作文与预测-范文gre讲义

GRE写作概要Issue写作Issue写作评分标准Issue写作具体指令Issue写作题目拆解Issue写作展开论证Issue段落Issue备考建议GRE写作语言2全称： ytical

Writing

(AW)每次考试的第一个Section2篇作文Issue，30分钟（老G：45分钟）Argue，30分钟满分6分，0.5分为一个给分区间只知道写作总分、不知道每篇得分3平均分：3分（15%）大部分中国考生的得分：3分、3.5分（38%）Issue比较欠缺（3.5分的心态：保Argue、争Issue）的目标是：4分（56%）及以上！Issue必须4分以上42.1

Issue写作题目构成As

people

rely

more

and

more

on

technology

to

solveproblems,

the

ability

of

humans

to

think

for

themselves

willsurely

deteriorate.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

to

which

youagree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

and

explain

yourreasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

In

develo

andsupporting

your

position,you

should

consider

ways

in

whichthe

statement

might

or

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howthese

considerations

sh your

position.

具体性指令——如何写话题——写什么52.2

Issue和托福独立写作的区别1）话题托福独立写作：题材生活化+“二选一”为主Do

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

following

statement?These

days

children

spend

more

time

on

ngor

participating

in anized

activities

related

to

school

orsports.

However,

they

should

be

given

more

time

to

dowhatever

they

want.同意不同意？A和B到底选哪个？——独立写作vs.口语1、2题6Issue写作：题材更加抽象+对立关系更加多样化–As

people

rely

more

and

more

on

technologytosolve

problems,the

ability

of

humans

to

thinkforthemselves

will

surely

deteriorate.你如何定义“the

abilityto

thinkfor

themselves”这道题的“对

现在哪？72）具体性指令托福独立写作：1种Use

specific

reasons

and

examples

to

supportyour

answer.基本没有指向性Issue写作：6种，

记点题83）写作方式和风格托福独立写作形式大于内容：必须有开头段、结论段——结构完整“看似有逻辑”Issue写作内容大于形式：开头段、结论段最后写“真正有逻辑”9OG第19-21页均没有写完！10论证“Eason是个好歌手”如果这么写你觉得如何？他很有演唱天赋；他21岁便在一次选秀比赛中“一战成名”；他拥有许多代表作。质疑这些例子都是必要不充分条件甚至是无关案例！这段话的举例论证：失败！11重新思考：如何论证“Eason是个好歌手”？首先界定“好歌手”——例如：专辑量；演唱会举办频率、参加人数；搜索引擎搜索数量；获奖情况……从定义出发，有针对性地进行举例论证122.3

Issue

vs.

Verbal——输入vs.输出填空：命题人挖出空格、考生选出合适的选项补足

“同义重复”阅读：用若干句话完整地展现“同义重复”、并用干扰选项

考生是否真正理解了作者的真实意图Issue：划定了一个范围、让考生在有限时间内给阅卷人（文章唯一的读者）展现“同义重复”1314However,

this

reliance

on

technology

does

not

necessarily

preclude

thecreativity

that

marks

the

human

species.

The

prior

examples

reveal

thattechnology

allows

for

convenience.

The

car,

computer,

and

phone

all

releaseadditional

time

for

people

to

live

more

efficiently.

This

efficiency

does

notpreclude

the

need

for

humans

to

think

for

themselves.

In

fact,

technology

freeshumanity

to

not

only

tackle

new

problems,

but

may

itself

create

new

issues

that

did

not

exist

without

technology.

For

example,

the

proliferation

ofautomobiles

has

introduced

a

need

for

fuel

conservation

on

a

global

scale.With

increasing

energy

demands

from

emerging

markets,

global

warminges

aconcern

inconceivable

to

the

horse-and-buggy

generation.

Likewisedependence

on

oil

has

created

nation-states

that

are

not

dependent

on

taxation,allowing

ruling

parties

to

oppress

minority

groups

such

as

women.

