考研考博-英语-上海民远职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海民远职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Thebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthewritermayloseobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul---thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking'sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking'sbiography---notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.

Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkinthepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.

Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBiblearethisclass.

Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe"authentic"one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis"authorized"bythesubject:thispresumablyallowsbiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation."Unauthorized"biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,he"unauthorized"characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress,Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral"authentic"ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotellthe"story"ofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubjects,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.

1.TheauthorcitesthebiographiesofJesusintheBibleinordertoshowthat（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

3.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorereadersbecause

（

）.

4.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson（

）.

问题1选项

A.biographiescanservedifferentpurposes

B.biographiesareauthenticaccountsoftheirsubjects'lives

C.thebestbiographiesarethoseofheroesandfamousfigures

D.thebestbiographiesaremeanttotransformtheirreaders

问题2选项

A.Anauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.

B.Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.

C.Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderreadership.

D.Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.

问题3选项

A.itportraysthesubjectsbothfaithfullyandvividly

B.itrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsiders

C.itcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject'sprivatelife

D.itusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubject'scharacter

问题4选项

A.thesecretofabiographertowinmorereaders

B.thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheproperperspectivetodohisjob

C.thetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteagoodbiography

D.thecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographies

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由第三段“Whentheirsubjectsareheroesorfamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsareonlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.当传记的主人公是英雄或名人时，传记往往揭示出一些动机：有的动机试图表明传记的主人公和我们一样只是普通人，有的传记就是要激励我们让我们超越自己。”可知写传记有很多目的，举例也是为了表明传记可有不同的目的。答案A

第2题:细节事实题。由第一段和第二段“Similarly,aking’sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyofthatking.Butaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking’sbiography——notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.同样，一个国王的仆人可能不是为国王写传记的最佳人选。但是一个外国人可能没有写国王传记所必需的知识和同情心——至少不是为王国的读者写的。对于这样的任务，没有理想的职位。”可知没有完美的人选来写传记，即没有人能写出完美的传记。故D项正确。ABC三项与文中内容不符。

第3题:推理判断题。由最后一段“Inbookpromotions,the‘unauthorized’characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.在图书促销活动中，‘未经授权’的描述通常会让人联想到作传记对象不希望有的有趣八卦。”可知为了促销，一些“未经授权”的传记作家会在书中写一些传记对象的八卦（私生活信息）。故C项正确。

第4题:主旨大意题。由文章开头及Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral“authentic”ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotellthe“story”ofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubjects,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.一个主题可能有几本传记，甚至几本“真实的”传记。我们直觉地感觉到，没有人能够讲述一个生命的“故事”，也许甚至只是主题，而传记的历史已经证明了这一点。可知本文全篇都在讲述一个话题即“没有人能写出完美的传记，很难找到合适的人选来写出完美的传记”。故B项正确。

2.单选题

Itbestowstheabilitytoovercomelaziness,temptationsandnegativehabits,andtocarryoutactions,eveniftheyrequireeffort,areunpleasantandtediousorcontrarytoone’shabit.

问题1选项

A.monotonous

B.interesting

C.entertaining

D.equitable

【答案】A

【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项monotonous“单调的，千篇一律的，因单调令人厌烦的”；B选项interesting“有趣的，有意思的”；C选项entertaining“令人愉快的，有趣的”；D选项equitable“公平的，公正的”。句意：它赋予人们克服懒惰、诱惑和消极习惯的能力，并且能够采取行动，即使这些行动需要付出努力，是令人不快的、乏味的或与自己的习惯相反的。Tedious“沉闷的；冗长乏味的”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Thephonehasrungsooftentodaythatitisbecomea/an（

）.

问题1选项

A.interruption

B.frustration

C.distress

D.nuisance

【答案】D

【解析】名词辨析题。A选项interruption“中断，干扰”；B选项frustration“挫折”；C选项distress“危难，不幸”；D选项nuisance“麻烦事”。句意：今天电话响了很多次，真烦人。选项D符合句意。

4.单选题

Mountainbikingdemandshill-walkingstrengthaswellastrackridingskills.Initially,choosegentleroutesamongfamiliarterrain—orrisk______shoulder-carriers!

