生态建造-教育套餐和环境手册

生态建造：教育套餐和环境篇ECONSTRUCT:ANEDUCATIONPACKAGEANDANENVIRONMENTALHANDBOOK迈克·麦，安妮·戴伊/MikeMcEvoyAnne本期从设计工具、方法以及高等教育的方面探讨生态建造：教育套餐和环境篇ECONSTRUCT:ANEDUCATIONPACKAGEANDANENVIRONMENTALHANDBOOK迈克·麦，安妮·戴伊/MikeMcEvoyAnne本期从设计工具、方法以及高等教育的方面探讨目大学建筑系马丁中心开展了一个初步命为生态建造（ECOnstruct的环境教由英国工程和物理科学研 赞助。生态建造有与 业盘中提出了——你的家 营造现状另一方开发一个面向16～19岁的学生的光盘，未来之可持续性趋势发展的准型：家和学校。它开篇就描述了相关的建材能耗（Embodiedenergy、运行能耗（Operationalngy）性的未来下一代的介手册中更深入地研了这些问并关注到了其他建筑类型公建筑文境和教系列的要他们查明他们的家和学校的建时 那些源自英国或是其他先进国家和运转是否符合好的环境标准解释会指导使用者作出最终的评估能减少气候变化对建筑的影时它们对当地生:ECOnstructisaprojectconcernedheItisaimedattwomaingroups:16-19yearoldforwhomanandprofeTheeractiveCD-ROMisbeingalsfromheconstructionion-howgreenisyourandhowgreenisyourschool?Itdemonstrates建筑应有的尊严和义务，继续成为不断进design系统的水处理能力有破这可通过评ionaffecttheirenergyperformanceand方法来理这样不仅可以指导设而且可以量度筑相对于其他同对环境的影环境评估方法可能是最有名的。最初它toexplainhowtheirusecanaffecta筑hiswayit段的生态价值或建立自行车通勤设施来代替汽车的makeanassessmentoftheirownschool,orhome,andevaluatehowtheirperformancemighthavebeen等。BREEAM用一决定的等级looksatesingreater立，比的LEED（能源和环境设体系 .r目前BREEAM的一个版本中特别包括住宅和学校，分别被称为生态家和SEA（学校环境评估方法SEAM的目标不仅仅是让学校的建造和使用更具有可持续性，程的一部分。SEAM涉及了23个独立的关于学校影someoftheenvironmentalandunderlyingthedevelopmentoftheCD-ROM,anditsanyinghandbook,bothofwhichprogressingtowardsBREEAM方法一样，按每些energy,Lightweightvs.heavyweight另一些只针对学校环境，比如“校园运动场地”和 博当然其中绝大部分是评估能源和CO排放的情虽然能源利用规模和CO排放是社会关注的焦点和屋顶建造方法是一用的外墙建造2最近几年着欧洲对建造中能源有效利用的2够的高度房屋其他部分在冬天会有很大的温差结构重量社会贫困又伴随着善居住条件还能减当然其中绝大部分是评估能源和CO排放的情虽然能源利用规模和CO排放是社会关注的焦点和屋顶建造方法是一用的外墙建造2最近几年着欧洲对建造中能源有效利用的2够的高度房屋其他部分在冬天会有很大的温差结构重量社会贫困又伴随着善居住条件还能减400万的人没有能力负担供暖费用备管道以及外墙和屋顶的交接缝进入室内近年来由于天然气用于供暖和烧热水而减少了中的增长部分。英国建筑“NT（国人每年对环境的平均影响括处理废物的耗能其的影响研发了一套称为用的能源还筑物当保温效能提高后通风就成为更重要随着房屋保温效能的逐步提通风导致的热损失在总热量损失中占有的比例越来越房体放量的使用。总体来说，这样也减少了住宅的CO2封和按设计规范的通风已经被接受提高舒适度目前的另一个关注点是新住宅中不良的室内空气英国目前制定的最综合的评估体系是SPeAR（可总结而成，中2.5亿t～3亿t的用于水泥和制砖的材料以占中运行能耗所占比例相对于建材能耗增加了。住宅是车轮中心的星的大小，从而减少方案种SPeAR方法已经是生态建造手册中的一个评估工具减少建内的运行能耗的做法是合算的住宅的位置和密度直接决定了机动车的出行数量大部分对可持续发展括最的布特提议的定义涉及留给后代的远近距离以及公共交通的可能性。这城市未来发展子孙后代们的态度会有利于促成更可持续发展的世界态建造的初衷英国总能耗的1/3住宅能耗多一点。住宅保温性能吸入草气体会导致严重的身体健康问题，室内越来越多地环境手册正准备由英建它用光盘一样EST英国近50％的英国基本能耗是建筑物的能耗/3进的修正版的建筑规范建造的住宅与。英国潮湿的气候发的主要问题是水凝结原因导致霉的生长，从而一种依赖的方最容易获得的再生能源是在墙楼板和屋顶增加保减少冬式内供要求的最高保温值是斯堪的纳维亚中的保温材了热能的进入住宅有相对较小的体量和相对较大的外表面因户和天光直接辐射进入室内的。为了在北纬地区的房屋 ，并且热量接收材的布置需要的移动。这增加保温层的厚度就它们的建造是体的变厚同时影响到占有地段方式的可生存问题。现代建造过程中加厚的住宅保温层对于常前在英国仍占很约50％的供暖的20世纪前建造的住宅相比将能损失是一个问题夏季住宅的过热可以很容易地英国可持续建筑/SUSTAINABLEHE1的能将会导致室内过热甚至在冬季因而利惰性材料和夜间通风的结合能有效进行预冷，利用遮由于保温标准的提高阳能的方法在今后还需要更深入的探索对于一直有人使用的集中建造有很大的优来辐射能可以使通风系统的荷载降到最小值可能只安装全抽风系统，至多为抽送风系统，而的能将会导致室内过热甚至在冬季因而利惰性材料和夜间通风的结合能有效进行预冷，利用遮由于保温标准的提高阳能的方法在今后还需要更深入的探索对于一直有人使用的集中建造有很大的优来辐射能可以使通风系统的荷载降到最小值可能只安装全抽风系统，至多为抽送风系统，而空气免人工制冷常用的暖通空调（HVC）系统为了节能只有5％新风用能的获取和减少室外温度变化对室度的影响住宅是否一直被使以及居住和发展模的变化都是可同时的房屋是在厂加工而不是现场施轻质房屋更这就在屋建造地采用木框架和砖质墙的组合或目前采用的钢框架结构行的超保温房屋导致室内过热和房屋缺少热惰如果结合能源管有利于减少温室气体的消耗和排放英学校的工作区域和大厅要达人均8L/s的新风频率来准是是很低的。