考研考博-英语-广州番禺职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-广州番禺职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Please（）yourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,sincethelawforbidsthem.

问题1选项

A.restrain

B.hinder

C.restrict

D.prohibit

【答案】A

【解析】句意:请不要在公共场所吸烟以及随地吐痰！这可是违法的！

考查动词辨析。restrain制止，阻止，管制，忍住，后可接反身代词和from,构成restrainoneselffrom...表示戒掉…习惯，符合题意。hinder妨碍，阻止，后不接from,故排除。restrict限制，后接介词to,构成restrictto表示仅限于……，不符合句意，故排除。prohibit禁止，可以直接接宾语，后面不接from，也排除。因此选A。

2.判断题

判断题测试0.0

问题1选项

A.对

B.错

【答案】A

【解析】试题解析T.T

3.单选题

Inthespringof2010,fiscalausteritybecamefashionable.Iusethetermadvisedly:thesuddenconsensusamongVerySeriousPeoplethateveryonemustbalancebudgetsnowwasn’tbasedonanykindofcarefulanalysis.Itwasmorelikeafad,somethingeveryoneprofessedtobelievebecausethatwaswhatthein-crowdwassaying.

Andit’safadthathasbeenfadinglately,asevidencehasaccumulatedthatthelessonsofthepastremainrelevant,thattryingtobalancebudgetsinthefaceofhighunemploymentandfallinginflationisstillareallybadidea.Mostnotably,theconfidencefairyhasbeenexposedasamyth.Therehavebeenwidespreadclaimsthatdeficit-cuttingactuallyreducesunemploymentbecauseitreassuresconsumersandbusinesses;butmultiplestudiesofhistoricalrecord,includingonebytheInternationalMonetaryFund,haveshownthatthisclaimhasnobasisinreality.

Nowidespreadfadeverpasses,however,withoutleavingsomefashionvictimsinitswake.Inthiscase,thevictimsarethepeopleofBritain,whohavethemisfortunetoberuledbyagovernmentthattookofficeattheheightoftheausterityfadandwon’tadmitthatitwaswrong.Britain,likeAmerica,issufferingfromtheaftermathofahousinganddebtbubble.ItsproblemsarecompoundedbyLondon’sroleasaninternationalfinancialcenter:Britaincametorelyontoomuchonprofitsfromwheelinganddealingtodriveitseconomyandonfinancial-industrytaxpaymentstopayforgovernmentprograms.

Over-relianceonthefinancialindustrylargelyexplainswhyBritain,whichcameintothecrisiswithrelativelylowpublicdebt,hasseenitsbudgetdeficitsoarto11percentofGD.P.slightlyworsethantheU.S.deficit.Andthere’snoquestionthatBritainwilleventuallyneedtobalanceitsbookswithspendingcutsandtaxincreases.Theoperativewordhereshould,however,be“eventually.”Fiscalausteritywilldepresstheeconomyfurtherunlessitcanbeoffsetbyafallininterestrates.Rightnow,interestratesinBritain,asinAmerica,arealreadyverylow,withlittleroomtofallfurther.Thesensiblething,then,istodeviseaplanforputtingthenation’sfiscalhouseinorder,whilewaitinguntilasolideconomicrecoveryisunderwaybeforewieldingtheax.

Buttrendyfashion,almostbydefinition,isn’tsensibleandtheBritishgovernmentseemsdeterminedtoignorethelessonsofhistory.BoththenewBritishbudgetannouncedonWednesdayandtherhetoricthataccompaniedtheannouncementmighthavecomestraightfromthedeskofAndrewMellon,theTreasurysecretarywhotoldPresidentHerbertHoovertofighttheDepressionbyliquidatingthefarmers,liquidatingtheworkers,anddrivingdownwages.OrifyouprefermoreBritishprecedents,itechoestheSnowdenbudgetof1931,whichtriedtorestoreconfidencebutendedupdeepeningtheeconomiccrisis.

