考研考博-英语-山西国际商务职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西国际商务职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

InFebruaryof2005,PhilBelfiorewasteachinghisseventh-gradestudentshowtowriteapoemintentionallycopyingthestyleoftheRobertfrost’s“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”.Helikedthesamplethathehadwrittenforthem,soherecordeditonhishomeansweringmachine:“WhosephonethisisIthinkyouknow/Icannotansweritnowthough/Sostateyourname,beveryclear/I’llcallyoubackwhenIgethome.’’.

Thatactwouldleadtooneofthemostunusualfriendshipsofhislife.

WhenPhilandhisfamilyreturnedtoMarylandfromEastervacation,helistenedtohisvoicemessages.Onegentlemancallerapologizedfordialingthewrongnumber.Butheaddedhe’dheartilyenjoyedthepoem.Phillaughedandthoughtnothingmoreofit,untilthephonerangafewdayslater.

“Irecognizedthevoiceimmediately,”recallsPhil,now57.“Hesaidthathewassorrytobotherme,buthewascallingtohearthepoemagain.”

Thetwomentalked.JohnThompson,aveterannow73,livedinCheyenneWyoming.Itturnedoutthathisbrother,David’sphonenumberwasdifferentfromPhil’sbyonedigit,thusthewrongnumber.“Beforehangingup,Itoldhimtocallbackanytimewhethertohearmoreofthepoemorjusttotalk”recallsPhil.

Thatwas11yearsago.They’vespokenonthephoneafewtimesamontheversince.Johninitiatesmostcalls,butPhilwillringifawhilehaspassed.“Weseemtoalwaysconnectwhenthere’sbeenabigsportsevent.”Philsays.

Themendiscussfootballandfamily.JohnwilltalkexcitedlyabouthispastlifeorupdatePhilonfolkshehasbeenintouchwith.“Slowlyovertheyearsourconversationshavegrownmuchmorepersonal,”saysPhil.“WetalkprimarilyaboutJohn’shealth,andlovelife.Alsoourrelatives,hobbies,andwhateverelsecomesup.Sometimeswejusttalkforaminutetoseehowtheotherisdoing.”

“Likeoldfriends?”Iaskeagerly.I’mtryingtounderstandfromPhilwhatdrawsthesementoeachother.’’Weareoldfriends.’’,Philsays.

Noneedtooverthinkit.John,whoover11yearshassharedalittleofhimselfatatime,haswovenhimselfintothefabricofPhil’slife.IcallJohnandfindhimanengagingstorytellerwithanexceptionalmemory.HetellsmestoriesofhischildhoodvisitingCapitolHill.

Intheyearssince,JohnandPhilhaveplannedtomeettwice,butcircumstancesconspiredagainstthem.Neithermindsthislatest“haven’t”.Theyhaven’tgonetoagametogether,hadacupofcoffeetogether,orsatontheotherssofa.Theirfriendshipisbasedonthesimpleactofpickingupthephone.It’sassimple,andasextraordinary,asthat.

1.WhocomposedtheverseonthePhil’shomeansweringmachine?

2.ThereasonwhyJohnfirstcalledPhilwasthathewantedto_______.

3.Whatdidthetwomentalkaboutmostduringtheirtalks?

4.WhatdoweknowaboutJohnandPhil?

问题1选项

A.PhilBelfiore

B.JohnThompson

C.Robertfrost

D.DavidThompson

问题2选项

A.learntowritepoems

B.gotoPhil’sbirthdaylunch

C.connecthisbrother

D.discussRobertfrostwithhim

问题3选项

A.Storiesandholidayromance

B.Travelandexoticplaces

C.Poemsandliterature

D.Sportsandfamily

问题4选项

A.Theywerebestfriendswhohadnotyetmetinperson.

B.Theywerebothpoetswhohadpassionforversecomposition.

C.Theyweregoodstorytellerswhohadextraordinarymemories.