另外目前大部分国家明确了可以接受的CO2度是在1×10～1.5×10之间，对应的换气率是人7~9L/s由于教室经常被高密度地使用CO浓度应该是空气新鲜程2英国学校的生态都一直在持续设备也是很重要的能耗设备。复印机是个人电脑功率英国学校系统是个很庞大的组方面它规模大，全英800万儿童在2.5万座学校中全日制另。英国学校建筑可以分为很多建造类型最明显的方面每年的教育经费是200的5总量超过1亿英镑学校房现在仍在使用时期砖砌的住宿学校建筑度的一代谢。呼出的CO增加时，将会伴随新2，因而CO的浓度能度量房间换气效果。290学校建筑建于二战之后0构。新西兰的研究表明采用钢和混凝土框架结构的学监测房间的过程中发现，CO的浓度不致危害健康，2是学校教非常低的通风污染（如粉笔建筑中建材CO排放量和建造方式相同的办公楼的29kg/m2尘以及白板马克笔中溶剂的浓度会迅速提高可以理解的是人们关于何为最好的测量学校室不同的话年排放量大各异大部分学校依和液体空气质量的方法还没有达到共在学校在考虑到CO2微生物、霉素和过敏物质质疑的是CO的浓2影响和可持续发中的重筑环境管理量的8002％。环境设计同等重要理决策的目标是减少房屋在其命内的3个阶段的一是减少供使用产生更少CO的供给，比如用2式而少用电有超过110的CO度，但是不良建筑综合症与2并没有必要相关性新陈代谢产（如CO水蒸气和气味通风还可制冷2以及稀释空间中其他污染物的浓度贵严重影响成功量限制破坏室外空气质是英国而不是矿石中，这些可以作为孩子们可能的研究课英国大部分学校是通过窗户自然或者设备和通风口引入室外空气物浓度会随着通风频率增加而减小质量而又不过度空气污染仍多次超过了法定的健康和安全限值从这个角度开展了大量的测然一个建筑物低以及电在国家电网传送中有损失，用电也会增加2的排电脑技术设备运用的增加也是一个关注点特别电脑散热增大了夏季教室过热的可因而今后学位置在设计中无法外空位置也避免当地的污染（如停车场室外污染物的时候在一些例子中室外污染是短暂的，对制冷设备和空调的需求将会显著增加CO排放量。2需要寻求了在没有空调的情况下避免室内过内荷能获取量与通自然采冬季热量如上下班交段内可以关闭窗户、失的国学校完全避免机械通风是很难的1风口而仅用室内空气循环来避免污染20等大小的微粒进入室内参与空气循环滤非为学校使用的时间大多都在白天，这个时教室需要的较高的照度和良好的空需要hSPeAR.cfm Anderson,J.&Howard,N.,TheGreen风口而仅用室内空气循环来避免污染20等大小的微粒进入室内参与空气循环滤非为学校使用的时间大多都在白天，这个时教室需要的较高的照度和良好的空需要hSPeAR.cfm Anderson,J.&Howard,N.,TheGreenGuidetoHousingSpecification,Watford,BRE,2000BREEcohomes考2004-06-的颗粒和气体外污染空气了地处们根的移动位置作方案料以空气标部遮阳设施的分布都可与建造方式密切相关的从这个观点来构造是避免过热效能供暖效率最高的时间段在天和秋日照非常强烈而空气温度仍然较斜角也相当低倾4.BRENewsRelease,2004/03/02,BREEAMforBRE,学校设计至少在两个方面可以很好地解决可持续一方面学校作为一种建筑类型而经常使,展5.s:asinglescore且要求对所需材料基本的长期需根据老师和课程的改变而设计未来生的基础而不是阻碍1960（SCSD）系统id=52,BRE,?ofUnitedKingdomEnergy istics2002.&London,The ionaryOffice吸引了很多英国是地依靠人工供给方式却与创造未来灵活化环境的计划相。设计要实现自然采无机械制冷的通风以及对很长时间人们境的资源利用破坏造形式和环的国汉普郡0当代英国学校建筑喜欢运用钢或混凝土框从形成灵活的平面布为了经很多都使用彩色的IndexFaberandDETR,,8.DepartmentandtheEnvironment,TransporttheRegions(DETR)QualityandA,制砌块体来形成彩色绘画的外部效果是建内forall.London需要重漆而形成了潜在的环境成近几年木材被泛使特别是雪松板这种木材优点是不变形而且DETR,9.TheBedZED.建造系统的运用而进一。它们由于缺少保温层uk/fasttrack/reports,BillDunsterArchitects,10.GreatBritain,BestPracticeProgramme,InformationReport89.BedZED-Beddington但是世界范围内雪松已经发展的以上就是这一系列活动的背景：学生们完成生态造问被邀请研究他们的家和学比如去观察他天光可以用来照 BRESCU,. 人工采光的耗电是重要的运行费用很大程度上间接增加了CO的排放环境意识良好的学校社2中，可以教育学生们在离开时关灯来相对容易地控制的设计是否能利到更有效的替代电的方案来降低运行能耗类型的可持续发展的特定要求成功的可持续发展需要共同努力负责建筑未来Houghton,J.‘Globalwarming:ThecompleteLeadershipinEnergy&EnvironmentalDesign(LEED)参考,2004-06-08:工采学校管也要执行学校能更换的、闪烁的以及脏的灯为它们极大地降低也可以用袖珍荧光（CFLs）取代钨丝灯虽然前期费用比较高但前者有高得多的工作效率和专和代未来的学生们站在论战的最前沿13.WorldCommisDevelopment(WECD),onEnvironmentOurCommonFuture,长。希望生态建造向他们强调了关于建成环境的各种学校也特别适合运式能的设计原则英国可持续建筑/SUSTAINABLEHE1 comparisonsbyaratingscale thas 360-degree‘wheel’describingeachof ArchitectureDepartment’sMartinCentre,determinedthroughcommittee.Similarsystemshavebeenesinothercountries:theUSequiv(LeadershipinEnerfornexpert entionisResearchCouncil,isanwheeltherebyreducingteoverallhasct.:ontheonehanditiseARmethodbeenusedastheevaluationtoolfortheEChandbook,amuch-simplified comparisonsbyaratingscale thas 360-degree‘wheel’describingeachof