(完整版)英美概况课后习题答案

WhatisthefullnameoftheU.K.?UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandWhydotouristsfromallovertheworldliketogotoScotland?TheyliketoenjoythebeautifulScottishscenery,todrinkScotchwhiskyandtoseeScotsmenwearingkiltsandplayingbagpipes.HowmanyperiodscanthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagebedividedintoandwhatarethey?ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagecanbedividedintothreeperiods:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish.WhydidEnglishbecomemoreimportantafterBlackDeath?ThelaboringandmerchantclassesgrewineconomicandsocialimportanceaftertheBlackDeath,soEnglishalsogrewinimportancecomparedtoFrench.WhoaretheBritishPeople?ThefirstknowninhabitantsinBritainwereCeltswhoaretheancestorsoftheWelsh,ScottishandIrishpeople.ThencametheAnglos,theSaxonsandtheJuteswhobroughtwiththemtheEnglishlanguage.ManypeoplefromotherEuropeancountriescamelater,andinmoderntimestherearealotofimmigrantsfrommanyformerCommonwealthcountriesfromeverypartoftheworld.Britainisacountryofmixedcultures,andtheBritainpeoplearealsocomposedofpeoplefromdifferentethicandculturebackgrounds.WhatisStandardEnglish?StandardEnglishisbasedonthespeechoftheupperclassofsoutheasternEngland.Itiswidelyusedinmediaandtaughtatschools.Itispreferredbytheeducated,middle-classpeople.IthasdevelopedandhasbeenpromotedasamodelforcorrectBritainEnglish.Itisalsothenormcarriedoverseas.Today,StandardEnglishiscodifiedtotheextentthatthegrammarandvocabularyaremuchthesameeverywhereintheworldwhereEnglishistaughtandused.WhatarethetwocomponentsoftheBritishParliament?theHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLords.WhatweresomeofQueenVictoria'smajorachievement?QueenVictoriamadetremendousachievementsinalmosteveryaspect.Shepromotedfurtherindustrialrevolution,thebuildingofrailwaysandthegrowingoftradeandcommerce.Bytheendofherreign,Britainhaddevelopedtoanempireincludingaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworld'slandmass.WhatwerethetwocampsinEuropeinWorldWar1?TheCentralPowerswhichincludedGermany,Austria-Hungary,theOttomanEmpireandBulgariaandtheAlliedPowerswhichweremainlycomprisedofFrance,theRussiaEmpire,theBritainEmpire,ItalyandtheUnitedStates.WhydidBritaincooperatecloselywiththeUnitedStatesafterWorldWar2?BecausetheywerealliedduringthewarandsharedthesameworriesabouttheformerSovietUnion.WhatweretheresultsoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain?TheIndustrialRevolutionchangedBritaininmanyways.First,industrialcountryincreaseddramatically.Britainbecamethemostadvancedindustrialcountryandalsothefinancialcenterintheworld.Second,urbanizationtookplace.Manynewcitiessprangup.Third,itcausedgreatchangesintheclassstructure.Theoldsocialclassesdeclined,andnewonesemergedanddeveloped.TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire?ColonizationofNewfoundland,thefirstBritishcolonyoverseas,in1583markedthebeginningoftheBritishEmpire.By1837,BritishhadlongbeenanempirewhichincludedthecoloniesinCanada,Australia,NewZealand,IndiaandmanysmallstatesintheWestIndies.Bytheendof19thcentury,theBritishEmpireincludedaquarteroftheglobalpopulationandnearlyaquarteroftheworld'slandmass.Duringthemid-19thcentury,theBritishgovernmentconsolidatedtheexistingcoloniesbybringingthemunderthedirectcontrolofthegovernment.BeforeWorldWar1,Britainhadthelargestcolonialempireintheworld.However,BritainsufferedgreatlosstoitsmanpowerinthetwoWorldWarsandexhausteditsreservesofgold,dollarsandoverseasinvestment.MostofBritain'scoloniesgainedindependencesincethe1940s,whichinevitablyledtothefalltheEmpire.WhatarethethreefunctionsoftheHouseofCommons?todraftlaws,toscrutinize,criticizeandrestraintheactivitiesofthegovernment,andtoinfluencefuturegovernmentpolicy.WhyistheConservativePartysometimescalledthe"Right"?BecausetheConservativePartyissupportedbylandownersandbusinessmen,whoareoftenfromthemiddleandupper-middleclass.WhatkindofpublicimagedoesLiberalDemocratshaveinBritain?TheLiberalDemocratsisperceivedas"middle"betweentheConservativeandtheLaborParty.Itiscomparativelyflexibleandpragmaticinitsbalanceoftheindividualandthesocial.ItemphasizestheneedforachangeinBritain'sconstitutionalarrangementstomakethegovernmentmoredemocraticandaccountable.Whyareindependentcandidatesunlikelytowininthegeneralelection?Becauseeveniftheywereelected,theywouldbepowerlessinParliament.Therefore,itisnotpossibleformanypeopletovoteforindependentcandidates.WhatdoBritishelectoralcampaignsusuallyinvolveduringtheprocessofageneralelection?Theelectoralcampaignsusuallyinvolveadvertisinginnewspapers,door-to-doorcampaigningandleaflets.Themainpartiesaregivenshortperiodsoftimeonnationaltelevisiontopresenttheirpoliciestothepublic.Apartfromtheparties'ownpublicity,newspapersandTVprogramsspendalotoftimediscussingthecampaign,interviewingpoliticians,andpredictingtheresults.WhatistheCommonwealthofNations?TheCommonwealthofNationsisavoluntaryassociationofindependentsovereignstates,allofwhichacknowledgetheBritishmonarchasthehead.TheCommonwealthisnotapoliticalunionofanysort,anditsmemberstateshavefullautonomytomanagetheirinternalandexternalaffairs.Itisprimarilyanorganizationinwhichcountrieswithdiverseeconomicbackgroundshaveanopportunityforcloseandequalinteractionaftergainingindependence.ThemajoractivitiesoftheCommonwealtharedesignedtoadvocatedemocracy,humanrights,andtopromoteeconomiccooperationandgrowthwithinitsmembers.WhatwasthenegativeaspectofThatcher'sreformintheearly1980s?Itsnegativeaspectwasarapidincreaseinunemployment.In1982,theunemploymentratereachedtheleveloftheGreatDepressionyears,withthreemillionpeopleoutofwork.WhatarethecharacteristicsofBritain'sagriculture?British'sagricultureischaracterizedbyasmallportionofthepopulationengagedinagriculturalactivitieswithahighdegreeofmechanization.Althoughitemploysamere1%ofthecountry'slaborforce,itmeetsaround60%ofthenationaldemands.WhathappenedtoBritain'sbeefindustryinthemid-1990s?British'sbeefindustrywashitbadlybyBSE,resultinginabanonbeefexportsin1996.WhataresomeofthepopulartouristattractioninBritain?ThepopulartouristattractionsinEnglishinclude:theDorsetandtheEastDevonCoast,theLakeDistrict,Stonehenge,WindsorCastle,universitytownsofOxfordandCambridge,TowerofLondon,St.Paul'sCathedralandsoon.WhatwerethemajorcausesofBritain'srelativeeconomicdeclineinthepostwarperiod?British'seconomyexperiencedarelativedeclineinthepostwarperiodforseveralreasons.First,BritishsufferedagreatlossesinthetwoWorldWarsandhadgoneheavilyintodebttofinancethewar.Second,theeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover.IndiaandotherBritishcolonies,whichprovidedrawmaterialandlargemarketforBritishgoods,gainedtheirindependence.Third,Britishwasforcedtomaintainanexpensivemilitarypresenceinmanyoverseaslocationsuntiltheendof1960s.Fourth,BritishhadtomakesubstantialfinancialcontributionstoNATOandUNSecurityCouncil.Finally,BritishfailedtoinvestinindustryafterWorldWar2whereasitscompetitorslikeGermanyandJapancaughtupwithBritishbuyinvestinginthemostmodernequipmentandmeansofproduction.WhydodevelopednationslikeBritainencouragethedevelopmentoftheserviceindustry?Theserviceindustryhasplayedanincreasinglyimportantroleineconomyinthedevelopmentcountries.Ontheotherhand,itrequiresalargegroupofpeopleworkinginitsothatabundantemploymentopportunitiesareprovided.Ontheotherhand,theserviceindustrycauseslittlepollution.1.WhatusedtobethemajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsandvocationalschoolsinBritain?Themajorfunctionsofgrammarschoolsweretotrainthemostacademicallycapablestudentsandpreparethemforuniversity,whereasthemajorfunctionsofvocationalschoolsweretohelplesssuccessfulstudentstolearnatrade.2.WhatkindofsubjectsdoBritaincomprehensiveschoolsprovide?Britishcomprehensiveschoolsprovideageneraleducation,offeringbothacademicsubjectslikeliteratureandscience,andpracticalsubjectslikecookingandcarpentry.InwhatwaysdoBritainuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedom?Britishuniversitiesenjoycompleteacademicfreedombecausetheycanappointtheirownstaff,decidewhichstudentstoadmit,providetheirowncoursesandawardtheirowndegrees.HowdostudentsintheOpenUniversityreceivetheireducation?Thestudentsfollowuniversitycoursesthroughtextbooks,TVandradiobroadcasts,correspondence,video,andanetworkofstudycenters.WhatroledoesthemediaplayinBritainleisureculture?ThemediaplaysanessentialroleinBritishleisureculturesinceithelpstoshapethepublic'sopinion,determinepeople'smoralandpoliticalorientationandconsolidateorunderminetheruleofagovernment.1.WhatarethegeneralfeatureofBritain'sindependentschools?British'sindependentschoolsrequirefeesfromstudents.AlthoughtheNationalCurriculumisoptionalintheindependentsystem,mostindependentschoolsteachwhatthecurriculumdemands.Independentschoolsgettheirfundingthroughtuitionfeesaswellasgovernmentassistance.Sincetheyaregenerallybetter-fundedthanmoststateschools,theycanrecruitthebestteachersandprovidesuperiorfacilities.However,hightuitionfeeshavebecomeanobstacleformanystudentstoenroll.2.The"qualitypress"andthe"tabloids"inBritain?Amongthe10dailypublishednationalnewspapersinBritish,abouthalfofthemareregardedasthe"qualitypress"sincetheycarryin-deptharticlesofparticularpoliticalandsocialimportance,andreviewsandfeaturearticlesabout"highculture",andtheyaregenerallyreadbywell-educatedpeople.TheTimes,TheGuardianandTheDailyTelegrapharegoodcasesinpointofthequalitypress.The"tabloids",withcolorphotosandstrikingheadlines,usuallycoverscandalsandgossipaboutcelebritiesinpolitics,sportsandentertainment.AtypicalexampleisTheNewsoftheWorld.Chapter81.HowistheAmericanpopulationdistributed?ThedistributionoftheAmericanpopulationisratheruneventhemostdenselypopulatedregionisthenortheasternpartofthecountry.Thegreatplainshaveacomparativelysmallpopulation.thesouthalsohasapopulationofalmost57.5million.thewestisnotdenselypopulated,exceptforsomemetropolitancenterslikelosAngelesandsanFrancisco.ithasabout20%ofthenation'spopulation.2.Whywastheimmigrationactof1942instituted?Thenewimmigrantsintheunitedstates,beingpoorandaccustomedtopoverty,werewillingtoworkforverylowwages.thismadeotherworkersafraidthattheimmigrantswouldlsandtakejobsawayfromthem.thisoppositionledtotheimmigrationactof1942.1．WhyistheUnitedStatesregardedasa”meltingpot”anda”saladbowl”?TheUnitedStatesisnotmerelyanation,butanationofnations.Theimmigrantscameinwaves,includingtheEuropeans,theAfricansandtheAsians.Therefore,Americaisdescribedasa"meltingpot"wherevariousracialandethnicgroupsareassimilateintoAmericanculture.Recently,Americahasbeencalleda"saladbowl"inthatpeopleofdifferenceracesandethnicgroupsmixharmoniously,butatthesametimekeeptheirdistinctcultureandcustoms.2．