TheBritishgovernment’splanisbold,saythepunditsandsoitis.Butitboldlygoesinexactlythewrongdirection.Itwouldcutgovernmentemploymentby490,000workerstheequivalentofalmostthreemillionlayoffsintheUnitedStatesatatimewhentheprivatesectorisinnopositiontoprovidealternativeemployment.Itwouldslashspendingatatimewhenprivatedemandisn’tatallreadytotakeuptheslack.WhyistheBritishgovernmentdoingthis?Therealreasonhasalottodowithideology:theToriesareusingthedeficitasanexcusetodownsizethewelfarestate.Buttheofficialrationaleisthatthereisnoalternative.

Whathappensnow?MaybeBritainwillgetlucky,andsomethingwillcomealongtorescuetheeconomy.ButthebestguessisthatBritainin2011willlooklikeBritainin1931,ortheUnitedStatesin1937,orJapanin1997.Thatis,prematurefiscalausteritywillleadtoarenewedeconomicslump.Asalways,thosewhorefusetolearnfromthepastaredoomedtorepeatit.

1.The“fiscalausterity”refersto（）.

2.Bysaying“theconfidencefairyhasbeenexposedasamyth”，theauthormeans（）.

3.Whatiswrongwiththecurrentgovernment’sfinancialpolicy?

4.BymentioningAndrewMellon,theauthorimpliesthat（）.

5.Totheauthor,thepracticeoffiscalausteritywillcertainlyleadto（）.

问题1选项

A.theconsensusamongfinancialadvisers

B.thereductioninexpenditure

C.thesevereeconomicrecession

D.thehighinflationrate

问题2选项

A.balancingbudgetsdoesnothelpwithemployment

B.businesseshavenotimprovedtheiroperation

C.reducingbudgetsisnolongerafadnow

D.fallinginflationhasgivenconsumersconfidence

问题3选项

A.Itcutsfinancial-industrytaxpayments.

B.ItignoresBritain’sfinancialsituation.

C.IthaslaunchedBritainintoanotherslump.

D.ItismadeasaresponsetocrisesinAmerica.

问题4选项

A.theAmericanleadershavemadethesamemistake

B.theTreasurysecretaryignoredtheinterestsofthefarmersandworkers

C.theBritishgovernment’sbudgetplanisseriouslywrong

D.theAmericanleadersgivesubstantialsupporttotheirBritishcounterparts

问题5选项

A.anunexpectedrecovery

B.improvedemployment

C.renewedconfidence

D.arepeatedrecession

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.词义理解题。根据文章第一段，“thesuddenconsensusamongVerySeriousPeoplethateveryonemustbalancebudgetsnowwasn’tbasedonanykindofcarefulanalysis.”，可知第一句中的fiscalausterity等同于这里的balancebudgets。严肃人士之间突然达成的共识是，现在每个人都必须平衡预算，而这种共识并不是基于任何仔细的分析。所以平衡预算需要缩减开支，选项B符合题意。

2.推断题。根据文章第二段，“theconfidencefairyhasbeenexposedasamyth.Therehavebeenwidespreadclaimsthatdeficit-cuttingactuallyreducesunemployment”，可知自信的神话变成了一种虚构。用来暗示财政紧缩政策并没有帮助经济恢复，而财政赤字实际上能降低失业率，并且在第二段中用大量的事实说明了财政紧缩政策并没带来实际作用。可推断出财政紧缩政策对提高就业率并没有产生帮助。选项A符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第四段，“Andthere’snoquestionthatBritainwilleventuallyneedtobalanceitsbookswithspendingcutsandtaxincreases.”，可知毫无疑问，英国最终将需要通过削减开支和增加税收来平衡收支。可推断出削减金融业的税收的财政政策是错误的。选项A符合题意。