问题1选项

A.long-term

B.elongated

C.prolonged

D.lengthened

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项long-term用于指“（从现在到将来持续的）很长一段时间”或者“与将来发生的事件有联系”，如：long-termplan。其他3个选项的共同点都是“把……拉长”，但B项elongated仅指在空间上拉长，如：Thenoseistoomuchelongated.D选项lengthened可以指空间也可以指时间，如：Theroadcouldbelengthened.和HelengthenedhisstayinBeijing.但C项prolonged与elongated和lengthened不同的是，它指“持续到超过正常的时间限度”或“延长正常的时间限度”。句意：山地自行车不仅需要在赛道上骑行的技巧，还需要在山路上行走的力量。首先，要在熟悉的范围内选择比较平缓的路线，否则有可能长时间地用肩扎着自行车。shoulder-carriers在这里指“（骑车人成了）扛车的人”。C选项恰好符合本句的意思，因为，在骑车爬山运动中，有时扛车是难免的，但如果选择路线正确，扛车的时间就不会太长，反之，扛车的时间就会延长。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Thefamilyisalsotheinstitutionwheremostofus,bothaschildrenandasparents,acquireasenseofcontinuitywiththepastandasenseof______tothefuture.

问题1选项

A.ideology

B.commitment

C.prophecy

D.reverence

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项ideology“意识形态，思想意识，观念学”，B项commitment“承诺，保证，委托”，C项prophecy“预言，预言书，预言能力”，D项reverence“崇敬，尊严，敬礼”。根据continuitywiththepast“对过去的延续”对应可知，______tothefuture应该表示“对未来的承诺”。句意：家庭也是我们大多数人，无论是作为儿童还是作为父母，获得对过去的延续感和对未来的承诺感的机构。因此，该题选择B项正确。

6.单选题

Veryfewscientists（

）completelynewanswerstotheworld’sproblems.

问题1选项

A.comeupwith

B.comeout

C.comeround

D.comeupto

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。comeupwith“提出，想出”；comeout“出版”；comeround“苏醒；顺道拜访”；comeupto“到达，等于”。句意：很少有科学家对世界性的问题提出新的回答。选项A符合题意。

7.单选题

Cultureisthetotalsumofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Anaccidentallanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturearetobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.ThelanguageofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtoWesternlanguagesarelimitedin（）.

2.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat（）.

3.Thearticlestatesthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedbutnotarticulatedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.soundpatterns

B.vocabularies

C.grammaticalstructures

D.bothAandB

问题2选项

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.Alllanguagescamefromgruntsandgroans

C.Thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.Thereisnohierarchyoflanguages

问题3选项

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

问题4选项

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

问题5选项

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguagehasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguageisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第三段的第四句“TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.它们（不文明群体的语言）落后于我们的西方语言，通常不是在完全满足所有语言所需要的声音模式或语法结构上，而只是在反映说话者所知道的对象和活动的词汇上。”由此可知，与西方语言相比，不文明群体的语言在词汇方面受到限制，所以选项B正确。

2.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的内容“对于专业的人类学家来说，文化之间没有本质上的优越，正如对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间也没有本质上的等级关系。”由此可知，选项D符合原文。

3.判断推理题。根据第三段一、二句的内容“人们曾经认为落后群体的语言是野蛮的、不发达的语言形式，主要由咕哝和呻吟组成。虽然语言可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对‘落后’语言的研究证实，现在的口语语言都不符合这一描述。”也就是说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式现在已经不存在了，所以选项A正确。

4.细节事实题。第三段提及“Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.所有的语言似乎都有扩充词汇的机制，它们可以把已经存在的词汇组合在一起，也可以从其他语言中借用词汇并使其适应自己的系统。”由此可知，作者认为语言无论文明与否，都有扩大词汇量的潜力，选项A符合原文。

5.判断推理题。根据原文最后一段的内容“这种对语言的研究，反过来又为人类学家的主张提供了新的线索，即所有的文化都应该被独立地看待，没有等级或层级的观念。”选项A和选项C在文中没有信息体现；D选项是原文明确提出的观点，不符合题干的意思。B选项“对语言的研究强化了人类学家的观点，即文化之间没有等级之分”与最后一段表达的意思一致，所以正确。

8.单选题

Causeandeffectrelationshipsareoftenexpressedwithoutanyovertmarkers.

问题1选项

A.masked

B.evident

C.circular

D.inoperable

【答案】B

【解析】考查词义辨析。overt表示“明显的，外显的”；A项masked“戴面具的，潜伏的”，B项evident“明显的，明白的”，C项circular“循环的，圆形的”，D项inoperable“不实用的”。句意：因果关系的表达往往没有任何明显的标记。因此B项正确。

9.单选题

Shakenbytwodecadesofvirtualanarchy,themajorityofpeoplewerereadytobuy_______atanyprice.