Solutions

tothese

complex

problems

require

the

unfettered

imaginations

of

maverickscientists

and

politicians.：依赖技术不必然

人类创造性技术给人类生活带来方便：汽车、电脑、使人类更加高效率地生活高效率不会人类为自己思考技术让人类有的解决问题，并产生新的需要解决的问题：汽车带来的节能问题、气候变暖问题、石油国家治理问题——解决这些问题需要更高超的智慧和想象力15作者观点：完全支持/基本支持/中立/基本

/完全段间关系：段落

与文章段内句间关系：举例与段落*注意转接词16举例：论证“科技给人类生活带来不便”

、电子邮件彻底

了八小时工作制，

可随时随地给员工分配任务智能

让学生无法集中注意力学习网络的信息

让人们牺牲了很多休息时间、作息不规律17要求：时刻提醒自己——“同义重复”；不许发散思维、不许脑补、不许东拉西扯！从博客体、

体、申论体当中跳出来，强迫自己“变傻”！186分（OG第37页）–

Articulates

a

clear

and

insightful（通篇，思维）

position

ontheissue

in

accordance

with

the

assigned

taskDevelops（段内，层层展开论证）

the

position

fullywith

compellingreasons

and/or

persuasive

examplesSustainsa

well-focused（段内，同义重复）,

well-

anized（段间，论证顺序）

ysis,

connecting

ideas

logically（通篇，转接词）Conveys

ideas

fluently

and

precisely,

using

effective

vocabularyand

sentence

varietyDemonstrates

superior

facility

with

the

conventions

ofstandardwritten

English

(i.e.,

grammar,

usage,

and

mechanics)but

mayhave

minor

errors195分、4分（OG第37页）–要求的内容和6分范文完全一样，只是每项的措辞有所区别——“程度差异”203分（OG第38页）A

typical

response

in

this

category

exhibits

ONE

OR

MORE

ofthefollowingcharacteristics:is

vagueor

limited

in

addressing

the

specifi k

directionsand/or

in

presenting

or

develo a

position

on

the

issueis

weakin

theuse

of

relevant

reasons

or

examples

or

relies

largelyonunsupported

claimsis

limited

in

focus

and/or

anizationhas

problems

in

language

and

sentence

structure

that

result

in

alack

ofclaritycontains

occasional

major

errors

or

frequent

minor

errors

ingrammar,

usage,

or

mechanics

that

can

interfere

with

meaning214.1

正

维类1）最常见（54道题，35.5%）–

Write

a

responsein

which

you

discuss

the

extentto

which

you

agree

or

disagree

with

thestatement

and

explain

your

reasoning

for

theposition

you

take.

In

develo and

supportingyour

position,

you

should

consider

ways

in

whichthe

statement

might

or

might

not

hold

true

andexplain

how

these

considerations

sh

yourposition.22结构让步段：假装支持题目观点（不要过长）转折段：反驳让步段递进段：提出并论证自己观点话不说绝：题目还是有一定合理性的232）最难写（25道题，16.4%）–

Write

a

responsein

which

you

discuss

the

extentto

which

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

claim.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,be

sureto

address

the

most

compelling

reasons

and/orexamples

that

could

be

used

to

challenge

yourposition.24结构25–反方观点段：完全支持题目观点的理由反驳段：“体无完肤”地批倒反方观点递进段：提出并论证自己观点3）最独特（19道题，12.5%）26Claim:

The

surest

indicator

of

a

great

nation

is

notthe

achievements

of

its

rulers,

artists,

or

scientists.Reason:

The

surest

indicator

of

a

great

nation

isactually

the

welfare

of

all

its

people.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extentto

which

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

claim

andthe

reason

on

which

that

claim

isbased.结构–主体段1：肯定题目的论证–

主体段2、3、……：

题目论证的不足之处并补充“先肯定、后补充”27思考路径本质上是一样的（广义上都是“让步写法”——先支持、后

）但结构、措辞、语气上各不相同，写的时候不要忘记点题284.2

分情况

类（24道题，15.8%）–

Write

a

responsein

which

you

discuss

the

extentto

which

you

agree

or

disagree

with

themendation

and

explain

your

reasoning

forthe

position

you

take.

In

develo

andsupporting

your

position,

describe

specificcircumstances

in

which

adopting

themendation

would

or

would

not

beadvantageous

and

explain

how

theseexamplessh your

position.29“中庸之道”最好写常见的分类方法–最简单：两个+我站中间（三个主体段）–

其他：从话题

概念的定义出发，进行分类（三个甚至

的主体段）——下一节会继续讲30最简单–左派：关闭–

：不——

违背“

经济”信条中庸：“乱世须用重典”，特殊时期特殊政策其他分类方法：蓝筹、创业板、中小企业……国家：对

波动承受力较强；承受力较差……314.3结果评价类（12道题，7.9%）–

Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

your

viewson

the

policy

and

explain

your

reasoning

for

theposition

you

take.