4.细节理解题。根据文章第五段，“theBritishgovernmentseemsdeterminedtoignorethelessonsofhistory.”，可知英国政府似乎忽视了历史的教训。下文用AndrewMellon的荒谬政策加深经济危机的例子来进一步说明英国政府的平衡收支计划是错误的，忽视了历史教训。选项C符合题意。

5.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“prematurefiscalausteritywillleadtoarenewedeconomicslump…thosewhorefusetolearnfromthepastaredoomedtorepeatit.”，可知过早的财政紧缩将导致新一轮的经济衰退，拒绝吸取历史教训的人注定要重蹈覆辙。可判断出作者认为财政紧缩的做法肯定会导致经济衰退重蹈覆辙。选项D符合题意。

4.单选题

FrustratedwithdelaysinSacramento,BayAreaofficialssaidThursdaytheyplannedtotakemattersintotheirownhandstoregulatetheregion’sgrowingpileofelectronictrash.

ASanJosecouncilwomanandaSanFranciscosupervisorsaidtheywouldproposelocalinitiativesaimedatcontrollingelectronicwasteiftheCalifornialaw-makingbodyfailstoactontwobillsstalledintheAssembly.TheyareamongagrowingnumberofCaliforniacitiesandcountiesthathaveexpressedthesameintention.

Environmentalistsandlocalgovernmentsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutthetoxichazardposedbyoldelectronicdevicesandthecostofsafelyrecyclingthoseproducts.Anestimated6milliontelevisionsandcomputersarestockedinCaliforniahomes,andanadditional6,000to7,000computersbecomeoutdatedeveryday.Themachinescontainhighlevelsofleadandotherhazardoussubstances,andarealreadybannedfromCalifornialandfills.

LegislationbySenatorByronSherwouldrequireconsumerstopayarecyclingfeeofupto$30oneverynewmachinecontainingacathoderaytube.Usedinalmostallvideomonitorsandtelevisions,thosedevicescontainfourtoeightpoundsofleadeach.Thefeeswouldgotowardsettinguprecyclingprograms,providinggrantstonon-profitagenciesthatreusethetubesandrewardingmanufacturersthatencouragerecycling.

AseparatebillbyLosAngeles-areaSenatorGloriaRomerowouldrequirehigh-techmanufacturerstodevelopprogramstorecycleso-callede-waste.

Ifpassed,themeasureswouldputCaliforniaattheforefrontofnationaleffortstomanagetherefuseoftheelectronicage.

Buthigh-techgroups,includingtheSiliconValleyManufacturingGroupandtheAmericanElectronicsAssociation,opposethemeasures,arguingthatfeesofupto$30willdriveconsumerstoonline,out-of-stateretailers.

“Whatreallyneedstooccurisconsumereducation.Mostconsumersareunawarethey’renotsupposedtothrowcomputersinthetrash,”saidRoxanneGould,vicepresidentofgovernmentrelationsfortheelectronicsassociation.

Computerrecyclingshouldbealocaleffortandpartofresidentialwastecollectionprograms,sheadded.

Recyclingelectronicwasteisadangerousandspecializedmatter,andenvironmentalistsmaintainthestatemustsupportrecyclingeffortsandensurethatthejobisn’tcontractedtounscrupulousjunkdealerswhosendthetoxicpartsoverseas.

“Thegraveyardofthehigh-techrevolutionisendingupinruralChina,”saidTedSmith,directoroftheSiliconValleyToxicsCoalition.HisgroupispushingforanamendmenttoSher’sbillthatwouldpreventtheexportofe-waste.

1.WhatstepwereBayAreaofficialsgoingtotakeregardinge-wastedisposal?

2.ThetwobillsstalledintheCaliforniaAssemblybothconcern____.

3.Consumersarenotsupposedtothrowusedcomputersinthetrashbecause____.

4.High-techgroupsbelievethatifanextra$30ischargedoneveryTVorcomputerpurchasedinCalifornia,consumerswill____.

