，他总是创造出大受市场欢迎的主题作品。由gold-mine可知lucrative与其意思对应。因此A选项正确。

16.单选题

Manysocialservicesareprovidedby（

）societiesandorganizationsthatdonotexpectanymaterialpayment.

问题1选项

A.wealthy

B.voluntary

C.helpful

D.spiritual

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。wealthy“富有的；充分的”；voluntary“自愿的”；helpful“有帮助的；有益的”；spiritual“精神的；心灵的”。句意：很多社团自愿组织提供很多社会福利事业，并不期望任何物质报酬。选项B符合题意。

17.单选题

Wearewritingtothemanager（

）therepairsrecentlycarriedoutattheaboveaddress.

问题1选项

A.withtheexceptionof

B.withthepurposeof

C.withreferenceto

D.withaviewto

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。withtheexceptionof“除了…以外”；withthepurposeof“目的，用途”；in/withreferenceto“关于，就…而言”；withaviewto“着眼于”。句意：我们给经理写信反映关于最近在以上地址进行维修的有关情况。C项符合句意，答案C

18.单选题

Testsofreactiontimesseemedtobackupthenotionthatthetwohemispheresdifferedintheirprocessingstyles.Researchersusedtobelievethatanimagegoestoonehemispherefirst,andthentotheoppositesideofthebrain.Ifthenatureofthestimulusandthepreferenceofthehemispherematchup,thenthepersoncanrespondslightlymorequicklyandaccuratelyinidentifyingthelocalorglobalimage.

Stillmorestartling,researchersfoundthatthesameappearedtoholdforthebrainsofchimpsandperhapsotherprimates.Theassumptionhasalwaysbeenthathandednessandbrainasymmetryarestrictlyhumantraitspartofthegreatbrainreorganizationthatallowedourancestortousetools,speakandperhapseventhinkrationally.Buthandednessisnowwidelyclaimedforprimatesandevenbirds,amphibiansandwhales.Andinthepastfewyears,somepsychologistshavetestedchimpsandbaboonsandsuggestedtheirtwohemispheresalsodifferinprocessingstyle.

Nowresearchershavecometoseethedistinctionbetweenthetwohemispheresasasubtleoneofprocessingstyle,witheverymentalfacultysharedacrossthebrain,andeachsidecontributinginacomplementary,notexclusive,fashion.Asmartbrainbecameonethatsimultaneouslygraspedboththeforegroundandthebackgroundofthemoment

Thenextproblemwastoworkoutexactlyhowthebrainmanagestoproducethesetwocontrastingstyles.Manyresearchersoriginallylookedfortheexplanationinasimplewiringdifferencewithinthebrain.Thistheoryheldthatneuronsintheleftcortexmightmakesparse,short-rangeconnectionswiththeirneighbors,whilecellsontheothersidewouldbemorerichlyandwidelyconnectedTheresultwouldbethattherepresentationofsensationsandmemorieswouldbeconfinedlosmallish,discreteareasinthelefthemisphere,whileexactlythesameinputtoacorrespondingareaoftherightsidewouldformasprawlingevenimpressionisticpatternofactivity.

Supportersofthisideaarguedthatthesestructuraldifferenceswouldexplainwhyleftbrainlanguageareasaresogoodatpreciserepresentationofwordsandwordsequenceswhiletherightbrainseemstosupplyawidersenseofcontextandmeaning.Astrikingfindingfromsomepeoplewhosufferright-brainstokesisthattheycanunderstandtheliteralmeaningofsentences-theirleftbraincanstilldecodethewords•—buttheycannolongergetjokesorallusions.Askedtoexplainevenacommonproverb,suchas"astitchintimesavesnine",theycanonlysayitmusthavesomethingtodowithsewing.Anintactrightbrainisneededtomakethemoreplayfulconnections.

1.Thelocalorglobalimageismorequicklyandaccuratelyidentifiedinthebrainif（

）.

2.Handednessandbrainasymmetryarestrictlyhumantraits,asisshownin（

）.

3.Accordingtothetext,asmartbrainhasallthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT

（

）.

4.Whatistheproblemofthepeoplewhosufferright-brainstrokes?

5.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe（

）.