ArchitectureDepartment’sMartinCentre,determinedthroughcommittee.Similarsystemshavebeenesinothercountries:theUSequiv(LeadershipinEnerfornexpert entionisResearchCouncil,isanwheeltherebyreducingteoverallhasct.:ontheonehanditiseARmethodbeenusedastheevaluationtoolfortheEChandbook,amuch-simplifiedveremployedfortheCD-genvironmentaldesignaresourcefordesignprofestimewearedevelorveasls.AttheAoftaddresseshousingisnowavailable(namedEcoHomes),aswellasaschoolsequivalentcalledSEAM(SchoolsEnvironmentalAssessmentMethod).SEAM’saimsarenotonlytomakeschoolsmoresustainableheirconstructionanduse,butalsotomakestudentsawareenvironmentalies,whichareonepropoundedbytheBrundtlandCommise16-19yearoldschoolchildrentothetsfortheachievementofsustainablefuturefortheTheCD-romisdirectedtowardstheecologicallegacywearebequeathingtochildren,andwhatmustbedoneforthebefuturegenerationstoreducetheimpactivitieshaveonthenaturalenvirareasaconsequencetwoaspectsschools.edbydescribingtherelativeamountsofembodiedandoperationalenergy,greenhousegas s,andwiderenvironmentalimpacts schoolanddomesticconstructionhaveonthetrequirethemtofindwhethertheirhomesandschoolshavebeenconstructed,andarebeingoperated,togoodenvironmentalstandards.Aguidetheuserthroughtotheconcludingandhome.Theenvironmentaldesignhandbookaddressesthe eofevaluationatgreaterlength.findingtheirSEAMaddressesotheUKschoolfactorsinrelationlshavemendationsforhersandimpact,andmakespatternsngeducatechildrentouoftheseiattitudescanachievementofthisspiritBREEAM,relativeimportanceassignedtogenerally,suchas‘siteselection’,sour‘hardwoodsandsoftwoods’and‘useofrecycledmaterialsinnewbuildings’,othersareveryspecifictoschoolIncommonwiththeCD-romtheEnvironmentalgrounds’spolicy.hessEachchapteroutlinestheprincipalfcomparethewiderangetcanperformance,dividedbetnthoseconcernedenvironmentalmanagement.Inrecentyearsasincreasingrequirementsproblematic.Economic, landtype’scharacteristicenvironmentandconstruction.Typicalformsofbuildingareevaluatedusingthemethodologyunderlyingtheargument,includingcommentaryfromtheirTheEcologyofUKHousineract.For le,theexpenseofitswildlifehabi.Atthebuildingscale,adevelopmentmay,bytheuseofenergysavingtechnologiesandegratedrenewableenergysour,reducethebuilding’sclimatechangeimpact,whilstneverthelesshavingadetrimentaleffectonthewatermanagementcapabilityofthelocalecology.Thesedifferingfactorscanbeunderstoodthroughtheuseofanassessmentmethod.ThiscanbothinformdesignandgaugebuildingsenergyefficientconstructionhaveacrossEurope,theimportanceenergy,theenergyrequiredtoextractconvertorawmaterialsandthenJustn50%oftheUK'sprimaryenergyoeanusedinbuildings.Thepredominantformsoflow-risehousingheUKareindividualdetachedhouses,linkedorsemi-detached,androworproportion,thedomesticsectorisresponsibleprofile.TheUKhavedevelopedammeasuresabuildingswholenvironmentalimpactofabandservicingsystemsof ecost,anding’sthesecondlargestuseoffinalheUK,saHousingalsohasalargepotentialforenergyyheUKthemethodknownasyear,not ermsofenergyusedbutoftheexistingandunimprovedbuilding(theBuildingResearchEstablishmentEnvironmentalscopehasbeenwidenedovertime.Thismethodawardsposfortheincorporationwasterequiringal,andrawn50%ofthespaceheatingrequirementofThemostinclusiveUKassessmentsystemdevisedishowevertheSPeAR(Sustainablepre-20thcenturyAppraisalRoutine)roducedbythepartofthenation’sstockofAlthoughthescaleofenergyuseand2energysavingchashighnationalengineeringconsultancyofboilers,theadvantagesofwhichareobjectivelycalculable.MuchlesseasilymeasuredaretheecologicalvalueofthesiteorthebenefitsconstructingbicyclefacilitiestoobviatetheDrawingexperiencefromaprojects,SPeARaddressesthenottheonlyreasonwhyer-related conditionandoperationoftheexistingfactors.eisastardiagramwhere2heUK fromareaswithpplytothosein povertyttendantcorrelationstohighbothhighcapitalcostandenergyexpenditureisreasonanaimforfuturehousingistoreducewaterThesinglemosteffectivemeasurefortherebyincreasethermalcomfort.Thisworkslongastheairoutsideiscoolerntheairunemployment istics,andattendantheUK fromareaswithpplytothosein povertyttendantcorrelationstohighbothhighcapitalcostandenergyexpenditureisreasonanaimforfuturehousingistoreducewaterThesinglemosteffectivemeasurefortherebyincreasethermalcomfort.Thisworkslongastheairoutsideiscoolerntheairunemployment istics,andattendanttheeffectoffuelpoverty.TheinabilitytoaffordrunheatingsystemsinbadlyinsulatedtheheUK,thosefewsummeraffectsover4millionproblemisexacerbatedbyossduetowhenexternalairtemperaturesareehousing,istheamountoftcanaproblemforpassivesystems.Underinfiltrationofcoldairthroughgapsingapsheconstruction,particularlyarounddoorsandwindows,serviceentriesforpipes,andatthejunctionofwallsandroofs.Inrecentyearstheuseofsolidfuelhasowalls,floorsandroofstoreducethecircumstansomeformofmechanicalofspaceheatingrequiredinventilation,suchasceilingfans,provideseffectivetowardsScandinavianlevelsbeyondwhichAcurrentareaofconcernisthepoortolimithedetrimentaltohumanhealth.resultofout-gassingtbelessermsofenergyeHouseshavearelativelysmallvolume decreasingthetyofCO2sotheatmosphereforwhichhousingisincreasingthicknessofinsulationesastheformaldehydeusedinsheetmaterials.Non-smokers,for Isbeentsignificanthasimplicationsforthesiteareaoccupied,theextentoffoundations,andtheviabilityofconventionalconstructionmethods.Thethicknessofinsulationneededcontemporaryconstructionisachallengetotheusualmethodsofmakingwallsandroofsinedinelectricityusewillbemadebyimprovementstheefficiencyofhousehold termhoweverthenumberofapplianhouseholdissteadilyrising.perinhalationofslowlyclearingtobacccofairbornepollution.IadequatelevelofwconcentrationofparticulatesradioactivegasradonInadditiontherearetheenvironmentalduetoTheseamount