5.WelearnfromthepassagethatmuchofCalifornia’selectronicwastehasbeen____.

问题1选项

A.Exertpressureonmanufacturersofelectronicdevices.

B.Laydownrelevantlocalregulationsthemselves.

C.LobbythelawmakersoftheCaliforniaAssembly.

D.Rallysupporttopassthestalledbills.

问题2选项

A.regulationsondumpinghazardoussubstancesintolandfills

B.thesaleofusedelectronicdevicestoforeigncountries

C.thefundingoflocalinitiativestoreuseelectronictrash

D.thereprocessingofthehugeamountsofelectronicwasteinthestate

问题3选项

A.theycontainlargeamountsofharmfulsubstances

B.thisisbannedbytheCaliforniagovernment

C.somepartsmayberecycledforuseelsewhere

D.unscrupulousdealerswillretrievethemforprofit

问题4选项

A.abandononlineshopping

B.buythemfromotherstates

C.stronglyprotestagainstsuchacharge

D.hesitatetoupgradetheircomputers

问题5选项

A.collectedbynon-profitagencies

B.dumpedintolocallandfills

C.exportedtoforeigncountries

D.recycledbycomputermanufacturers

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.【选项释义】

WhatstepwereBayAreaofficialsgoingtotakeregardinge-wastedisposal?旧金山湾区的官员打算采取什么步骤处理电子垃圾？

A.Exertpressureonmanufacturersofelectronicdevices.A.对电子设备制造商施加压力。

B.Laydownrelevantlocalregulationsthemselves.B.自行制定有关地方规章制度。

C.LobbythelawmakersoftheCaliforniaAssembly.C.游说加州议会的立法者。

D.Rallysupporttopassthestalledbills.D.争取支持通过停滞不前的法案。

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段“湾区官员周四表示，他们计划自己动手来管理该地区日益增多的电子垃圾。”以及第二段“他们将提出旨在控制电子垃圾的地方倡议”由此可知他们将自行制定关于处理电子垃圾的地方制度。因此选B。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“对电子设备制造商施加压力。”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

C选项“游说加州议会的立法者。”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“争取支持通过停滞不前的法案。”，文章第二段提到“如果加州立法机构未能就两项在议会搁置的法案采取行动，他们将提出旨在控制电子垃圾的地方倡议。”只是说会提出地方倡议，并没有说争取支持通过停滞不前的法案，该选项属于过度推断。

2.【选项释义】

ThetwobillsstalledintheCaliforniaAssemblybothconcern____.加州议会搁置的两项法案都涉及____。

A.regulationsondumpinghazardoussubstancesintolandfillsA.关于向垃圾填埋场倾倒有害物质的规定

B.thesaleofusedelectronicdevicestoforeigncountriesB.向外国出售二手电子设备

C.thefundingoflocalinitiativestoreuseelectronictrashC.为当地的电子垃圾再利用计划提供资金

D.thereprocessingofthehugeamountsofelectronicwasteinthestateD.对该州大量电子垃圾的再处理

【答案】D

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第四段最后一句“这些费用将用于建立回收项目，为重新利用这些管子的非盈利机构提供资助，并奖励鼓励回收的制造商。”以及第五段“要求高科技制造商开发回收所谓电子垃圾的项目”由此可知，两项法案都涉及要制造商再回收，也就是对电子垃圾的再处理。因此选D。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“关于向垃圾填埋场倾倒有害物质的规定”，两项法案均未涉及，该选项属于反向干扰；

B选项“向外国出售二手电子设备”，两项法案均未涉及，该选项属于反向干扰；

C选项“为当地的电子垃圾再利用计划提供资金”，参议员拜伦•谢尔的法案提到“这些费用将用于建立回收项目，为重新利用这些管子的非盈利机构提供资助，并奖励鼓励回收的制造商。”但是洛杉矶地区参议员罗梅罗的法案并没有涉及提供资金，该选项属于以偏概全。

