2022年广东公共英语考试真题卷1测

2022年广东公共英语考试真题卷（本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位: 姓名: 考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分ー、单项选择题（共50题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意）1.ForImmanuelKant,theEnIightenmentcouldbecapturedintwosmalIwords:sapereaude"daretothink".When3.500individualsprofessionallydevotedtothispropositionaregatheredunderoneroof,ashappenedatthe20thWorldCongressofPhiIosophyinBostonthisweek,theeffectmaybemoreofBabelthanof18th-genturydiscourse.ModernphiIosophyspeaksabewiIderingvarietyofIanguages,fromanalyticlogictoexistentiaIism,poststructuralism,semioticsandthewiIdershoresofecofeminism,andthereisafairdegreeofapartheidbetweenitspractitioners.Hencethetemptationtoviewthedisciplineastoorarefiedand"academic"formeremortals.Britonsarenotoriouslywaryoftheory;thenationaIprejudiceiswe11capturedbyKipling’s"Ifyoucanthinkandnotmakethoughtsyourmaster..."IsaiahBerIincapturedBritishheartswithhistongue-in-cheekremarkthathehadturnedtopoliticalthoughtbecause"phiIosophycanonIybedonebyverycleverpeopIe".ThisisoneofthefewEuropeancountrieswhereaImostnoschooIteachesphiIosophy.Yetinthisageofuncertainty,whentoday’svocationaItrainingmaybetomorrow’spassporttoredundancy,"daretothink"shouIdbethemottopinnedonthewalIofeveryundergraduateroomandrecruitmentagency.PhiIosophyismakingamodestcomebackinBritishuniversities,andnotbeforetime.ThegreatvirtueofphiIosophyisthatitteachesnotwhattothink,buthowtothink.Itisthestudyofmeaningfoftheprinciplesunderlyingconduct,thoughtandknowledge.Theskillsithonesaretheabilitytoanalyse,toquestionorthodoxiesandtoexpressthingsclearly.HoweverarcanesomephiIosophicaItextsmaybe—andnoteverybodycancometogripswiththedemandsofAustrianlogicalpositivism—theabilitytoformuIatequestionsandfollowargumentsistheessenceofeducation.Itcanalsobestudiedatmanylevels.IntheUS,wherethenumberofphiIosophygraduateshasincreasedby5percentayearduringthe1990s,onlyaveryfewgoontobecomephilosophers.TheiremployabiIity,at98.9percent,isimpressivebyanystandard.PhiIosophyhasaIwaysbeenagoodtrainingforthelaw;butitisequallyusefulforcomputerscientists.Inthiscountry,theHigherEducationStatisticsSurveyputsphiIosophyofsciencerightupwithmedicineinitsempIoymentrecordforgraduates.PhiIosophyis,incommercialjargon,theu11imate"transferabIeworkskiIl".ThatisnottheonlyargumentforexpandingphiIosophydepartmentsandencouragingsixth-formerstoreadPIato,orJohnStuartMillonIiberty.ChrisWoodhead,theChiefInspectorofSchooIsfhascautionedagainstanobsessionwiththenarrowlyvocationaI.LecturingtheConfederationofBritishIndustryonthe"sIyutiIitarianism"ofemployers,hedefendsaIiberaleducationasneeding"nojustificationbeyondthesatisfactionandenjoymentthatitbrings"TeenagerswaitingfortheirAlevelresultsandponderingdegreecoursesshouIdconsiderphiIosophy.Itisrewardinginitself;anditcouldnowadaysbethepassporttoasuccessful,variedcareer.WhatdothequotesofKiplingandIsaiahBerIininparagraph2show().A.BritishpeopIehaveprejudiceagainstphiIosophy.B.PhiIosophyUsedtoberegardedtoodifficultforpeopIe.G.PoliticsiseasiertomasterthanphiIosophy.D.PeopIewi11beensIavedbyphiIosophicaIthoughts.2.W：ProfessorWilliams,wenowhavemanykindsoffoodthatarecalledorganic.Forexample,wehaveorganicdairyproducts,organicmeatandchicken.DowehaveorganicfishnowM：Well,theanswertoyourquestionisyes,andno.IntheUnitedStates,theterm"；organic"；hasalegalmeaningsetbytheDepartmentofAgriculture.Thedepartmenthasanofficiallabel&rsquo；tomarkproductsthathavemettherequirementsofitsNationalOrganicProgram.Organicproductsusuallycostmore,buttheirsalesaregrowing.Asaresult,thereiscompetitiontolabelmoreproductsorganicbecausemanypeoplebelievetheyarehealthier.NowAgricultureDepartmentofficialsaretryingtodecidewhetherfishcanbecalledorganic.W：Yes,asyousaid,manyagriculturalproducesarelabeledorganic,butintheUS,thereisnosuchthingcalledorganicfishyet.M：Manyoperatorsoffishfarmsbelievetheycouldsellmorefishiftheycouldlabelthemorganic.Theindustrythatsellswild-caughtfishisalreadyunderpressurefromfarm-raisedseafood.ThatpressurecouldincreaseiftheAgricultureDepartmentapprovesproposedrequirementsforlabelingfishorganic.W：Iamsuretherearecriteriaforthefishtomeetiftheycanbecalledorganic.M：Yes,Earningtheorganiclabelrequirescontrolledconditions.Thequestioniswhetherfishthatswimwildandfree--likeAlaskansalmonーーcouldmeettheproposedrequirements.Yetfishfarmsmightnotallbeabletomeetthemeither.Someoperationsarecriticizedfortheirtreatmentoffishandtheriskofpollutiontowaterways.Fishfarmersandthewild-caughtindustryalsoargueaboutthepossiblepresenceofharmfulchemicalsineachother&rsquo；sproducts.Afewyearsago,anadvisorycommitteeconsideredrequestsbyfishfarmerstocalltheirproductsorganic.Theexpertssaidfarm-raisedfishshouldbelabeledorganiconlyiftheywerefedalmostcompletelyorganicplantfood.Farmedfishoftenhavelittleornofishintheirdiet.Butthoseproposedguidelineswerenotused.W：WhendoyouthinkAmericanpeoplecanhaveorganicfishontheirtableM：Morerecently,theAgricultureDepartmentformedanothergrouptoexaminepossiblerequirements.Thistime,thecommitteesuggestedseveralkindsoffoodthatfarmedfishcouldeatandstillbecalledorganic.But1thinkadecisionaboutwhetherfishcanbesoldwiththeorganiclabelmaystilltaketwoyearsormore.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE().FishstartedtobesoldwiththeorganiclabelafewyearsagointheUS.TheUSgovernmenthasadoptedguidelinesrecommendedbyanadvisorycommittee.Theissueoflabelingfishorganicwon&rsquo；tbesolvedverysoon.TheAmericanfishingindustryisbeginningtolosepatience.3.ForImmanueIKant,theEnIightenmentcouldbecapturedintwosmalIwords:sapereaude"daretothink".When3.500individualsprofessionallydevotedtothispropositionaregatheredunderoneroof,ashappenedatthe20thWorldCongressofPhilosophyinBostonthisweek,theeffectmaybemoreofBabelthanof18th-genturydiscourse.ModernphiIosophyspeaksabewiIderingvarietyoflanguages,fromanalyticlogictoexistentiaIismfpoststructuralism,semioticsandthewiIdershoresofecofeminism,andthereisafairdegreeofapartheidbetweenitspractitioners.Hencethetemptationtoviewthedisciplineastoorarefiedand"academic"formeremortals.BritonsarenotoriousIywaryoftheory;thenationaIprejudiceiswe11capturedbyKipling’s"Ifyoucanthinkandnotmakethoughtsyourmaster..."IsaiahBerIincapturedBritishheartswithhistongue-in-cheekremarkthathehadturnedtopoliticalthoughtbecause"phiIosophycanonIybedonebyverycleverpeopIe".ThisisoneofthefewEuropeancountrieswhereaImostnoschooIteachesphiIosophy.Yetinthisageofuncertainty,whentoday’svocationaItrainingmaybetomorrow’spassporttoredundancy,"daretothink"shouIdbethemottopinnedonthewalIofeveryundergraduateroomandrecruitmentagency.PhiIosophyismakingamodestcomebackinBritishuniversities,andnotbeforetime.ThegreatvirtueofphiIosophyisthatitteachesnotwhattothink,buthowtothink.Itisthestudyofmeaning,oftheprinciplesunderlyingconduct,thoughtandknowledge.Theskillsithonesaretheabilitytoanalyse,toquestionorthodoxiesandtoexpressthingsclearly.HoweverarcanesomephiIosophicaItextsmaybe—andnoteverybodycancometogripswiththedemandsofAustrianlogicalpositivism—theabilitytoformuIatequestionsandfollowargumentsistheessenceofeducation.Itcanalsobestudiedatmanylevels.IntheUS,wherethenumberofphiIosophygraduateshasincreasedby5percentayearduringthe1990s,onlyaveryfewgoontobecomephilosophers.TheiremployabiIity,at98.9percent,isimpressivebyanystandard.PhiIosophyhasaIwaysbeenagoodtrainingforthelaw;butitisequallyusefulforcomputerscientists.Inthiscountry,theHigherEducationStatisticsSurveyputsphiIosophyofsciencerightupwithmedicineinitsempIoymentrecordforgraduates.PhiIosophyis,incommercialjargon,theu11imate"transferabIeworkskiIl".ThatisnottheonlyargumentforexpandingphiIosophydepartmentsandencouragingsixth-formerstoreadPlato,orJohnStuartMillonIiberty.ChrisWoodhead,theChiefInspectorofSchools,hascautionedagainstanobsessionwiththenarrowlyvocationaI.LecturingtheConfederationofBritishIndustryonthe"sIyutiIitarianism"ofemployers,hedefendsaIiberaleducationasneeding"nojustificationbeyondthesatisfactionandenjoymentthatitbrings".TeenagerswaitingfortheirAlevelresultsandponderingdegreecoursesshouIdconsiderphilosophy.Itisrewardinginitself;anditcouldnowadaysbethepassporttoasuccessfuIvvariedcareer.WhyisphiIosophyofvitalsignificancetoeducation().BecauseitoffersfundamentaIvaIuestoeducation.Becauseittrainscreativitybyadvocatingsapereaude.BecauseitsarcanetextsarebeneficiaItostudents.BecausephiIosophygraduatescanfindbetterjobs.4.Farmersusuallyuseplowstopreparetheirfieldsforplantingcrops.Plowscutintotheground,andliftupweeds,andotherunwantedplants.However,plowingisblamedforcausingseveredamagetotopsoilbyremovingtheplantsthatprotectsoilfrombeingblownorwashedaway.ManyfarmersinSouthAsiaarenowtryingaprocesscalledLowTillFarming.LowTillFarminglimitstheuseofplows.Inthismethodoffarming,seedsandfertilizerareputintothesoilthroughsmallcutsmadeinthesurfaceoftheground.LowTillAgricultureleavesmuchorallthesoilandremainsofplantsontheground.Theyserveasanaturalfertilizerandhelpsupporttherootsoffuturecrops.Theytakeinrainandallowittoflowintothesoilinsteadofrunningoff.IthasbeenprovedthatLowTillFarmingincreasesharvestsandreduceswateruse,andthismethodreducestheneedforchemicalproductsbecausetherearefewerunwantedplants.ScientistssayLowTillFarmingisbecomingpopularinSouthAsia,whichisfacingaseverewatershortage.TheysaytheareawillbecomedependentonimportedfoodunlesswaterissavedthroughmethodslikeLowTillFarming.Currently,morethan150millionpeopleinSouthAsiadependonlocalriceandwheatcrops.Farmersgrowriceduringwetweather.Duringthedryseasontheygrowwheatinthesamefields.FarmersareusingtheLowTillFarmingmethodtoplantwheatafterharvestingrice.ScientistssayLowTillAgricultureisoneofthebestexamplesintheworldoftechnologiesworkingforbothpeopleandtheenvironment.HowmanypeopledependonlocalriceandfoodinSouthAsiacurrently().A.Morethan150millionpeople.Lessthan150millionpeople.About100millionpeople.About120millionpeople.5.Letter-writinggoesbackthousandsofyearsbutheatedupduringtheMiddleAgesandRenaissance.Historica11y(perhapsnow)Ietterswereindicatorsofstatusandbreeding.Likeconversation,theywereusedtomanipuIateyembelIish,entertain,threaten,seduceandofcoursedobusiness.OnthewayhomefromdiscoveringAmerica,ChristopherCoIumbusgotcaughtinastormandhismindturned—asagoodbourgeoisparent—tohistwosons.WhowouldpaytheirschooIfeesifhecametoawateryendHepiekedupaqui11anddocumentedhisaccompIishmentsonthevoyageforhisSpanishpatrons,KingFerdinandandQueenIsabella,rolleduptheletterinawoodenMadeiracaskandthrewitintothesea.ThiswasnotsomuchforposteritybutratherwhatUniversityofYorkprofessorWi11iamH.Shermanhascalled"afather’sdesperatepetitionforthefuturesupportofhischiIdren."The18thcenturywasstrongontheepistolarybook,whichmadeauthors’quarrelsespeciallyamusing.TobiasSmo11ettwroteTravelsThroughFrance&Italy(myfavouritelettercontainshisdescriptionofFrenchwomen:"AstheirfacesareconceaIedunderafalsecompIexion,sotheirheadsarecoveredwithavastIoadoffalsehair,frizzledattheforehead,soasexactIytoresemblethewoo11yheadsoftheGuineanegroes").HisapproachtoanythingforeignwasconsideredsofulIofspleenbyauthorLaurenceSternethathewasmovedtowriteASentimentaIJourney.ThissatiricaInovelgivesSmo11ettthenameSmeIfungus—acantankerousmanaddictedtoexaggeration,whotalksofbeing"fIay’daIive"bycannibals:"l’11telIit,criedSmeIfungus,totheworld.YouhadbettertelIit,saidI,toyourphysician."SamueIJohnson,inreferringtohisownletters,claims"...hissoulIiesnaked"buthehaddoubtsaboutthetruthfuInessofothers,writingthattherewas"notransactionwhichoffersstrongertemptationstofa11acyandsophisticationthanepistolaryintercourse."How-tobooksabounded.Letters,apartfrombusinessones,wereseenasafemininetask,andtempIatesaddressedfeminineprobIems.TheNewAcademyofCompIements,forexampIe,pubIishedin1671,titledthelettertobewrittenbyabandonedwomen"ACrack’tVirgintoHerDeceitfuIFriend."Hand-wringingisthemotif."Nowyouappearsofoul,thatnothingcanbemoremonstrous;isthisthefruitofyourPromisesandVows...howcomesitthentopass,thatyouforsakeme,ruinemyReputation,andleavemetobecometheMapofShameandIgnominy..."IlongtousetheMapofShamebitbutIsuspectitwasasunheIpfuIthenasboiIingbunniesisnow.AVanderbiItUniversitystudysayschiIdrentaughtcursivewritinglearnandexpressthemseIvesbetter.Ifso,Ihaveafewsuggestionsforoureducators;Howaboutletters"OnReprimandingaPersonofDifferenceWithoutIncurringHateCharges",or"AnAilingCitizentoHisCa11ousMinisterofHeaIth."ThepossibiIitiesare,sadly,Iimitless.ASentimentalJourneybyLaurenceSterne().isbasedonthestoriestoldinTravelsThroughFrance&Italy.isasequeIofTravelsThroughFrance&Italy.isatravelogue.hasacharactermodeIedonTobiasSmo11ett.Whileit&rsquo；struethatjustabouteverycellinthebodyhastheinstructionstomakeacompletehuman,mostofthoseinstructionsareinactivated,andwithgoodreason.Thelastthingyouwantisforyourbraincellstostartproducingstomachacidoryournosetoturnintoakidney.Theonlytimeceilstrulyhavethepotentialtoturnintoanyandallbodypartsisveryearlyinapregnancy,whenso-calledstemcellshaven&rsquo；tbeguntospecialize.Yetthisuntappedpotentialcouldbeaterrificboontomedicine.Mostdiseasesinvolvethedeathofhealthycells-braincellsinAlzheimer&rsquo；s,cardiaccellsinheartdisease,pancreaticcellsindiabetes,tonameafew.Ifdoctorscouldisolatestemcells,thendirecttheirgrowth,theymightbeabletofurnishpatientswithhealthyreplacementtissue.Itwasincrediblydifficult,butlastfallscientistsattheUniversityofWisconsinmanagedtoisolatestemcellsandgetthemtogrowintoneural,muscleandbonecells.Theprocessstillcan&rsquo；tbecontrolled,andmayhaveunforeseenlimitations.Butifeffortstounderstandandmasterstem-celldevelopmentprovesuccessful,doctorswillhaveatherapeutictoolofincrediblepower.Thesameappliestocloning,whichisreallyjusttheothersideofthecoin.Truecloning,asfirstshownwithDollythesheeptwoyearsago,involvestakingadevelopedcellandreactivatingthegenomewithin,resettingitsdevelopmentalinstructionstoapristinestate.Oncethathappens,therejuvenatedcellcandevelopintoafull-fledgedanimal,geneticallyidenticaltoitsparent.Foragriculture,inwhichpurelyphysicalcharacteristicslikemilkproductioninacoworlowfatinahoghaverealmarketvalue,biologicalcarboncopiescouldbecomeroutinewithinafewyears.ThispastyearscientistshavedoneformiceandcowswhatIanWilmutdidforDolly,andothercreaturesareboundtojointheclonedmenagerieinthecomingyear.Humancloning,ontheotherhand,maybetechnicallyfeasiblebutlegallyandemotionallymoredifficult.Still,onedayitwillhappen.Theabilitytoresetbodycellstoapristine,undevelopedstatecouldgivedoctorsexactlythesameadvantagestheywouldgetfromstemcells：thepotentialtomakehealthybodytissuesofallsorts,andthustocuredisease.Thatcouldprovetobeatree"；miraclecure"；.Thereasonanoseisnotlikelytoturnintoakidneyisthat().cellsinthenosedonotcontaininstructionsanosedoesnotcontainbraincellsinstructionsinanosecellareinactivatedthesterncellshavenotbeenspecializedW:DidyouknowitwasgoingtoraintodayM:AbsoIuteIynot.Thiscomesasabigshocktome,especia11ysincethepapersaysmostlysunny.W:Well,IguessthepapermusthavemeantmostIysunnysomewhereelse.Butsincewe’vecomeoutthisway,whydon’twejustmovethebIanketunderthattreeM:That’sagoodidea.ItlooksIikeit’sstilldrythere,aslongasitdoesn’tstarttocomedownanyharder.W:Youdidn’thappentobringusaspareblanket,didyouBecausethisoneisalIwetnow.M:No.ButIdohavesomefoldingstooIsinthecar.Wi11theydoW:They’11bejustfine.I’mreallyhungry.Sowhileyou’rethere,howaboutbringingoutthefoodM:Ithoughtyouwerebringingthefood.W:Thisisunbelievable.IfIweren’tsohungry,thiswouldbereallyfunny.SowhatnowM:What’sthenameoftherestaurantwhichyouIikesomuchWhatwi11thespeakersprobablydonext().Gohome.Gotoarestaurant.Unpackthecar.PutadrybIanketunderthetree.ForImmanuelKant,theEnlightenmentcouldbecapturedintwosmallwords：sapereaude"；daretothink"；.When3.500individualsprofessionallydevotedtothispropositionaregatheredunderoneroof,ashappenedatthe20thWorldCongressofPhilosophyinBostonthisweek.theeffectmaybemoreofBabelthanof18th-genturydiscourse.Modernphilosophyspeaksabewilderingvarietyoflanguages,fromanalyticlogictoexistentialism,poststructuralism,semioticsandthewildershoresofecofeminism,andthereisafairdegreeofapartheidbetweenitspractitioners.Hencethetemptationtoviewthedisciplineastoorarefiedand"；academic"；formeremortals.Britonsarenotoriouslywaryoftheory；thenationalprejudiceiswellcapturedbyKipling&rsquo；s"；Ifyoucanthinkandnotmakethoughtsyourmaster..."