In

develo and

supportingyour

position,

you

should

consider

the

possibleconsequences

of

implementing

the

policy

andexplain

how

these

consequencessh

yourposition.32让步、分类均可，但要根据自己的选择参考其他具体性指令的写法但一定要提到“

的结果”——点题334.4平衡观点类（18道题，11.8%）–

Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

which

viewmore

closely

aligns

with

your

own

position

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.In

develo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

address

bothof

the

viewspresented.34两边都要提及、并说明各自的正确性何在；再提出你的观点并加以论证该题型其实是“分情况

”题的变体——话题已经替你分好类了、但需要你去挖掘背后的circumstance35Some

people

believe

that ernment

funding

ofthe

arts

is

necessaryto

ensure

that

theartscanflourish

and

be

available

to

all

people.

Othersbelieve

that ernment

funding

of

the

artsthreatens

the

integrity

of

the

arts.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

which

viewmore

closely

aligns

with

your

own

position

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

address

bothof

the

viewspresented.36什么情况下“Somepeople”成立？什么情况下“Others”成立？这种

产生的根源是什么？——

观点371.定义法（Definition）Issue话题分析的起点与基础题中的

概念先下定义、再展开属加种差：被定义项=种差+邻近的属例如：平凡vs.

平庸“平凡”是“属”、“平庸”是“种”、“碌碌无为、不突出”是二者的“种差”382）内涵和外延内涵：特有属性外延：所组成的类例如：

“城市”？“城市也叫城市聚落，是以非农业产业和非农业人口集聚形成的较大居民点”39To

understand

the

most

important

characteristics

ofa

society,

one

must

study

its

major

cities.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

waysin

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.40参照前文“城市”的定义41城市仅能代表这个国家非农业人口的特点农业人口呢？——题目观点的局限性5.2

分类法（特殊的“定义法”）题中的

概念进行分类实在没思路时的“应急策略”缺点过于简单、绝对论证容易陷入“自相

”42The

surest

indicator

of

a

great

nation

is

representednot

by

the

achievements

of

its

rulers,

artists,

orscientists,

but

by

t eral

welfare

of

its

people.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statementandexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

ways

in

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.43Nation学术分类：Democracy,

Autocracy;

Democracy,Authoritarianism,

Totalitarianism“取 类：Democracy,

Non-Democracy445.3假设法（Assumption）Issue的精髓与找出话题的内在假定、针对假定运用“

思维”展开分析451）互斥问题二者“水火不容”

反驳：二者可以兼得46The

surest

indicator

of

a

great

nation

is

representednot

by

the

achievements

of

its

rulers,

artists,

orscientists,

but

by

t eral

welfare

of

its

people.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statementandexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

ways

in

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.47假定：精英（the

achievements

of

its

rulers,artists,

or

scientists）、大众（t

eralwelfare

of

itspeople）不能兼得支持：苏东国家（精英）、北欧国家（大众）反驳：德国（兼得）问题：一种“各得其所”的制度设计482）比较问题两个概念，A比B重要个别时候会伴随“互斥问题”一同产生假设：挖掘A重要或B不重要的深刻原因反驳：I.二者难分伯仲、同等重要；II.B比A重要49Unfortuna

y,

in

contemporary

society,

creating

anappealing

image

has e

more

important

thanthe

reality

or

truth

behind

that

image.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statementandexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

ways

in

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.50的能力、因此容易被外假定：人们没有识别表所迷惑支持：很多企业在打

时夸大其产品的功能反驳：这些企业往往不能笑到最后，真正胜出的企业

是内在质量和包装兼顾的问题：民众的识别能力和配套的

机制513）条件问题话题中通常带有if,only

if,unless

(if

not),when等字眼中文表达形式是“只有满足了A才能实现B”反驳通常从“只有、才能”这一绝对表达入手“In

order

to

A,one

mustB”是一种特殊的“条件问题”（只有满足了B才能实现A）52Critical

judgment

ofwork

in

any

given

field

has

littlevalue

unless

it

comes

from

someone

who

is

anexpert

inthat

field.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

waysin

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.53假定：expert

→

value——对人不对事（

）支持：

的优势（经验、

……）反驳：

的局限（很多创新结果最初被

所扼杀）问题：对事不对人——是否满足一定标准（客观）544）能力问题假设比较隐晦，通常是：话题中提到的主体（Subject）有能力做到某些事情、论证才可成立55College

students

should

base

their

choice

of

a

fieldof

study

on

the

availability

of

jobs

in

that

field.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

claim.