3.【选项释义】

Consumersarenotsupposedtothrowusedcomputersinthetrashbecause____.消费者不应该把用过的电脑扔进垃圾桶，因为____。

A.theycontainlargeamountsofharmfulsubstancesA.它们含有大量有害物质

B.thisisbannedbytheCaliforniagovernment

B.这是加州政府禁止的

C.somepartsmayberecycledforuseelsewhereC.有些部件可能会被回收到其他地方使用

D.unscrupulousdealerswillretrievethemforprofitD.不择手段的商人会为了利润而收回它们

【答案】A

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第四段“大多数消费者并不知道他们不应该把电脑扔进垃圾桶。”以及第三段“据估计，加州家庭中储存着600万台电视机和电脑，每天还有6000到7000台电脑过时。这些机器含有高浓度的铅和其他有害物质，”由此可推断，因为这些机器含有大量有害物质所以不应该把它们扔进垃圾桶。因此选A。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“这是加州政府禁止的”，文中第三段提到“这些机器含有高浓度的铅和其他有害物质，已经被禁止进入加州的垃圾填埋场。”由此可知加州政府禁止将它们填埋但是没有禁止人们丢到垃圾桶，该选项属于偷换概念；

C选项“有些部件可能会被回收到其他地方使用”，文中倒数第二段提到“并确保这项工作不会被无道德的垃圾经销商承包，然后将有毒部件运往海外。”但是这并不是消费者不应该将其扔进垃圾桶的根本原因，该选项属于本末倒置；

D选项“不择手段的商人会为了利润而收回它们”，文中倒数第二段提到“并确保这项工作不会被无道德的垃圾经销商承包，然后将有毒部件运往海外。”只是说他们会把有毒部件运到海外，并没有说是为了利润而回收，该选项属于过度推断。

4.【选项释义】

High-techgroupsbelievethatifanextra$30ischargedoneveryTVorcomputerpurchasedinCalifornia,consumerswill____.高科技集团认为，如果在加州购买的每台电视或电脑多收30美元，消费者将会____。

A.abandononlineshoppingA.放弃网上购物

B.buythemfromotherstatesB.从其他州买

C.stronglyprotestagainstsuchachargeC.强烈抗议这样的收费

D.hesitatetoupgradetheircomputersD.犹豫是否升级他们的电脑

【答案】B

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第五段“高科技集团反对这些措施，认为高达30美元的费用将促使消费者转向在线的州外零售商。”也就是说多收30美元会让消费者去其他州购买。因此选B。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“放弃网上购物”，文中只是说会促使消费者线上去其他州购买，并不会导致放弃网上购物，该选项属于曲解原文；

C选项“强烈抗议这样的指控”，文中只是说高科技公司会反对，没有说消费者的态度，该选项属于无中生有；

D选项“犹豫是否升级他们的电脑”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。

5.【选项释义】

WelearnfromthepassagethatmuchofCalifornia’selectronicwastehasbeen____.从这篇文章中可以了解到，加州大部分的电子垃圾____。

A.collectedbynon-profitagenciesA.是由非营利机构收集的

B.dumpedintolocallandfillsB.被倾倒进了当地的垃圾填埋场

C.exportedtoforeigncountriesC.已经出口到国外

D.recycledbycomputermanufacturersD.被电脑制造商回收利用

【答案】C

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段“他的组织正在推动对谢尔的法案进行修正，以阻止电子垃圾的出口。”由此可推断加州的电子垃圾已经出口到海外。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“是由非营利机构收集的”，文中第四段提到“这些费用将用于建立回收项目，为重新利用这些管子的非营利机构提供资助，并奖励鼓励回收的制造商。”这只是一项没有通过的法案的内容，并不是已经发生的事情，该选项属于反向干扰；

B选项“被倾倒进了当地的垃圾填埋场”，文中第三段提到“这些机器含有高浓度的铅和其他有害物质，已经被禁止进入加州的垃圾填埋场。”由此可知，加州禁止电子垃圾倾倒进垃圾填埋场，该选项属于反向干扰；

D选项“被电脑制造商回收利用”，文中只是说提倡电脑制造商回收利用，该选项属于过度推断。

5.单选题

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman,Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby’’mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?