问题1选项

A.order

B.emancipation

C.hope

D.liberty

【答案】A

【解析】order命令,秩序;emancipation解放,释放;hope希望,信心;liberty自由,许可。句意：二十年的无政府状态动摇了大多数人,他们准备好不惜任何代价来换取秩序。选项A符合句意。

10.翻译题

“培根-OfStudy(论读书)”Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelightisinprivateersandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebookaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.

Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;petswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.

【答案】选自培根《论读书》，王佐良先生译

读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。

11.单选题

Itisa（）_truththatmanistheonlyanimalthathasthepowertospeakandreason.

问题1选项

A.corporate

B.virtual

C.universal

D.indefinite

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项corporate“法人的，共同的”。B选项virtual“虚拟的”。C选项universal“普遍的，全世界的”。D选项indefinite“不确定的，无限的”。句意：人类是唯一具有说话和推理能力的动物，这是一个公认的事实。本句表示“人类是仅有的具有说话和推理能力的动物，这是一个普遍公认的事实。”因此C选项符合题意。

12.单选题

Ateverystageofearlydevelopment,humanbabieslagbehindinfantsfromotherspecies.Akittencanambleacrossaroomwithinmomentsofbirthandcatchitsfirstmousewithinweeks,whileitswide-eyedhumancounterparttakesmonthstomakeherfirststep,andyearstolearnevensimpletasks,suchashowtotieashoelaceorskiparope,letaloneprepareathree-coursemeal.Yet,inthecognitiverace,humanbabiesturnouttobemuchlikethetortoiseinAesop’sfable:emergingtriumphantafteraslowandsteadyclimbtothefinish.Asadults,wedrivefancysportscars,leapnimblyacrossfootballfieldsandballetstages,writelengthydissertationsoneveryconceivablesubject,andlaunchrocketsintospace.Wehaveamasteryoverourselvesandourenvironmentsthatispeculiartoourspecies.

Yet,thisvictoryseemspuzzling.Inthefable,thetortoisewinstheracebecausetheharetakesanap.But,ifanything,humaninfantsnapevenmorethankittens!Andunlikethenobletortoise,babiesarehelpless,andmoretothepoint,hopeless.Theycouldnotlearnthebasicskillsnecessarytotheirindependentsurvivaleveniftheytried.Howdohumanbabiesmangetoturnthingsaroundintheend?

InarecentarticleinCurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience,SharonThompson-Schill,MichaelRamscarandEvangeliaChrysikoumakethecasethatthisveryhelplessnessiswhatallowshumanbabiestoadvancefarbeyondotheranimals.Theyproposethatourdelayedcorticaldevelopmentispreciselywhatenablesustoacquiretheculturalbuildingblocks,suchaslanguage,thatmakeupthefoundationsofhumanachievement.Indeed,thetriomakesclearthatourearlyvulnerabilityisanevolutionary“engineeringtrade-off”,muchlikethehumanlarynx—which,whileitfacilitatestheintricateproductionsofhumanspeech,isactuallyquiteaprecariousadaptationforanyonetryingtoswallowsafely.Inthesameway,theysuggest,ourabilitytolearnlanguagecomesatthepriceofanextendedperiodofcognitiveimmaturity.

Thisclaimhingesonapeculiaranduniquefeatureofourcognitivearchitecture:thestunninglyslowdevelopmentoftheprefrontalcortex(PFC).Whileotheranimals’brainregionsdevelopmentinsynchrony,inhumans,thedevelopmentofthePFClagsfarbehindthatofotherareas.ThePFCistheswathofgraymatterthatmakesuptheanteriorfrontallobes,andfunctionally,itappearstobeheavilyimplicatedinawide-rangeofsophisticatedplanningandattentiondrivenbehaviors.Indeed,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“control”centerofthebrain.Oneofitsmainfunctionsappearstobethatofselectivelyfilteringinformationfromthesenses,allowingustoattendtospecificactions,goals,ortasks.Forthisreason,“cognitivecontrol”tasksarethoughttobeoneofthebestassessorsofPFCfunctionandmaturity,andtheyareteststhatyoungchildrenreliably,andignominiously,fail.