D.Theywerebothveteranswholikedchattingonphoneforhours.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：谁编著了菲尔家答录机里的这首诗？通过题干定位到文章第一段的第二句话Helikedthesamplethathehadwrittenforthem,soherecordeditonhishomeansweringmachine（他很喜欢他写给学生的样例，所以他将其录入了家里的答录机），这里的“he”代指的就是前文中提到的“PhilBelfiore”，因此A选项“菲尔•贝尔菲奥尔”，符合题意。其他选项均不是答录机里这首诗的作家。综上所述，本题正确答案为A选项。

2.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：约翰首次呼叫菲尔的原因是他想要……？通过题干定位到文章第三段第二句话Onegentlemancallerapologizedfordialingthewrongnumber.（一位绅士为打错电话而道歉。），第五段第三句话再次提及Itturnedoutthathisbrother,David’sphonenumberwasdifferentfromPhil’sbyonedigit,thusthewrongnumber.（约翰的哥哥大卫的电话号码和菲尔家的仅差一个数字，所以打错了电话），可以推断出约翰本来想和他的哥哥打电话，因为按错了号码打给了菲尔，因此C选项“联系他哥哥”，符合题意；A选项“学习怎么写诗”，B选项“参加菲尔的生日宴会”和D选项“和他探讨罗伯特这位诗人”，在文中均未提及。综上所述，本题正确答案为C选项。

3.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干：两位男士谈论得最多的是?通过题干定位到文章第七段Themendiscussfootballandfamily…“Slowlyovertheyearsourconversationshavegrownmuchmorepersonal,’’saysPhil.“WetalkprimarilyaboutJohn’shealth,andlovelife.Alsoourrelatives,hobbies,andwhateverelsecomesup…”（男人们谈论足球和家庭……“这些年来，我们的谈话慢慢变得越来越私人。”菲尔说。“我们主要谈论约翰的健康和感情生活，还有我们的亲戚、爱好和其他的……”），可知D选项“运动和家庭”，符合题意；A选项“故事和假期”；B选项“旅行和异国”；C选项“诗歌和文学”，在文中均未提及。综上所述，本题正确答案为D选项。

4.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干：关于约翰和菲尔，我们知道什么？A选项“他们是没有见过面的最好的朋友”，由文章最后一段第一句话JohnandPhilhaveplannedtomeettwice,butcircumstancesconspiredagainstthem.（约翰和菲尔有过两次见面计划，但是情况都有变动。），可知他们从没见面过，故A选项正确；B选项“他们都是对诗歌创作很有热情的诗人”，D选项“他们都是喜欢长时间打电话的退伍军人”文中提及菲尔是教师，约翰是退伍老兵，因此B，D选项错误；C选项“他们都是有特殊回忆的善于说故事的人”，文章倒数第二段第二句提及IcallJohnandfindhimanengagingstorytellerwithanexceptionalmemory.（我认为约翰是一位有特殊回忆的善于说故事的人），但是并没有提及菲尔是否擅长讲故事，C选项属于原文的过度推断，故排除。综上所述，本题正确答案为A选项。

2.单选题

Itwasawonderfuloccasionwhichwewill（

）formanyyearstocome.

问题1选项

A.conceive

B.clutch

C.cherish

D.contrive

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。conceive“构思，怀孕，考虑”；clutch“紧握，抓住”；cherish“珍惜”；contrive“设计，发明，图谋”。

句意：在未来的很多年里我们都会珍惜这个美好的时刻。选项C符合题意。

3.填空题

THEIRONBRIDGE

TheIronBridgewasthefirstofaskindinEuropeandisuniversallyrecognizedasasymboloftheIndustrialRevolution.

A:TheIronBridgecrossestheRiverSeverninCoalbrookdale,inthewestofEngland.Itwasthefirstcast-ironbridgetobesuccessfullyerected,andthefirstlargecast-ironstructureoftheindustrialageinEurope,althoughtheChinesewereexpertiron-castersmanycenturiesearlier.

B:Riversusedtotheequivalentoftoday’smotorways,inthattheywereextensivelyusedfortransportation.TheRiverSevern,whichstartsitslifeontheWelshmountainsandeventuallyenterstheseabetweenCardiffandBristol,isthelongestnavigableriverinBritain.Itwasidealfortransportationpurpose,andspecialboatswerebuilttonavigatethewaters.Bythemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,theSevernwasoneofthebusiestriversinEurope.Localgoods,includingcoal,ironproducts,wool,grainandcider,weresentbyriver.Amongthegoodscomingupstreamwereluxuriessuchassugar,tea,coffeeandwine.Inplaces,theriverbankswerelinedwithwharvesandtheriverwasoftencrowdedwithboatsloadingorunloading.