UKperannum,themextraction,ofwhichthe250aggregatesandmaterialsformakingquarriedeachyearenergyconsumptionrelativeentandbrick-representembodiedThewidthofcommonmethodexternalwallswalling,whichistheherequiredforusehieveanthetwoleafsofhehumidclimateoftheUKthemainadequateconnectionthewallwithoutusingttothegrowthofmould,whichcancauseseriousrespiratoryproblems.Themostreadilyavailablesourceofrenewableenergy,withtheopportunityofreducingdependenceonfossilfuels,issolarenergy.InnorthernEuropedirectgainroofraftersareusuallyofplacingtheinsulationatceilinglevelcretesaconsiderabletemperaturedifferentialbettheroofstructureandtherestofthebuildingttheuseofhigherembodiedenergywertime.Newchas‘plybeamsarebeingusedtocreatethe hedepthwhilstnotyincreasingtheweightformsabarriertotheofthesun’ssothedirectofsolargainisHousinglocationanddensityhaveadirectbearingonthenumberandlengthofjourneysmadebycarandtheviabilityofpublictransport.Thesefactorshavehadaconsiderableinfluenceforurbandevelopmentacrossthecountry.AttheUK’senergyconsumptioni.e.slightlyaheadimprovedinsulation,isachievableinhousing,andthefuelconsumptioncharacteristicsofcarsshownprogressiveimprovement,theWheninsulationvaluesareincreasedwindowsandrooflights.Tooptimisesolar tohousesinnorthernlatitudes,windowsneedtobeprincipallyorientedprogressiveincreasestotalationisthesun,andthermalmassheirroomstobeedtotrackthesun’sincreasing.Inventilationinthroughgrhiswaythesun’swarmthcanbestoredheday,andprovideafreesupplyconsequentlythediurnaltemperaturecanbelessenedandtherequirementchimneystacks.Apartfromtheairprovided,infiltrationisverysubjecttochangesintheuseof istobalancetherelationto erenergyoss.Summerorderetheseproblemsbetterconstructioninconjunctionninhousesismosteasilyavoidedbyreducingsizeofthewindows.As enfuturedevelopmenttrendsandgrowthislessAmajorimpactofhousingconstructionanduseisinrelationtowatereconomy.Consumptiontby199517500millionlitresofwaterweredforpublicuseeachday.Althoughventilateright’. hiswayitethesibletoprovideaheavilyinsulated,directesasitcanleadtooverheating,eveninofairchangeappropriatetothelevelfuturebeopentooccupancy,whilstavoidingfortVentilationhastoperformdifferentForabuildingtismoreorlesscontinuousoccupancythereareadvantagesinusingthemassoftheofsupplyhaveroduced,and英国可持续建筑/SUSTAINABLEHE2ernalenvironmentfromexternal usedtoheat andwaterisreducedtoonly Victorianera,many lesofwhichare changes.Whetherhousingisstillcontinuouslyoccupied,giventheongoingchangesinoccupancyanddevelopmentpatterns,istoquestion.Atthesametimehoweverjustover50%,andesalotserviceableandinuse,fabricatedsystemschoolsfromThesignificantat24%.Consequentlyheamountofelectricityusedmajorityoftheschoolbuildingstock(80%)wasadditionofcourse,electricityproductionhassteelorconcreteframecoZealandhas0%arenreforanincreasedproportionofsestobefactorynsitemajorernalenvironmentfromexternal usedtoheat andwaterisreducedtoonly Victorianera,many lesofwhichare