Whatdoyouthinkisthebestwaytohelpassimilationinamulticulturalsociety?Thebestpossiblewaytohelpassimilationinamulticulturalsocietyistobeopenandtoleranttowarddifferentcultures.Peoplefromdifferentracialandethnicbackgroundsshouldrespecteachother.Societyshouldcreateopportunitiestohelpimmigrantsbecomeassimilated.Atthesametimetheimmigrantsshouldkeeptheirownlanguage,customsandreligion,contributingtothediversityofamulticulturalsociety.Chapter9WhydidAmericanchangeitspolicyandenterworldwarII?Becauseoftheformationoftheaxis,theAmericangovernmentfearedthattheaxiscountrieswerewiningthewaranditmightthreatenAmerica'ssecurityandinterests.itbegantoprovidewarequipmenttotheforeignnationsresistingtheaggressionoftheaxispower.theJapaneseairraidonpearlharborbecamethedirectcauseforAmerica'sentranceintothewar.WhatwereNixon'swell-knowncontributionsduringhispresidency?broughttheVietnamwartoaclosereestablishingU.S.relationswithchinanegotiatingthefirststrategicarmslimitationtreatywiththeformersovietunion.WhatwerethecontentsofReagan'seconomicprogram?Reagan'seconomicprogramcalledforreductionsinincometaxesandbusinesstaxesinordertoencourageinvestment,anditalsorequestedthatmanygovernmentregulationsbeeliminatedsoastoreducethefederalgovernment'sroleintheday-to-dayoperationofbusiness.1.WhatwasthecauseoftheAmericanCivilWar?TheSouthernplantersofAmericaneededalargenumberofblackAfricanslavestomanagetheirplantationsandtheyregardedtheslavesastheirproperty.IntheNorth,withthedevelopmentofindustry,therewasagrowingdemandforfreelabor.What'smore,theNorthernersdemandedalawtoprotecttariffsandaskedthegovernmenttofinancethebuildingofrailwaysandroads.ButtheSouthernerswereagainstitandadvocatedfreetradesoastopurchasecheapergoodsfromforeigncountries.TheaccumulatingconflictsledtothedivisionoftheNorthandtheSouthandfinallytheAmericanCivilWar.2.WhatmadetheUnitedStatesapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII?DuringthetwoWorldWars,Americaremainedneutralintheearlystage.However,Americanscontinuedtheirprofitabletradewiththewarringcountries.Therefore,theynotonlyretainedtheirmilitaryforces,butalsoaccumulatedgreatwealth.WhenAmericaenteredthewars,itwasalmostattheendofthewars.Bysharingthefruitofvictorywithotherallies,AmericagreatlystrengtheneditspowerandbecameapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII.Chapter101.WhatarethetwocharacteristicsoftheU.S.constitution?Oneis“checksandbalances”,theotheristhatthepowerofthecentralgovernmentandthepowersofstategovernmentsarespecified.2.Whatarethequalificationsforasenatorandarepresentativerespectively?Asenatormustbeover30yearsold,aU.S.citizenforatleastnineyears,andaresidentinthestatewhichtheyrepresent.arepresentativeshouldbeatleast25yearsoldandaU.S.citizenfornolessthansevenyears.Whatarethemajorpowersofthesupremecourt?tointerpretlawstohearappealsfromanyfederalcourtcases;tohearappealsfromstatecourtcasesthatinvolvetheconstitutionornationallawsd)maydeclarealawunconstitutionale)maydeclareapresidentialactunconstitutionalWhatisthedifferencebetweenthedemocratsandtherepublicansintermsofpoliticalopinions?Thedemocratswantthegovernmenttoplayanimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizefullemploymentasamatterofnationalconcerntheyfavorcivilrightslaws,astrongsocialsecuritysystemwhichgivesenterprisesagreaterfreedomanddemandthatthegovernmentcontrolinflation.Theystresstheneedforlawandorder,andopposecompletegovernmentsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortiontheyalsofavorastrongmilitarypostureandassertivestandininternationalrelations.1.HowistheAmericanPresidentvotedintooffice?WhatareyourideasabouttheAmericanelection?Eachpartyholdsitsnationalconventioneveryfouryearstochooseacandidateforpresidency.Towinapresidentiaellectiona,candidatehastospendmillionsofdollars,travelalloverthecountrytomakespeechesanddebateontelevisionwiththerival.Thegeneralelectionistechnicallydividedintotwostages.Duringthefstage,presidentiaelectorsforeachstatewillbechosen.InthesecondstagetheelectorsmeetandvoteaPresident.SincethesecondstageisonlyakindofformalieveryoneknowswhowillbethenextPresidentansoonasthefirststageisover.Ithinkthecandidatesspendtoomuchmoneyontheelectoralcampaigns.And,theelectioncannotsolvethesocialandeconomicproblemsoftheU.S.assomecandidatesdonotkeeptheirwordaftertheybecomePresident.2.WhatwasPresidentEisenhowersforeignpolicyandwhatweretheconsequences?PresidentEisenhowermadevigorouseffortstowagetheColdWar.Heplacednewemphasisondevelopingnuclearstrengthtopreventtheoutbreakofwar.HealsofrequentlyauthorizedtheCIAtoundertakesecretinterventiontsooverthrowunfriendlygovernmentsorprotectreliablaenti-communistleaderswhosepowerwasthreatened.TheCIAhelpedtopplethegovernmentsofIranandGuatemala,butitsufferedanembarrassingfailurienIndonesia.InadditionE,isenhowerusedU.S.powerandprestigetohelpcreateanon-communistgovernmentinSouthVietnam,whichbroughtdisastrouslong-termconsequencestotheUnitedStates.Chapter111.WhatindustrydevelopmentstookplaceduringthecolonialperiodofAmerica?Duringthecolonialperiod,thesecondaryindustriesdevelopedasthecoloniesgrew.avarietyofspecializesdawmillsandgristmillasppeared.Colonistsestablishedshipyardstobuildfishingfleetsandtradingvessels.theyalsobuiltsmallironfobythe18thcentury,regionalpatternsofdevelopmentinAmericahadbecomeclear.2.HowdidthecivilwaraffecttheAmericaneconomy?Afterthecivilwar,thelargesoutherncottonplantationsbecamemuchlessprofitable.northernindustries,whichhadexpandedrapidlybecauseofthedemandsofthewar,surgedahead.WhydoesAmericatrytoreducetradebarriers?Becausetheunitedstateshasincreasinglyrealizedthatopenbilateraltradewillnotonlyadvanceitsowneconomicinterests,butalsoenhancedomesticstabilityanditspeacefulrelationshipwithothernations.1.HowdidtheU.SconstitutionlaythegroundworkforAmerican'seconomicdevelopment?TheU.S.Constitution,asaneconomiccharter,establishedthattheentirenationwasaunifiedor"common"market.Therewerenotariffsortaxesoninterstatecommerce.Itprovidedthatthefederalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficeandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatentsandcopyrights.Thelast-mentionedclausewasanearlyrecognitionoftheimportanceof"intellectualproperty",amatterthatbeganassuminggreatimportanceintradenegotiationssincethelate20thcentury.2.CiteexamplestoillustratetheroleofgovernmentinterventioninAmerica'seconomicdevelopment.ThegovernmenthasalwaysplayedanactiveandimportantroleinAmerica'seconomicdevelopment.Intheearly1930s,thrUnitedStatessufferedtheworsteconomicdepressioninAmericanhistory.PresidentRooseveltintroducedtheNewDealtotacklethefinancialcrisis.Besides,hesetuptheNewYorkStateEmergencyReliefCommissiontohelpthoseindesperateneedandtriedtorelievetheseriousproblemsofthejobless.Attheendof1970s,theAmericaneconomyagainsufferedarecession.TheReaganadministrationcombatedinflationbycontrollinggovernmentspendingdeficit,cuttingtaxesandraisinginterestrates.Bothpoliciesmentionedabovehelpedtosetthecountry'seconomicdevelopmentonitsrightcourse,Inall,theinterventionofthegovernmenthasensuredthateconomicoppor