C:In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.ThislaterbecamethepropertyofAbrahamDarby(referredtoasAbrahamDarbyItodistinguishhimfromhissonandgrandsonofthesamename.)AfterservinganapprenticeshipinBirmingham,DarbyhadstartedabusinessinBristol,buthemovedtoCoalbrookdalein1710withanideathatcokederivedfromcoalcouldprovideamoreeconomicalalternativetocharcoalasafuelforironmaking.Thisledtocheaper,moreefficientironmakingfromtheabundantsuppliesofcoal,ironandlimestoneinthearea.

D:Hisson,AbrahamDarbyII,pioneeredthemanufactureofcastiron,andhadtheideaofbuildingabridgeovertheSevern,asferryingstoresofallkindsacrosstheriver,particularlythelargequantitiesoffuelforthefurnacesatCoalbrookdaleandothersurroundingironworks,involvedconsiderableexpenseanddelay.However,itwashissonAbrahamDarbyIII(bornin1750)who,in1775,organizedameetingtoplanthebuildingofabridge.Thiswasdesignedbyalocalarchitect,ThomasPritchard,whohadtheideaofconstructingitofiron.

E:Sectionswerecastduringthewinterof1778-9fora7-metre-widebridgewithaspanof31metres,12metresabovetheriver.Constructiontookthreemonthsduringthesummerof1779,andremarkably,nobodywasinjuredduringtheconstructionprocess-afeatalmostunheardofeveninmodernmajorcivilengineeringprojects.Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781AbrahamDarbyⅢfundedthebridgebycommissioningpaintingsandengravings,buthelostalotontheproject,whichhadcostnearlydoubletheestimate,andhediedleavingmassivelargerdebtsin1789,agedonly39.Thedistrictdidnotflourishformuch1onger,andduringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesfactoriescloseddown.Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.UniversallyrecognizedasthesymboloftheIndustrialRevolution,theIronBridgenowstandsattheheartoftheIronBridgeGorgeWorldHeritageSite.

F:Ithasalwaysbeenamysteryhowthebridgewasbuilt.Despiteitspioneeringtechnologynoeye-witnessaccountsareknownwhichdescribetheironbridgebeingerected—andcertainlynoplanshavesurvived.However,recentdiscoveries,researchandexperimentshaveshednewlightonexactlyhowitwasbuilt,challengingtheassumptionsofrecentdecades.In1997asmallwatercoloursketchbyEliasMartincametolightintheSwedishcapital,Stockholm.Althoughthereisawealthofearlyviewsofthebridgebynumerousartists,thisistheonlyonewhichactuallyshowsitunderconstruction.

G:Upuntilrecentlyithadbeenassumedthatthebridgehadbeenbuiltfrombothbanks,withtheinnersupportstiltedacrosstheriver.Thiswouldhaveallowedrivertraffictocontinueunimpededduringconstruction.Butthepictureclearlyshowssectionsofthebridgebeingraisedfromabargeintheriver.Itcontradictedeverythinghistorianshadassumedaboutthebridge,anditwasevenconsideredthatthepicturecouldhavebeenafakeasnootherhadcometolight.Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.Meanwhile,adetailedarchaeological,historicalandphotographicsurveywasdonebytheIronbridgeGorgeMuseumTrust,alongwitha3DCAD(computer–aideddesign)modelbyEnglishHeritage.

H:Theresultstellusalotmoreabouthowthebridgewasbuilt.Wenowknowthatallthelargecastingsweremadeindividuallyastheyareallslightlydifferent.Thebridgewasn’tweldedorboltedtogetherasmetalbridgesarethesedays.Insteaditwasfittedtogetherusingacomplexsystemofjointsnormallyusedforwood—butthiswasthetraditionalwayinwhichironstructureswerejoinedatthetime.Theconstructionofthemodelprovedthatthepaintingshowsaveryrealisticmethodofconstructingthebridgethatcouldworkandwasinallprobabilitythemethodused.

I:NowonlyonemysteryremainsintheIronBridgestory.TheSwedishwatercoloursketchhadapparentlybeentornfromabookwhichwouldhavecontainedsimilarsketches,ithadbeendrawnbyaSwedishartistwholivedinLondonfor12yearsandtravelledBritaindrawingwhathesaw.Nobodyknowswhathashappenedtotherestofthebook,butperhapstheothersketchesstillexistsomewhere.IftheyareeverfoundtheycouldprovidefurthervaluableevidenceofhowtheIronBridgewasconstructed.