5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

问题1选项

A.Akindofoverlookedinequality

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination

问题2选项

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize

问题3选项

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

问题4选项

A.Theyaregettingimpatient

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles

问题5选项

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated

B.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问“作者提及AAAA汽车与Zodiac汽车的是什么？”。由

第二段第一句“IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.众所周知，在顾客浏览他们的电话薄时，被称为AAAA汽车的出租车公司比被称为Zodiac汽车的出租车公司有大的优势”与第一段第二句“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一个潜伏的形式（即字母顺序主义）继续繁荣”确定A选项“一种被忽视的不平等”正确；

2.推理判断题。题干询问‘从前三段我们可以推断出什么?’。由第一段中“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一个潜伏的形式（即字母顺序主义）继续在繁荣”及第二段中“LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman不太为人所知的是AdamAbbott（即姓名以字母A开始的人）在生活中相比ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z开始的人）具有的优势”可知生活中的这种现象常被人忽视，所以D选项“一些形式的歧视太隐约而不易引人注意”正确。A选项“无论在东方还是西方，名字对于成功都是必要的”、B选项“字母表对ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z开始的人）的失败应负责任”和C项“消费者经常很关注公司的名字”均不符合文意，排除。

3.推理判断题。题干询问‘第四段指出…’。由第四段第四句“Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.因此，近视的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z开始的人）小学生被困在后排，且很少被问到由那些麻木不仁的老师提出有启发性的问题”确定C选项“教师应该关注自己所有的学生”正确。

4.推理判断题。题干询问‘作者所说的“大多数人都在打盹”是什么意思(第5段第2-3行)?’。由第五段中第三句“Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.求职面试名单、选票、会议发言者和参加人名单都倾向于按字母顺序地被拟定，而它们的接受者却在费力地阅读它们时失去了兴趣。”与第二句“Atuniversitygraduationceremonies在大学毕业的典礼”这个场景的对应确定B选项“他们正在鼾声隆隆地打瞌睡”符合语境，正确。

5.推理判断题。题干询问‘根据文章，下列哪个选项是正确的?’。全文围绕“alphabetism字母顺序主义”论述其带来的各种偏见、歧视和不平等。如被称为AAAA汽车的出租车公司比被称为Zodiac汽车的出租车公司有大的优势，近视的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z开始的人）小学生被困在后排，且很少被问到由那些麻木不仁的老师提出的启发性的问题。”所以D选项“按照字母顺序安放事情可能导致非故意的偏见”正确。

6.单选题

Traditionalforensicevidencehaslongplayedaroleincriminaljustice.Butcurrentlypoisedonthehorizonisanewgenerationofforensicsciencescapableofinvestigatingandinculpatingsuspectsonanorderofpowerfargreaterthanthataffordedbytraditionalforensictechniques.Thisarrayofexcitingnewmethods—suchasDNAtyping,datamining,biometrictechnologies,andforensicMRIimaging,representamarkedadvanceovertherudimentarytechniquesofold,andwillsurelystakeacentralandindispensableroleinthefutureadministrationofcriminaljustice.

Yettheexperienceoftraditionalforensicsciencesinthecriminaljusticesystemcautionagainstrushingtooquicklytoembracethesenewtechniques.Inrecentyears,thelegitimacyofevidentiarystalwartslikehandwriting,voiceexemplars,hairandfiber,biteandtoolmarks,andevenfingerprintshasbeenseriouslycalledintoquestion.Exonerationstudieshavedemonstratedtheshockingdegreetowhichthecriminaljusticesystemhashistoricallyfailedtopreventspurioussciencesandfaultyorfraudulentevidencefromservingtoconvictinnocentdefendants.Forexample,onestudyfoundthatdefectivescientificevidencecontributedtooverone-halfofwrongfullyobtainedconvictions.