TheStrooptaskservesasasimpleassessorofPFCfunctioninadults.Thetaskinvolvesnamingtheinkcolorofacontrastingcolorword:forexample,youmightseetheword“red”writteningreenink,inwhichcaseyouhavetosay“green”.Thetask(saying“red”inresponsetoseeingthewordred)withanewresponsespecifictothetask(namingtheconflictinginkcolor).Trickyornot,healthyadultscansuccessfullycompetethetaskwithonlyminorhesitation.

Children,withtheirimmaturePFC’s,areadifferentstory.Typically,theyoungerchildrenare,theworsetheyareatsolvingStroop—liketasks,andundertheageoffour,theyoutrightfailthem.Whileyoungchildrenaresensitive,aptlearners,andoftenappeartofullyunderstandwhatisbeingaskedofthem,theyareunabletomediatetheconflictingdemandspresentinthesesortsoftasks,andthusfailthem,timeandtimeagain.Three-yearoldssimplycannotdirecthowtheyattendtoorrespondtotheworld.

31.WhydoestheauthorcomparehumanbabiestothetortoiseinAesop’sfable?

32.Whyarehumanbabies“helpless”accordingtothetext?

33.WhatisthepurposeofmentioninghumanlarynxinParagraph3?

34.Whatisthefunctionoftheprefrontalcortex(PFC)?

35.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthe“Strooptask”？

问题1选项

A.Theyhaveamasteryoverthemselves.

B.Theylagbehindatbeginningandthenslowlycatchup.

C.Theyaresuperiortoinfantsfromotherspecies.

D.Theyarequiteslowincognitivedevelopment.

问题2选项

A.Theydon’thavethebasicskillsnecessaryforsurvival.

B.Theynapmoreoftenthaninfantsofotherspecies.

C.Theyarenotsopersistentasthetortoise.

D.Theyarenotquicklearnersasinfantsofotherspecies.

问题3选项

A.Toshowthepeculiarfunctionofhumanlarynx.

B.Toemphasizetheimportanceofhumanlanguage.

C.Toexplainthereasonsforourearlycognitiveimmaturity.

D.Toindicatehowhumandevelopspeeches.

问题4选项

A.Tocollectinformationfromthesenses.

B.Tohelpperformsophisticatedplanningandattention-drivenbehaviors.

C.Tocontrolthedevelopmentofotherareasofthebrain.

D.Toenablehumanbeingstocarryoutadvancetasks.

问题5选项

A.Childrenwouldfailsuchtaskduetotheirinabilitytounderstandthetaskrequirements.

B.ThetaskisoftenusedtoassessthematurityofPF

C.C.Thetaskrequiresthesubjectstomakeresponsescontradictorytothewell-learnedones.

D.Adultscouldcompletethetasksuccessfullywithonlylittlehesitation.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】31.推理判断题。根据第一段第三句Yet,inthecognitiverace,humanbabiesturnouttobemuchlikethetortoiseinAesop’sfable:emergingtriumphantafteraslowandsteadyclimbtothefinish.（然而，在认知方面，人类婴儿很像伊索寓言中的乌龟：缓慢而稳定地爬到终点后，胜利出现。），可知人类婴儿和乌龟的相似在于慢慢走，最终却能胜利，所以B选项“他们一开始落后，然后慢慢地赶上来了”正确，D选项“他们的认知发展相当缓慢”不是表达的重点，故错误。A选项“他们能掌控自己”和C选项“他们优于其他物种的婴儿”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

32.推理判断题。根据第二段第四、五句Andunlikethenobletortoise,babiesarehelpless,andmoretothepoint,hopeless.Theycouldnotlearnthebasicskillsnecessarytotheirindependentsurvivaleveniftheytried.（和高贵的乌龟不同，婴儿是无助的，更确切地说，是绝望的。即使他们尝试，他们也学不到独立生存所必需的基本技能。），可知人类婴儿无助是因为A选项“他们没有生存所需的基本技能”。B选项“他们比其他物种的婴儿更经常打盹”：根据第二段第三句But,ifanything,humaninfantsnapevenmorethankittens!（但是，如果说有什么不同的话，那就是人类的婴儿比小猫更喜欢打盹！），这里是说人和猫的不同，而不是解释为什么人类婴儿无助，故错误。C选项“他们不像乌龟那样固执”和D选项“他们不像其他物种的婴儿一样快速学习”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。