1.WhenwasthefurnaceboughtbyDarbyoriginallyconstructed?

2.Whenweretheroadsleadingtothebridgecompleted?

3.Whenwasthebridgeclosedtotraffic?

4.Whenwasamodelofthebridgebuilt?

【答案】1.1638

2.1781

3.1934

4.2001

【解析】1.根据文章C段，“In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.”，1638年，BasilBrooke申请了炼钢工艺专利，并在科尔布鲁代尔建造了一座熔炉。可知这个熔炉是在1638年建成的。

2.根据文章E段，“Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781…”，修路工作又持续了两年，大桥于1781年通车。持续两年是在1779年大桥开始施工的基础上计算的。可判断出通往那座桥的路是1781年修完的，才能使大桥在1781年通车。

3.根据文章E段，“Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.”，自1934年以来，这座桥只对行人开放。可判断出大桥从1934年开始不通车。

4.根据文章G段，“Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.”，2001年，这座桥的半尺度模型建成，以判断它是否能够按照水彩画中的方式建造。可判断出2001年建成了这座桥的模型。

4.单选题

Theworldisfacingthe_______ofwatershortagescausedbypopulationgrowth,unevensuppliesofwater,pollution,andotherfactors.

问题1选项

A.prospect

B.insight

C.location

D.anticipation

【答案】D

【解析】prospect展望,前途;insight洞察力,见识;location位置,场所;anticipation预期,预感。句意：世界将面临着所预期的因人口增长,供水不平衡,污染等因素造成的水资源短缺问题。选项D符合句意。

5.单选题

Indevelopingamodelofcognition,wemustrecognizethatperceptionoftheexternalworlddoesnotalwaysremainindependentofmotivation.Whileprogresstowardmaturityispositivelycorrelatedwithdifferentiationbetweenmotivationandcognition,tensionwill,eveninthematureadult,militate(产生作用或影响)towardsanarrowingoftherangeofperception.Cognitioncanbeseenasthefirststepinthesequenceeventsleadingfromtheexternalstimulustothebehavioroftheindividual.Thechilddevelopsfrombeliefthatallthingsareanextensionofitsownbodytotherecognitionthatobjectsexistindependentofhisperception.Hebeginstodemonstrateawareness,ofpeopleandthingswhichareremovedfromhissensoryapparatusandinitiatesgoal-directedbehaviors.Hemay,however,refusetorecognizetheexistenceofbarrierstotheattainmentofhisgoal,despitethefactthathiscognitionoftheseobjectshasbeenpreviouslydemonstrated.

Intheprimitivebeings,goal-directedbehaviorcanbeverysimplemotivated.Thepresenceofanattractiveobjectwillcauseaninfanttoreachforit;itsremovalwillresultinthecessationofthataction.Studieshaveshownnoevidenceoftheinfant’sfrustration;rather,itappearsthattheinfant’sattentiontotheattractiveobjectincreasesasaresultofitsnotbeinginhisgrasp.Infact,ifheholdsatoyandanotherispresented,heislikelytodropthefirstinordertoclutchthesecond.Often,oncehehastheonedesiredinhishand,helosesattentionandturnstosomethingelse.

Inadultlife,merecognitioncanbesimilarlymotivational,althoughthevisiblepresenceoftheopportunityisnotrequiredastheinstigatorofresponse.Thematureadultmodifieshisreactionbyobtaininginformation,interpretingit,andexaminingconsequences.Heformulatesahypothesisandattemptstotestit.Hesearchesoutimplicitrelationships,examinesallfactors,anddifferentiatesamongthem.Justasthetrainedartistcanseparatethevalueofcolor,composition,andtechnique,whiletakinginandevaluatingthewholework,so,too,thematurepersonbringshiscognitivelearningstrengthtobearinappraisingasituation.

Understandingthatcognitionisseparatefromaction,hisreactionsareonlyminimallyguidedfromconditioning,andtakeintoconsiderationanticipatableevents.