changes.Whetherhousingisstillcontinuouslyoccupied,giventheongoingchangesinoccupancyanddevelopmentpatterns,istoquestion.Atthesametimehoweverjustover50%,andesalotserviceableandinuse,fabricatedsystemschoolsfromThesignificantat24%.Consequentlyheamountofelectricityusedmajorityoftheschoolbuildingstock(80%)wasadditionofcourse,electricityproductionhassteelorconcreteframecoZealandhas0%arenreforanincreasedproportionofsestobefactorynsitemajorimpactonthevolumeof2tfindsitotheatmosphere,becauseoftheframeconstructioniscomparabletotheequivalentbasedonafiftyyearlifespanisapproximay9CO/mper23erationofelectricity,anduseoftimberstudpanelhousinghenlossesinherentindistributionviatheskinofbrick,orthemoreThegrowinguseofITequipmentisalsooferest,particularlysincetheheatgeneratedbycomputersincreasesthelikelihoodofclassroomsoverheatinginsummer.Theconsequentdemandforinstallationofmechanicalcoolingorconditioninghasincreasinglysteelstudpanelling,whichbothtendtowardsafastresponseenvironmentwithlowthermalmass.buildingstooverheat,andtheinabilityofconstructionwithoutthermalmasstoabsorbtemperaturevariations,thedebateIntermsofCOsthe2inanystrategytoreducethebuilding’sTheenvironmentalmanagementoftheanditsenvironmentaldesignareofimplicationsfortyof2twillv.lightweighTheEcologsanongoingandimportance.ManagementscanaimwithoutairconditioningrequiresachievingofUKSchoolbalance ernalloadsandsolargainTheschoolheUKisaverylyrelationtotheavailablerateofventilation,anisationreducingthesupplyrequired,eitherbycompetingrequirementsofheat yandmillionchildreninfulltimeeducationattending25,000schoolsaroundthecountry,andaccountingforacostof0billionayear,orover5%ofthecountry’stotaltaxexpenditure.toatlessCO,suchas2 .ventilationinfutureUKschoolsmaywellprovedifficult.Thecombinationofthermalmassnightventilationcanprovideusefulpre-cooling,reducingtheyThesofeducationinschoolsistheefficiencyoftheheatingsystem,byontheandinstallingcondensingboilers.Finally,thecombinedwithshadingtoblockthendfromtheschoolcanbereducedbyrecyclingstrategies.Theeducationengagementwithmanagemen Forexdispensedfromtheschool’ssolargain,shouldminimiseloadsonafurniture,schoolmealsandtheenergyusedsystem.Itmightsibletoinstallanextracttheirpreparation,inuseofofbuildings.Thenationalenergybillforschoolsitselfin sof00millionperTheomayimpactbadlyonthe softheunlessofcoursethealuminiumhasbeenschoolsofairconditioningsystemswouldbenotonlybedetrimentaltonationalaspirationsforincreasingsustainabilityinschools,butalsoforhealthofschoolchildren.MostcurrentSchoolsvaryintheirpatternorliquidpetroleumgasforheating,hotwaternsmeltedfromore,thesourcebeingpotentialresearchchildrentcanbemadebytheoperationofsomekitchen. heUKarenaturallyofthesupplybeingre-circulatedtoreduceminorityofUKschoolsareexclusivelyusingwindows,orwadmittingairfromthincreasingdegreeofcotheindoorenvironmentinengineeredlevelofventmodation betparameters concentration;andtheenergyeveiresanmpeting,whichisTheinbuiltenergysavingletoheatroomsandforcooking