Ofcourse,theunreliabilityoftraditionaltechniques,andthefailureofthecriminaljusticesystemtokeepoutsuchinvalidevidence,hasinlargepartbeenexposedthroughtheuseofthenew,morereliableforensictechniquessuchasDNAtyping.Accordingly,theconventionalwisdomtendstoassertthatthequalitiesthatmakenewmethodssodesirableandreliablewilllikewiserenderthesetechniqueslesssusceptible,ifnotwhollyimmune,fromtheproblemsthatplaguedtraditionalsciences.Manycriticsoftraditionalscienceshaveevenembracednewmethodologiesasofferinga“newscientificparadigm”forforensicevidence,oneinwhich“untestedassumptionsandsemi-informedguessworkisreplacedbyasoundscientificfoundationandjustifiableprotocols”.

Butitstandstoreasonthatasystemthatfailedtostemtheabuseofobviouslyfaultyformsofforensicevidencemightalsobewhollyill-equippedtosafeguardtheuseofmorerobust,complicatedformsofsuchevidence,bothintermsofassuringitsintegrityandoffosteringhealthyscientificdevelopment.Infact,asthisArticleargues,theverycharacteristicsthatmakethisnewgenerationofforensicevidencesopromisingserveonlytoenhancetheneedforconcernabouttheuseofsuchevidenceinthecriminaljusticesystem.

ErinMurphy:THENEWFORENSICS:CRIMINALJUSTICE,FALSECERTAINTY,

ANDTHESECONDGENERATIONOFSCIENTIFICEVIDENCE

79.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanewgenerationforensictechnology?

80.Thelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphshowsthattheauthorthinksthat___.

81.Thebesttopicforthe3rdparagraphis___.

82.Thelastparagraphshowsthattheauthor’sattitudetowardsthereliabilityofnewtechniquesis___.

问题1选项

A.DNAtyping

B.Mining

C.ForensicMRIimaging

D.Biometrictechnologies

问题2选项

A.thelegitimacyoftheoldevidentiarystalwartshasbeenseriouslycalledintoquestion

B.thecriminaljusticesystemhashistoricallyfailedtopreventspurioussciencesandfaultyorfraudulentevidencefromservingtoconvictinnocentdefendants

C.experienceoftraditionalforensicsciencesinthecriminaljusticesystemcautionagainstrushingtooquicklytoembracethesenewtechniques

D.theoldtechnologiesdonotworkanymore

问题3选项

A.TheNewTechniquesisWelcomebyMore,EventheCriticsoftheOldTechniques

B.TheUnreliabilityofTraditionalTechniquesisExposedthroughtheUseoftheNewTechniques

C.TheNewTechniquesareImmunefromtheProblemsoftheTraditionalSciences

D.TheNewMethodologiesOffera“NewScientificParadigm”forForensicEvidence

问题4选项

A.contradict

B.trustworthy

C.complimentary

D.suspicious

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】79.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字定位到第一段Thisarrayofexcitingnewmethods—suchasDNAtyping,datamining,biometrictechnologies,andforensicMRIimaging…（这一系列令人兴奋的新方法——如DNA分型、数据挖掘、生物识别技术和法医MRI成像……）可知A选项“DNA分型”，C选项“法医MRI成像”和D选项“生物技术”原文有提及；B选项“矿业”不属于原文提到的内容。因此B选项符合题意。