Theimpactofthesocializationprocessparticularlythatofparentalandsocialgroupideology,mayreducecognitivedirectedbehavior.Thetensionthusproduced,asforinstancethestressoffear,anger,orextremeemotion,willoftenbetheoverridinginfluence.Theevolutionaryprocessofdevelopmentfrom,bodyschemathroughcognitivelearningissimilarlymanifestedintheprocessoflanguageacquisition.Auditingdevelopsfirst,readingandwritingmuchlateron.Notonlyisthisevidentinthedevelopmentoftheindividualbeingfrominfancyon,butalsointhedevelopmentoflanguageforhumankind.

Everynormalinfanthasthephysiologicalequipmentnecessarytoproducesound,butthechildmustfirstmastertheiruseforsucking,biting,andchewingbeforehecancontrolhisequipmentforuseinproducingthesoundsoflanguage.Thebabbleandchatteroftheinfantareprecursors(先驱)tointelligiblevocalcommunication.

Fromtheearliertimes,itisclearthatlanguageandhumanthoughthavebeenintimatelyconnected.Sendingorreceivingmessages,fromprimitivewarningsofdangertoexplainingcreativeorreflectivethinking,thisaspectofcognitivedevelopmentisalsofirmlylinkedtotheneedsandaspirationsofsociety.

1.Howdoesachilddevelophisperception?

2.Accordingtothepassage,theinfantmaybemostinterestedin____.

3.Whatstimulatesadults’motivationalcognition?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheinfluenceofsocializationprocess?

5.Whatlinkscognitivedevelopmenttotheneedsofsociety?

问题1选项

A.Strongmotivationsgiverisetoperception.

B.Heholdstheconvictionthatthingsaroundhimarepartsofextendedbodyandlaterongivesitup.

C.Parentsandteachersplayakeyroleinhisdevelopmentofcognition.

D.Hebelievesthatobjectsaroundhimareindependentofhisperception.

问题2选项

A.playingwithothers

B.chattering

C.thingsoutofhisgrasp

D.laughing

问题3选项

A.Predictablepresenceofopportunities.

B.Visiblesignsofopportunities.

C.Instigator.

D.Approachableinformation.

问题4选项

A.Producetension.

B.Produceextremeemotion.

C.Reduceone’scognitivelyguidedbehavior.

D.Createsocialgroupideology.

问题5选项

A.Practicalpurpose.

B.Naturalhumancognitivedevelopment.

C.Language.

D.Warningofdanger.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:【选项释义】

Howdoesachilddevelophisperception?一个儿童是怎样发展他的认知的？

A.Strongmotivationsgiverisetoperception.A.强烈的动机会产生感知。

B.Heholdstheconvictionthatthingsaroundhimarepartsofextendedbodyandlaterongivesitup.B.他坚信他周围的东西是身体延伸的一部分，后来又放弃了这个想法。

C.Parentsandteachersplayakeyroleinhisdevelopmentofcognition.C.家长和教师在他的认知发展中起着关键作用。

D.Hebelievesthatobjectsaroundhimareindependentofhisperception.D.他相信他周围的物体是独立于他的感知的。

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词achilddevelophisperception定位到原文第1段4句，该句提到“儿童从（from）相信一切事物都是自己身体的延伸（allthingsareanextensionofitsownbody）到（to）认识到（therecognitionthat）物体独立于他的知觉而存在。”由此可知，儿童的认知发展过程是，一开始“认为一切事物都是自己身体的延伸”，后来意识到“物体独立于他的知觉而存在”。B选项“他坚信他周围的东西是身体延伸的一部分，后来又放弃了这个想法”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“强烈的动机会产生感知”，可定位到原文第1段第1句，该句提到“对外部世界的感知并不总是独立于动机”，由此可知，对外部世界的感知与动机有关，这只是介绍了可能与认知发展有关的原因，并没有体现他的认知是如何发展的，该选项属于曲解原文；

C选项“家长和教师在他的认知发展中起着关键作用”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“他相信他周围的物体是独立于他的感知的”，这是儿童后期的认识，没有体现他的认知是如何发展的，该选项属于以偏概全。