standardinelectricalequipmentcanhelpheUKtnearly80%ofthetotalbothconsumptionstowardsspaceheatingandthesupplyofhotgases,n10%eachisgivenovertothenextThestand-energyconsumeduseswhicharelightingandPCsis50to75%twheninoperation,theregionof2%ofthetotal.Inordertosavemoneytheachievementoffocusforattention.Sincehoweverelectricityturningmachinesinschoolsoffwhennotinrateincreases,andatagivenlconstitutearisktoindoorairrisessothedesignlevelfoshouldbesufficienttomabetoogreat.rateofcanreduceenergyconsumptionto10%tleftonallthetime.OtherequipmentsuchersandphotocopiersareveryfivetimesthewattageofaPC,andsincetheyoften6timesasexpensiveasfossildeliveredkWh,theactualcostofthefossilfuelalsoresponsiblefortheaddingtinschoolsmayineffectonlyrepresentnareaconcernforhumanhealthtotheair,beingresponsibleforthevastmajorityofoverallareratherdifferentasaresult.ThehebuildingandforosshasconstitutedaventilationisadesignUKschoolbuildingsoanumber2 mayalsoberequiredforcooling,aswellas doubtcorroded,aluminiumslidingwindows evenhecoldclimatesofScandinavia,willprovideapoorseal.Replacementtitivelyontosealshespace.Thecontroloftrequirementsforthattimeswhenthenighttimeintionofwouldotherwiseenterthebuildingfromoutsideisparticulartismostextremeintheaddedadvantagesofopeningsafely,gisunoccupied, mayalsoberequiredforcooling,aswellas doubtcorroded,aluminiumslidingwindows evenhecoldclimatesofScandinavia,willprovideapoorseal.Replacementtitivelyontosealshespace.Thecontroloftrequirementsforthattimeswhenthenighttimeintionofwouldotherwiseenterthebuildingfromoutsideisparticulartismostextremeintheaddedadvantagesofopeningsafely,gisunoccupied,havingtheabilitytobecleanedfromtolimitthetemperaturedifferencebetoutsideincreasestherateofheexacerbatedbyairinfiltrationthroughmechanical,shouldbedesignedfortheexceedslegalndl slongbeentthebuildingsinproblematiclocationsneedtoqualityprovidedbydaylightisparticularlyThetallwindowscharacteristicoftheVictorianBoardschoolswereabletoprojectlighttothebackofroomsandthetallroomshelpedguardagainstoverheating.WindowsillswerehighanextentofwalltcouldbeusedforfromofpoorqualitythebackgroundlevelshouldbeenoughtoprovideAvarietyofmeasuresareavailablefrombuildingsleastamenabletodesigncontrol,thelocationsTheernment’srequirementeoferson.schoolworkingventilationatarateof8l/soffreshaminimumthereshouldbeprovi lecaresbutmadeforrospectivet-warUKschoolsBuildingsalsohavetobeairtighttotrepressiveairchangerateisnotdominatedbythe theotherhandwereheavilyglazedtominimumdaylightfactorsernationalstandards.Inadditionandtoallowaviewout,butwerealsofortableinsummerdue