33.推理判断题。根据第三段ourdelayedcorticaldevelopmentispreciselywhatenablesustoacquiretheculturalbuildingblocks,suchaslanguage…Indeed,thetriomakesclearthatourearlyvulnerabilityisanevolutionary“engineeringtrade-off”,muchlikethehumanlarynx—which,whileitfacilitatestheintricateproductionsofhumanspeech,isactuallyquiteaprecariousadaptationforanyonetryingtoswallowsafely.Inthesameway,theysuggest,ourabilitytolearnlanguagecomesatthepriceofanextendedperiodofcognitiveimmaturity.（我们大脑皮层发育迟缓恰恰是我们获得文化基础的原因，比如语言……的确，这三人清楚地表明，我们早期的脆弱是一种进化上的“工程权衡”，就像人类的喉头一样——虽然喉头有助于人类复杂的语言表达，但对于任何想要安全吞下食物的人来说，它实际上是一种相当不稳定的适应。同样，他们认为，我们学习语言的能力是以长期认知不成熟为代价的。），这里举喉头的例子表明长期认知不成熟是为了获得文化，所以C选项“解释我们早期认知不成熟的原因”正确。A选项“为了显示人类喉部的特殊功能”，B选项“强调人类语言的重要性”和D选项“表明人类如何发展语言”：不是表达的重点，故错误。因此C选项正确。

34.事实细节题。根据第四段ThePFC…functionally,itappearstobeheavilyimplicatedinawide-rangeofsophisticatedplanningandattentiondrivenbehaviors.Indeed,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“control”centerofthebrain.Oneofitsmainfunctionsappearstobethatofselectivelyfilteringinformationfromthesenses,allowingustoattendtospecificactions,goals,ortasks.（PFC……在功能上似乎与一系列复杂的计划和注意力驱动的行为密切相关。事实上，它经常被称为大脑的“控制”中心。它的主要功能之一似乎是有选择地过滤来自感官的信息，让我们专注于特定的行动、目标或任务。），可知PFC的功能是B选项“帮助执行复杂的计划和注意力驱动的行为”，同时PFC过滤来自感官的信息，故A选项“从感官收集信息”错误。C选项“控制大脑其他区域的发展”和D选项“使人类能够执行高级任务”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。

35.推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句Trickyornot,healthyadultscansuccessfullycompetethetaskwithonlyminorhesitation.（不管棘手与否，健康的成年人只要稍有犹豫就能成功完成这项任务。），可知成年人完成任务时有犹豫的情况，所以D选项“成年人可以毫不犹豫地完成任务”正确。根据第六段第二句Typically,theyoungerchildrenare,theworsetheyareatsolvingStroop—liketasks,andundertheageoffour,theyoutrightfailthem.（通常情况下，年龄越小的孩子，在完成Stroop任务方面表现得越差，而不到四岁的孩子，就会彻底失败。）和最后一句Three-yearoldssimplycannotdirecthowtheyattendtoorrespondtotheworld.（根本无法指导三岁的孩子如何注意或回应这个世界。），所以孩子会因为不能理解题目而不能完成测试，A选项“孩子会因为无法理解任务要求而失败”符合文章意思，故错误。根据第四段最后一句“cognitivecontrol”tasksarethoughttobeoneofthebestassessorsofPFCfunctionandmaturity（“认知控制”任务被认为是评估PFC功能和成熟度的最佳指标之一）和第五段第一句TheStrooptaskservesasasimpleassessorofPFCfunctioninadults.（Stroop任务是一个简单的评估成年人的PFC功能的任务。），可知Stroop任务用来评估PFC的成熟度，B选项“这个任务经常被用来评估PFC的成熟度”符合文章意思，故错误。根据第五段第二句Thetaskinvolvesnamingtheinkcolorofacontrastingcolorword:forexample,youmightseetheword“red”writteningreenink,inwhichcaseyouhavetosay“green”.（这项任务包括说出一个对比色单词的墨水颜色：例如，你可能会看到单词“红”是用绿色墨水写的，在这种情况下，你必须说“绿”），可知在这个测试中，受试者必须说颜色而不是单词，C选项“这个任务要求受试者做出与有知识的人相反的反应”符合文章意思，故错误。因此D选项正确。

13.翻译题

没有一流的人文教育，我们就不可能有世界一流大学。要建好文科院系，也要抓好对全体学生的人文教育。不同学科要各按步伐，按各自的内在规律发展。“科学求真，人文求善，艺术求美”，达到真善美在学科层面的统一。我们是用世界上最少的钱，办了最大的教育。我一直坚信，到本世纪中叶，中国一定能够成为世界一流的教育大国！