第2题:【选项释义】

Accordingtothepassage,theinfantmaybemostinterestedin____.根据文章，婴儿可能对____最感兴趣。

A.playingwithothersA.和别人一起玩

B.chatteringB.闲聊

C.thingsoutofhisgraspC.他控制范围外的事物

D.laughingD.笑

【答案】C

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词theinfant和mostinterested定位到原文第2段第3句。该句提到“研究表明，婴儿对有吸引力的物体的注意力增加是因为物体不在他的手中（notbeinginhisgrasp）。”本段最后一句提到“通常，一旦他得到了他想要的东西，他就会失去注意力，转向别的东西。”由此可知，婴儿对于不在他控制范围内的、他没有得到的东西最感兴趣，C选项“他控制范围外的事物”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】A选项“和别人一起玩”、B选项“闲聊”、D选项“笑”，原文均未提及，属于无中生有。

第3题:【选项释义】

Whatstimulatesadults’motivationalcognition?是什么刺激了成年人的动机性认知？

A.Predictablepresenceofopportunities.A.可预见的机会。

B.Visiblesignsofopportunities.B.可见的机会的迹象。

C.Instigator.C.煽动者。

D.Approachableinformation.D.可接触到的信息。

【答案】D

【考查点】推理判断题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词adults’motivationalcognition定位到原文第3段。本段第2句提到“成熟的成年人通过获取信息（obtaininginformation）、解释信息（interpretingit）和检验结果（examiningconsequences）来改变自己的反应”，最后一句提到“在接受和评估的同时，成年人也会运用他的认知学习能力（bringshiscognitivelearningstrength）来评估一种情况。”由此可知，成年人在处理信息的时候会调动自己的认知学习能力，所以，刺激成年人动机性认知的是他获取到的信息，D选项“可接触到的信息”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“可预见的机会”，可定位到原文第3段第1句，该句提到“在成人生活中，纯粹的认知也具有类似的动机性，尽管并不一定需要看得见的机会的存在（thevisiblepresenceoftheopportunity）来激发反应。”由此可知，并不一定需要可预见的机会来激发反应，该选项表述错误，属于曲解原文；

B选项“可见的机会的迹象”，同A选项，属于曲解原文；

C选项“煽动者”，原文提到instigator是在第3段第1句后半句“并不一定需要看得见的机会的存在来激发反应（astheinstigatorofresponse）”，此处，instigator指的是刺激反应的可预见的机会，并且从A选项分析可知，这并不是引发成年人动机性认知的东西，该选项属于偷换概念且曲解原文。

第4题:

【选项释义】

WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheinfluenceofsocializationprocess?以下哪项不是社会化过程的影响？

A.Producetension.A.产生紧张。

B.Produceextremeemotion.B.产生极端情绪。

C.Reduceone’scognitivelyguidedbehavior.C.减少认知引导的行为。

D.Createsocialgroupideology.D.创造社会群体意识形态。

【答案】D

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】本题要求选出不属于社会化过程的影响的一项。根据题干关键词socializationprocess定位到原文第5段第1句，该句提到“社会化过程的影响（Theimpactofthesocializationprocess），特别是父母和社会群体意识形态（socialgroupideology）的影响，可能会减少认知定向行为（reducecognitivedirectedbehavior）。”由此可知，“社会群体意识形态”是一种社会化的过程，不是社会化过程的影响，因此，D选项“创造社会群体意识形态”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“产生紧张”可定位到原文第5段第2句，该句提到“由此产生的紧张（tension），例如恐惧、愤怒或极端情绪（extremeemotion）的压力，往往是最重要的影响。”由此可知，该选项是影响之一，属于反向干扰；

B选项“产生极端情绪”，同A选项，属于反向干扰；

C选项“减少认知引导的行为”，由【解题思路】定位句可知，该选项也是影响之一，属于反向干扰。

第5题:【选项释义】

Whatlinkscognitivedevelopmenttotheneedsofsociety?是什么将认知发展与社会需求联系起来？

A.Practicalpurpose.A.实际的目的。

B.Naturalhumancognitivedevelopment.B.自然的人类认知发展。

C.Language.C.语言。

D.Warningofdanger.D.危险的警告。

【答案】C

【考查点】事实细节题

【解题思路】根据题干关键词theneedsofsociety定位到原文最后一段。本段第1句提到“很早以前，语言（language）和人类思想就已经很清楚地联系在一起了。”第2句提到“发送或接收信息，从原始的危险警告到解释创造性或反思性思维，这方面的认知发展也与社会的需求和愿望紧密相连。”“原始的危险警告”和“解释创造性或反思性思维”是社会的需要，并且在这个过程中，认识得到了发展；而“发送和接受信息”使用的都是语言。由此可知，人类通过语言满足社会需要的同时，认知也得到了发展，所以，将认知发展与社会需求联系起来的是C选项“语言”。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“实际的目的”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；