lowavoided.Insometransient,whereforoutdoorpollutionletherearepeakscountriesnowspecifyasatisfactory2andinertimeweretoocoldbecauseofconcentrationofbetwhichcorrespondsn1000and1500anairratesingleglazedwindows.Theseproblemsexaggeratedbythelightweightsystemconstructionscharacteristicoftheperiod.timesofrushhourtraffic,anditmaysiblen7and9l/sBecauseclassroomsaredenselyoccupied,themetabolicaspectsofventilationtendtobeuppermostinimportance,incasemeasuringtheconcentrationofhadminimalinsulationandthermalmasstlikeaschool,havingahighoccupantdenlengthoftimeforwhichthismightbefhoweverbeaslittleastwentyminuwidelyusedfilterstostopdustand,thelouttemperaturepeaks.heairshouldgiveagoodindicationitsfreshness.Theamountofttotheoftensinglestoreysoilluminateinnerspayarecanbeusedconcentrationgivesameasureoftheadequacyoftheroom’sventilationrate.Attheusuallyfoundduringthemonitoringofrooms,2doesnotcauseahazardtohealth,butschoolclassroomshavebeenshowninthiswaytobepronetoverylowlevelsofventilation,levels(suchasairbornechalkdustandasasatisfactorywayofdealingwithpoorplanbuildings.Sincerooflightsprovidetheefficientmethodofdaylighting,astheyfacetowardstheunobstructedsky,andcanbeTherelationshipnairtightness,usefulforventilation es,theyarecomponentofthistypeofachievementofindoorairqualityrequirementsenergygoalsiscloselyrelatedtothechoicefromasaens)canrisevery runningcostwithconsiderableimplicationsforconstructionsystem.Commadefrommaterialswithcharacteristicsareproblematicfromthisiteconstructionsdifferentmovementtobeofview.PerhapsnotsurprisinglythereislittleaboutthebestwayofmeasuringthequalityextentofCO2s.Inaneasytocontroltheuseof llightingedtomicrobes,toxinsand ingstudentstoswitchoffprefabricatedframeandpaneareparticularlysusceptibletomovementr .Arguably,COconcentrations2systemstocontrolthesemoreinsidiouscomponentsofindoorenvironment.Asurveybeenleftoninunoccupiedareas.Thefittingsoperateata yreduceddegreeschoolsinDenmarkhas70%oftheschoolsconcentrationsintevenefficiency.Day-to-day enanceso.Schoolsofthissortarelikelytohavehadcarbondioxidecompactfluorescents(CFLs)whichalthoughmoreandalongerlife.Schoolsareparticularlysuitedtothetheoccupiedperiodforschoolsapproximatestotheperiodofthedaywhenthesunislikelytoabletocontributetorequirementsforheatingongoingairtightness. (SBS)symptoms;therewashoweverarelationshipwithmeasuredconcentrationsofparticlesandmouldspores.Windowsneedtobeyostructuralopenings.WindowTheofoxygenforbreathinganduseofairsealsareabletoachieveSlidingwindowsanddoorsare2andodour)areasaconsequencefarfromofview.Manyolder英国可持续建筑/SUSTAINABLEHE2Refere:makingofschoolenvironments,thehistoryofaswellasfromtheperimeter.ThisendsheUKcountyof shireovertheSPeAR.cfm&,currentasof8thJune toadeepplanformofbuildingpunctuatedbycourtyardsoratria,thelargeareaofroofhavingthepotentialtobeheavilyinsulated.Thehighluminancelevelsrequiredinschoolclassrooms,coupledwiththenesitytomaaingoodairquality,doeshoweverRefere:makingofschoolenvironments,thehistoryofaswellasfromtheperimeter.ThisendsheUKcountyof shireovertheSPeAR.cfm&,currentasof8thJune toadeepplanformofbuildingpunctuatedbycourtyardsoratria,thelargeareaofroofhavingthepotentialtobeheavilyin