80.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到第二段最后一句Forexample,onestudyfoundthatdefectivescientificevidencecontributedtooverone-halfofwrongfullyobtainedconvictions.（例如，一项研究发现，有缺陷的科学证据导致了超过一半的错误定罪），结合倒数第二句Exonerationstudieshavedemonstratedtheshockingdegreetowhichthecriminaljusticesystemhashistoricallyfailedtopreventspurioussciencesandfaultyorfraudulentevidencefromservingtoconvictinnocentdefendants.（关于免除罪的研究表明，刑事司法系统在历史上一直未能阻止伪科学和错误或欺诈性证据被判无罪的被告有罪，其程度令人震惊）可知最后一句是为了支持刑事司法系统未能防止伪科学和错误或欺诈性证据被判无罪这一观点的论据；选B选项“从历史上看，刑事司法系统未能防止伪科学和错误或欺诈性证据被判无罪”；A选项“老证据的正当性受到了严重的质疑”，C选项“传统法医学在刑事司法系统中的经验告诫人们不要急于接受这些新技术”以及D选项“旧的技术已经不起作用了”都属于过度推测，排除。因此B选项正确。

81.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段倒数第一句Manycriticsoftraditionalscienceshaveevenembracednewmethodologiesasofferinga“newscientificparadigm”forforensicevidence,oneinwhich“untestedassumptionsandsemi-informedguessworkisreplacedbyasoundscientificfoundationandjustifiableprotocols”.（许多传统科学的批评者甚至接受了新的方法论，为法医证据提供了一种“新的科学范式”，其中一个“未经检验的假设和半知情的猜测被一个健全的科学基础和正当的协议所取代”）以及第三段其他内容：新的司法鉴定技术的应用使传统技术的不可靠性和刑事审判制度无法阻止假证据的问题暴露无遗，传统观点认为，新技术可靠的特性同样也使这些技术免受传统科学遭遇到的问题的影响。许多对传统科学持批判态度的人也支持起新技术来，将它视为用于法医鉴定证据的新的科学范式，可以看出作者在这一段主要讨论的是D选项“新方法为法医证据提供了一种‘新的科学范式’”，同时可知B选项“新技术的使用暴露了传统技术的不可靠性”和A选项“新技术受到更多，甚至是旧技术的批评者的欢迎”以偏概全；以及C选项“新技术不受传统科学问题的影响”第三段未提及。因此D选项正确。

82.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】观点态度题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段Butitstandstoreasonthatasystemthatfailedtostemtheabuseofobviouslyfaultyformsofforensicevidencemightalsobewhollyill-equippedtosafeguardtheuseofmorerobust,complicatedformsofsuchevidence,bothintermsofassuringitsintegrityandoffosteringhealthyscientificdevelopment.（但是，一个未能制止滥用明显有缺陷的法医证据形式的制度，在确保证据的完整性和促进科学健康发展方面，也可能完全没有能力保障使用更有力、更复杂的证据形式）可知作者对于新技术的可靠性是有所怀疑的，选D选项“可疑”，同时可知B选项“值得信赖”错误；A选项“矛盾”以及C选项“免费”不符合原文。因此D选项正确。

7.单选题

Heeyedmesilentlyforalongpause,asthoughweighingwhetherIcouldbetrustedtohisconfidence;thenspokeman-to-manthatworkingfortheCurtisCompanyplaced（）responsibilityonayoungman.

问题1选项

A.enormous

B.erroneous

C.eloquent

D.exterior

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项enormous“庞大的；巨大的”；B选项erroneous“错误的；不正确的”；C选项eloquent“雄辩的；有说服力的”；D选项exterior“外部的；外面的”。句意：他默默地看了我许久，似乎在权衡我是否值得他信任，然后坦率地说，在柯蒂斯公司工作给了年轻人……责任。根据后面的名词responsibility“责任”一般与表示大或者重的形容词搭配使用，故A选项符合题意。

8.翻译题

这些书都没有解释这一现象。

【答案】Noneofthesebooksexplainthephenomenon.

9.单选题

Theideaofspendingtherestofmylifetherenever（）me.

问题1选项

A.approvesto

B.attractsto

C.appallsto

D.appeals