B选项“自然的人类认知发展”，认知发展本身并不是将认知发展与社会需要联系提来的东西，该选项属于曲解原文；

D选项“危险的警告”，由【解题思路】可知，“危险的警告”是社会需要的一种，并不是将其发展与社会需要联系起来的东西，该选项属于曲解原文。

6.单选题

Thegiftofbeingabletodescribeafaceaccuratelyisarareone,aseveryexperiencedpoliceofficerknowstohiscost.AstheLancetputitrecently:“Whenwetrytodescribefacespreciselywordsfailus,andweresorttoidentikit(拼脸型图)procedures.”

Yet,accordingtooneauthorityonthesubject,wecaneachprobablyrecognizemorethan1,000faces,themajorityofwhichdifferinfinedetails.This,whenonecomestothinkofit,isatremendousfeat,though,curiouslyenough,relativelylittleattentionhasbeendevotedtothefundamentalproblemsofhowandwhyweacquirethisgiftforrecognizingandrememberingfaces.Isitaninbornpropertyofourbrains,oranacquiredone?Assooftenhappens,theexpertstendtodiffer.

Thus,somearguethatitisinborn,andthatthereare“specialcharacteristicsaboutthebrain’sabilitytodistinguishfaces”.Insupportofthisthesetheynotehowmuchbetterweareatrecognizingafaceafterasingleencounterthanweare,forexample,inrecognizinganindividualhorse.Ontheotherhand,therearethose,andtheyareprobablyinthemajority,whoclaimthatthegiftisanacquiredone.

Theargumentsinfavorofthislatterview,itmustbeconfessed,areimpressive.Itisahabitthatisacquiredsoonafterbirth.Watch,forinstance,howaquiteyoungbabyrecognizeshismemberbysight.Grantedthathisothersenseshelp-thesoundothervoice,hissenseofsmell,thedistinctivewayshehandleshim.

Butofallthese,sightispredominant.Formedattheverybeginningoflife,theabilitytorecognizefacesquicklybecomesanestablishedhabit,andonethatis,essentialfordailyliving,ifnotnecessarilyforsurvival.Howessentialandvaluableitisweprobablydonotappreciateuntilweencounterpeoplewhohavebeendeprivedofthefaculty.

Thisunfortunateinabilitytorecognizefamiliarfacesisknowntoall,butsuchpeoplecanoftenrecognizeindividualsbytheirvoices,theirwalkingmannersortheirspectacles.Withtypicalhumaningenuitymanyoftheseunfortunatepeopleovercometheirhandicapbyrecognizingothercharacteristicfeatures.

1.Itisstatedinthepassagethat（）.

2.Whattheauthorfeelsstrangeaboutisthat（）.

3.Whatisthefirstsuggestedexplanationoftheoriginoftheability?

4.Accordingtothepassage,howimportantistheabilitytorecognizefaces?

5.Thispassageseemstoemphasizethat（）.

问题1选项

A.itisunusualforapersontobeabletoidentifyafacesatisfactorily

B.theabilitytorecognizefacesunhesitatinglyisanunusualgift

C.quitafewpeoplecanvisualizefacestheyhaveseen

D.fewpeoplecangiveexactdetailsoftheappearanceofaface

问题2选项

A.peoplehavethetremendousabilitytorecognizemorethan1,000faces

B.peopledon’tthinkmuchoftheproblemofhowandwhyweacquiretheabilitytorecognizeandrememberfaces

C.peopledon’trealizehowessentialandvaluableitisforthemtohavetheabilitytorecognizefaces

D.peoplehavebeenarguingmuchoverthewaypeoplerecognizeandremember

问题3选项

A.Itisoneofthecharacteristicspeculiartohumanbeings.

B.Itisacquiredsoonafterbirth.

C.Itissomethingwecandofromtheverymomentweareborn.

D.Itislearnedfromourenvironmentandexperiences.