学校和教师的责任是真正发挥所有学生的潜能，使学生成长为既有宽厚基础、又有广阔视野，既有活生生的个性、又能团结他人、能够引领中国未来发展的精英人才。

【答案】Withoutfirst-classliberalartseducation,wecannothaveworld-classuniversities.Tobuildagoodliberalartscollegesanddepartments,butalsotopayattentiontothehumanitieseducationofallstudents.Differentdisciplinesshoulddevelopattheirownpaceandaccordingtotheirowninternallaws."Scienceseekstruth,humanityseeksgoodness,artseeksbeauty",achievingtheunityoftruth,goodnessandbeautyatthedisciplinelevel.Wegotthebiggesteducationintheworldwiththeleastmoney.Ihavealwaysbelievedthatbythemiddleofthiscentury,Chinawillbecomeaworld-classeducationcountry.

Itistheresponsibilityofschoolsandteacherstotrulygiveplaytothepotentialofallstudents,sothatstudentscangrowintoeliteswhohaveagenerousfoundation,broadvision,livelypersonality,unitywithothers,andcanleadChina'sfuturedevelopment.

14.单选题

Inasocietywhereallaspectsofourlivesaredictatedbyscientificadvancesintechnology,scienceistheessenceofourexistence.Withoutthevastadvancesmadebychemists,physicists,biologists,geologistsandotherdiligentscientists,ourstandardsoflivingwoulddecline,ourflourishingwealthynationmightcometoaneconomicdepression,andourpeoplewouldsufferfromdiseasesthatcouldnotbecured.Asasocietyweignorantlytakeadvantageoftheamenitiesprovidedbyscience,yetourliveswouldbealteredinterminablywithoutthem.

Healthcare,oneoftheaspectsofoursocietythatseparatesusfromourarchaicancestors,isfoundedexclusivelyonscientificdiscoveriesandadvances.Withoutthevaccinescreatedbydoctors,diseasessuchaspolio,measles,hepatitis,andthefluwouldposeathreattoourcitizens,foralthoughsomeofthesediseasesmaynotbedeadly,theirsideeffectscanbeavastdetrimenttoanindividualaffectedwiththedisease.

Inaddition,sciencehasdevelopedperhapsthemostawe-inspiringvitalinventioninthehistoryoftheworld,thecomputer.Withoutthepresenceofthismachineourworldcouldexist,buttheconveniencesbroughtintolifebythecomputerareunparalleled.

Despitethegreatnessofpresent-dayinnovatorsandscientismandtheirrevelations,itisrequisitetoexaminetheamenitiesofsciencethatourculturesoblatantlydisregards.Forinstance,thelightbulb,electricity,thetelephone,runningwater,andtheautomobilearepresent-daystaplesofoursociety,however,theywerenotpresentuntilscientistsdiscoveredthem.

Becauseofthecontributionofscientists,ourworldisevermetamorphosing,andthismetamorphosiseconomicallyandpersonallycomprisesoursociety,whetheroursocietyiscognizantofthisornot.

1.Inthefirstparagraphtheauthorimpliesthatwe（）.

2.Theauthoruseshealthcareandvaccinestoillustrate（）.

3.Nothing,accordingtotheauthor,canmatchtheinventionofthecomputerintermof（）.

4.Theauthorseemstobeunhappyabout（）.

5.Theauthor’stoneinthepassageis（）.

问题1选项

A.wouldnotsurvivewithoutscience

B.taketheamenitiesofscienceforgranted

C.couldhaveraisedthestandardsoflivingwithscience

D.wouldbefreeofdiseasebecauseofscientificwithadvances

问题2选项

A.howsciencehasbeendeveloped

B.whatsciencemeanstosociety

C.whatthenatureofscienceis

D.howdiseaseaffectssociety

问题3选项

A.power

B.novelty

C.benefits

D.complexity

问题4选项

A.people’signoranceoftheirculture

B.people’signoringtheamenitiesofscience

C.people’smakingnocontributionstosociety

D.people’smisunderstandingofscientificadvance

问题5选项

A.critical

B.cognizant

C.appreciative

D.paradoxical

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一段“Withoutthevastadvancesmadebychemists,physicists,biologists,geologistsandotherdiligentscientists,ourstandardsoflivingwoulddecline,ourflourishingweal