问题1选项

A.testsofreactiontimesbackupthenotionofthetwohemispheres

B.animagegoestoonehemisphere〜n:st,andthentotheoppositesideofthebrain

C.thenatureofthestimulusandthepreferenceofthehemispherematchup

D.thepersoncanmatchtheimagewithanobject

问题2选项

A.thebrainsofchimpsandperhapsotherprimates

B.thefactthatthegreatbrainreorganizationallowedourancestortousetools

C.thefactthathumanbeingsalonecanusetools,speakandthinkrationally

D.thetwobrainhemispheresofchimpsandbaboons

问题3选项

A.withdifferentprocessingstyle

B.withsharedmentalfaculty

C.eachsidecontributinginacomplementary

D.graspingtheforegroundandthebackgroundofthemoment

问题4选项

A.Theycanhardlyunderstandtheliteralmeaningofsentences.

B.Theirleftbraincanstilldecodethewords.

C.Theydonotunderstandthecommonproverb"astitchintimesavesnine".

D.Theycannotgraspthemeaningofjokesorallusions.

问题5选项

A.LeftBrain,RightBrain

B.TheLocalofGlobalImage

C.HumanBrainandAnimalBrain

D.TheSmartBrain

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.根据文章第一段最后一句Ifthenatureofthestimulusandthepreferenceofthehemispherematchup,thenthepersoncanrespondslightlymorequicklyandaccuratelyinidentifyingthelocalorglobalimage可知选项C符合题意。

2.文章原句Theassumptionhasalwaysbeenthathandednessandbrainasymmetryarestrictlyhumantraitspartofthegreatbrainreorganizationthatallowedourancestortousetools,speakandperhapseventhinkrationally提到了左撇子和大脑不对称被认为是人类独有的特性，主要是因为能够赋予我们祖先实用工具、说话甚至理性思考的能力。因此选项C符合题意。

3.文章第三段提及了一个聪明大脑应该具备的条件，根据原文可知选项B、C、D都在该段提及，选项A与原文“asasubtleoneofprocessingstyle”不一致，因而符合题意。

4.文章最后一段Astrikingfindingfromsomepeoplewhosufferright-brainstokesisthattheycanunderstandtheliteralmeaningofsentences-theirleftbraincanstilldecodethewords—buttheycannolongergetjokesorallusions提到如果一个人的右脑瘫痪，他还是能够理解句子的字面意思，但是无法理解笑话和典故。选项D符合题意。

5.文章主要介绍了人脑两个半球的运行方式以及各自的作用。选项A符合题意。

19.单选题

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecializedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround£500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts”hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

1.Scientificpublishingisseenas"alicencetoprintmoney"partlybecause（

）.

2.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave（

）.

3.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

4.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?

问题1选项

A.itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease

B.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful

C.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced

D.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing

问题2选项

A.thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries

B.gonethroughanexistentialcrisis

C.revivedthepublishingindustry

D.financedresearchersgenerously

问题3选项

A.Relieved.

B.Puzzled.

C.Concerned.

D.Encouraged.

问题4选项

A.allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney

B.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists

C.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially

D.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens

问题5选项

A.Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

B.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

C.Costsarewellcontrolled.

D.Thefewfeedonthemany.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节题。根据题干中关键词alicencetoprintmoney，定位到第一段第三句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。正确选项D，acquisition原词，forfree替换选项中的costnothing.

2.细节题。根据题干关键词Elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，该公司去年利润超过9亿英镑，然而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑。正确选项A“主要依靠大学图书馆”为定位句的同意表达。

3.态度题。根据题干中关键词Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句，这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，以便为所有参与者服务。可见作者对于Sci-Hub的成功采取否定态度，正确选项Cconcerned担忧，担心。relieved宽慰的，puzzled困惑的，属错误选项，encouraged鼓励的，正反混淆。

4.推断题。根据题干关键词openaccess定位到第五段，最后一句...sothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbefore...，合理收取费用是未来出版商能够获利……A选项为同义替换。B.使发表对科学家来说容易得多。C.降低出版成本。D.使大学摆脱财政负担。

5.细节题。根据题干关键词scientificpublishingmodel定位到最后一段第五句，劳动力被免费提供，以换取地位的希望，而一些经营市场的大公司则获得了巨额利润。可知少部分作者免费劳动，大部分公司盈利，A选项为同义替换。

20.单选题

Packagesaresowidespreadthattheyslip________consciousnotice.

问题1选项

A.below

B.before

C.beneath

D.beyond

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.below在……下面B.before在……之前

C.