问题4选项

A.Itisusefulindailylifebutisnotnecessarilyessential.

B.Itsabsencewouldmakenormaleverydaylifeimpossible.

C.Undercertaincircumstanceswecouldnotexistwithoutit.

D.Normalsociallifewouldbedifficultwithoutit.

问题5选项

A.theabilitytorecognizeindividualsisdependentonothersensesaswellassight

B.sightisindispensabletorecognizingindividuals

C.theabilitytorecognizefacesisaspecialinbornabilityofthebrain

D.theimportanceoftheabilityofrecognizingfacesisfullyappreciatedbypeople

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据选项和题干关键词定位到第一段第一句Thegiftofbeingabletodescribeafaceaccuratelyisarareone,aseveryexperiencedpoliceofficerknowstohiscost.（能准确地描述一个人的面容这种天赋是很罕见的，每一个有经验的警官都知道这一点。）因此D选项“很少有人能给出一张脸的外貌的确切细节”正确。A选项“一个人能令人满意地辨认人脸是不寻常的”不够准确；B选项“毫不犹豫地识别面孔的能力是一种不寻常的天赋”是推断出来的，而不是文章直接的陈述；C选项“有些人能想象他们所见过的面孔”不是原文所提到的。

2.判断推理题。根据题干信息定位到第二段的第二句This,whenonecomestothinkofit,isatremendous...thisgiftforrecognizingandrememberingfaces.（然而，奇怪的是，对于我们是如何以及为什么会有这种识别和记忆面孔的天赋这一基本问题，却鲜有人关注。）因此B选项“人们很少思考我们是如何以及为什么获得识别和记忆面孔的能力的”正确。A选项“人们有惊人的能力来识别超过1000张面孔”，在第二段第一句话Yet,accordingtooneauthorityonthesubject,wecaneachprobablyrecognizemorethan1,000faces,themajorityofwhichdifferinfinedetails.（然而，据某专家称，我们每个人可能都能识别1000多张面孔，其中大多数在细节上都有所不同。）是专家说的，并不是作者觉得好奇的；C选项“人们没有意识到识别面孔的能力对他们来说是多么重要和有价值”，文章没有提到；D选项“人们一直在争论人们认识和记忆的方式”，这个也不是作者觉得好奇的点。

3.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段Thus,somearguethatitisinborn,andthatthereare“specialcharacteristicsaboutthebrain’sabilitytodistinguishfaces”.（因此，有些人认为这是天生的，“大脑区分面孔的能力有特殊的特点”。）因此C选项正确。A选项“是人类特有的特征之一”，B选项“它在出生后不久就获得了”，与原文不符；D选项“它是从我们的环境和经验中学来的”，这是另一种观点，但不是最先的。

4.推理判断题。根据题干关键词定位到倒数第二段Howessentialandvaluableitisweprobablydonotappreciateuntilweencounterpeoplewhohavebeendeprivedofthefaculty.（它是多么重要和有价值，直到我们遇到那些被剥夺了能力的人，我们才会意识到。）因此可以推断出B选项“没有它，正常的日常生活就不可能了”正确。A选项“它在日常生活中是有用的，但不是必要的”与原文意思不符；C选项“在某些情况下，没有它我们就无法生存”，原文没有提及；D选项“没有它，正常的社会生活将很难”，属于过度推断。

5.推理判断题。根据选项关键词定位到最后一段Thisunfortunateinabilitytorecognizefamiliarfacesisknowntoall,butsuchpeoplecanoftenrecognizeindividualsbytheirvoices,theirwalkingmannersortheirspectacles.（这种不幸的无法识别大众都熟悉面孔的能力，但通常可以通过他们的声音、走路方式或眼镜来识别个人。）因此A选项“识别个体的能力不仅依赖视觉，还依赖其他感官”正确。B选项“视觉对于识别个体是必不可少的”，这个不是文章想要强调的；C选项“识别面孔的能力是大脑天生的一种特殊能力”，不符合文章意思；D选项“人们充分认识到人脸识别能力的重要性”，不是原文强调的；文章最后一段是想说明，哪怕有的人没有这种能力，他也可以通过其他的感官来感知。

7.单选题

You’refillingouttheapplicationformforapositionyoureallyneed;let’sassumeyouonceactuallycompletedacoupleof