；IsaiahBerlincapturedBritishheartswithhistongue-in-cheekremarkthathehadturnedtopoliticalthoughtbecause"；philosophycanonlybedonebyverycleverpeople"；.ThisisoneofthefewEuropeancountrieswherealmostnoschoolteachesphilosophy.Yetinthisageofuncertainty,whentoday&rsquo；svocationaltrainingmaybetomorrow&rsquo；spassporttoredundancy,"；daretothink"；shouldbethemottopinnedonthewallofeveryundergraduateroomandrecruitmentagency.PhilosophyismakingamodestcomebackinBritishuniversities,andnotbeforetime.Thegreatvirtueofphilosophyisthatitteachesnotwhattothink,buthowtothink.Itisthestudyofmeaning,oftheprinciplesunderlyingconduct,thoughtandknowledge.Theskillsithonesaretheabilitytoanalyse,toquestionorthodoxiesandtoexpressthingsclearly.Howeverarcanesomephilosophicaltextsmaybe&mdash；andnoteverybodycancometogripswiththedemandsofAustrianlogicalpositivism&mdash；theabilitytoformulatequestionsandfollowargumentsistheessenceofeducation.Itcanalsobestudiedatmanylevels.IntheUS,wherethenumberofphilosophygraduateshasincreasedby5percentayearduringthe1990s,onlyaveryfewgoontobecomephilosophers.Theiremployability,at98.9percent,isimpressivebyanystandard.Philosophyhasalwaysbeenagoodtrainingforthelaw；butitisequallyusefulforcomputerscientists.Inthiscountry,theHigherEducationStatisticsSurveyputsphilosophyofsciencerightupwithmedicineinitsemploymentrecordforgraduates.Philosophyis,incommercialjargon,theultimate"；transferableworkskill"；.Thatisnottheonlyargumentforexpandingphilosophydepartmentsandencouragingsixth-formerstoreadPlato,orJohnStuartMillonliberty.ChrisWoodhead,theChiefInspectorofSchools,hascautionedagainstanobsessionwiththenarrowlyvocational.LecturingtheConfederationofBritishIndustryonthe"；slyutilitarianism"；ofemployers,hedefendsaliberaleducationasneeding"；nojustificationbeyondthesatisfactionandenjoymentthatitbrings"；.TeenagerswaitingfortheirAlevelresultsandponderingdegreecoursesshouldconsiderphilosophy.Itisrewardinginitself；anditcouldnowadaysbethepassporttoasuccessful,variedcareer.WhatdothestatisticsofUSphilosophygraduatesillustrate().Philosophyisgoodforeverydisciplineinuniversity.Fewerpeoplechoosetobecomephilosophers.Philosophygraduatescanadapttovariousjobs.Philosopheranddoctoraretwoidealjobsforgraduates.Letter-writinggoesbackthousandsofyearsbutheatedupduringtheMiddleAgesandRenaissance.Historica11y(perhapsnow)letterswereindicatorsofstatusandbreeding.Likeconversation,theywereusedtomanipuIate,embelIishfentertain,threaten,seduceandofcoursedobusiness.OnthewayhomefromdiscoveringAmerica,ChristopherCoIumbusgotcaughtinastormandhismindturned—asagoodbourgeoisparent—tohistwosons.WhowouldpaytheirschooIfeesifhecametoawateryendHepickedupaqui11anddocumentedhisaccomplishmentsonthevoyageforhisSpanishpatrons,KingFerdinandandQueenIsabella,rolleduptheletterinawoodenMadeiracaskandthrewitintothesea.ThiswasnotsomuchforposteritybutratherwhatUniversityofYorkprofessorWi11iamH.Shermanhascalled"afather’sdesperatepetitionforthefuturesupportofhischiIdren."The18thcenturywasstrongontheepistolarybook,whichmadeauthors’quarrelsespeciallyamusing.TobiasSmo11ettwroteTravelsThroughFrance&Italy(myfavouritelettercontainshisdescriptionofFrenchwomen:"AstheirfacesareconceaIedunderafalsecomplexion,sotheirheadsarecoveredwithavastIoadoffaIsehair,frizzledattheforehead,soasexactIytoresemblethewoo11yheadsoftheGuineanegroes").HisapproachtoanythingforeignwasconsideredsofulIofspIeenbyauthorLaurenceSternethathewasmovedtowriteASentimentaIJourney.ThissatiricaInovelgivesSmo11ettthenameSmeIfungus—acantankerousmanaddictedtoexaggeration,whotalksofbeing"fIay’daIive"bycannibals:"l’11telIit,criedSmeIfungus,totheworld.YouhadbettertelIit,saidI,toyourphysician."SamueIJohnson,inreferringtohisownletters,claims"...hissoulIiesnaked"buthehaddoubtsaboutthetruthfuInessofothers,writingthattherewas"notransactionwhichoffersstrongertemptationstofaIIacyandsophisticationthanepistolaryintercourse."How-tobooksabounded.Letters,apartfrombusinessones,wereseenasafemininetask,andtempIatesaddressedfeminineproblems.TheNewAcademyofCompIements,forexampIeypubIishedin1671,titledthelettertobewrittenbyabandonedwomen"ACrack’tVirgintoHerDeceitfuIFriend."Hand-wringingisthemotif."Nowyouappearsofoul,thatnothingcanbemoremonstrous;isthisthefruitofyourPromisesandVows...howcomesitthentopass,thatyouforsakeme,ruinemyReputation,andleavemetobecometheMapofShameandIgnominy..."IlongtousetheMapofShamebitbutIsuspectitwasasunheIpfuIthenasboiIingbunniesisnow.AVanderbiItUniversitystudysayschiIdrentaughtcursivewritinglearnandexpressthemselvesbetter.Ifso,Ihaveafewsuggestionsforoureducators;Howaboutletters"OnReprimandingaPersonofDifferenceWithoutIncurringHateCharges",or"AnAilingCitizentoHisCallousMinisterofHeaIth."ThepossibiIitiesare,sadly,Iimitless.SamueIJohnson().truthfullyrecordedhisIifeinhisletters.wasexceptionaIIytruetohimself.suggestedthatlettersweremoresusceptibIetofaIlacy.suggestedthatletter-writingwasmoretemptingthananyotherformsofwriting.10.Whileit&rsquo；struethatjustabouteverycellinthebodyhastheinstructionstomakeacompletehuman,mostofthoseinstructionsareinactivated,andwithgoodreason.Thelastthingyouwantisforyourbraincellstostartproducingstomachacidoryournosetoturnintoakidney.Theonlytimeceilstrulyhavethepotentialtoturnintoanyandallbodypartsisveryearlyinapregnancy,whenso-calledstemcellshaven&rsquo；tbeguntospecialize.Yetthisuntappedpotentialcouldbeaterrificboontomedicine.MostdiseasesinvolvethedeathofhealthycellsーーbraincellsinAlzheimer&rsquo；s,cardiaccellsinheartdisease,pancreaticcellsindiabetes,tonameafew.Ifdoctorscouldisolatestemcells,thendirecttheirgrowth,theymightbeabletofurnishpatientswithhealthyreplacementtissue.Itwasincrediblydifficult,butlastfallscientistsattheUniversityofWisconsinmanagedtoisolatestemcellsandgetthemtogrowintoneural,muscleandbonecells.Theprocessstillcan&rsquo；tbecontrolled,andmayhaveunforeseenlimitations.Butifeffortstounderstandandmasterstem-celldevelopme