Indevelo and

supportingyour

position,

be

sure

toaddress

the

most

compelling

reasons

and/orexamples

that

could

be

used

to

challenge

yourposition.56假定：学生有能力判断哪些专业容易找工作支持：通常情况下，一个行业的发展情况变化不大（学术界，体育界，……）反驳1：行业的周期性波动（网络

、次贷

）反驳2：行业自身的选拔标准一直在变化（学术界，体育界，……）575）正当性问题涉及到国家、的行为时，多是此类容易和“能力问题”–

有一些问题，不能

“能不能做到”–而应“应不应该这样做”（背后的正当性、问题）58A

nation

should

require

all

of

its

students

to

studythe

same

national

curriculum

until

they

enter

college.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

your

views

onthe

policy

and

explain

your

reasoning

for

theposition

you

take.

In

develo and

supportingyour

position,

you

should

consider

the

possibleconsequences

of

implementing

the

policy

andexplain

how

these

consequences

sh

yourposition.59假定：国家

课程大纲是正当（legitimate）的支持：便于确立考核标准、提升整体教学质量（例：No

Child

Left

Behind

Act）反驳：存在国家强加某种

（ideology）给学生的风险问题：

课程大纲规定哪些内容606）偷换概念问题通常出现在“Claim,

Reason”题型中定义法和假设法的结合：作者假设两个概念说的是一件事61Claim:

When

planning

courses,

educatorsshouldtake

into

account

the

interests

and

suggestionsoftheir

students.Reason:

Students

are

more

motivated

to

learn

whenthey

are

interested

in

what

they

are

studying.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

theextenttowhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

claim

and

thereason

on

which

that

claim

is

based.62假设：interest=motivation支持：有motivation一定有interest（名人）反驳：有interest不一定有motivation（唱歌）问题：内涵vs.外延635.4假设法拓展1

程度分析对过于

表述在程度上进行反驳例如In

most

casesIn

all

fieldsUnder

any

circumstance64”通常都可以进行“程“全称判断”和“度分析”程度分析的两个维度去掉程度之后命题是否成立程度成立的前提条件65The

primary

goal

of

technological

advancementshould

be

to

increase

people’s

efficiency

so

thatthey

have

more

leisure

time.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

ways

in

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

how

theseconsiderations

sh your

position.66反驳：从primary入手科技进步的第一要义就是为了提升人们的效率进而增加休息时间吗？在什么条件下primary才能成立？科技进步会有很多结果，提升人们的效率只是其中的一种Primary：科技进步的成果不会被别有用心的人窃取*

一个保证大众利益的制度设计672）取反分析（否命题）找出观点背后的假设（假设A

导致/等于/代表

B）对该假设取反（非A

导致/等于/代表非B）对取反后

题进行分析68Critical

judgment

ofwork

in

any

given

field

has

littlevalue

unless

it

comes

from

someone

who

is

anexpert

inthat

field.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

waysin

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.69假定：expert→value取反：非expert

(rookies)→没有价值70总共5种方法，

是2种——定义法、假设法保定义法、争假设法多种方法的灵活运用假设法：和逻辑单题的练习同时进行–

AW是用“输出”的方式 逻辑与 思维（最早的GRE：语文、数学、逻辑三项，满分2400分）71In

any

field

of

inquiry,

the

beginner

is

more

likelythan

the

expert

to

make

important

contributions.Write

a

response

in

which

you

discuss

the

extent

towhich

you

agree

or

disagree

with

the

statement

andexplain

your

reasoning

for

the

position

you

take.

Indevelo and

supporting

your

position,

youshould

consider

waysin

which

the

statement

mightor

might

not

hold

true

and

explain

howtheseconsiderations

sh your

position.72定义法：beginner和expert必然对立？的“时刻保持初学者心态”程度分析：所有研究领域？更依靠灵感（音乐、绘画）vs.更依靠积累（科学研究）假设法：beginner比expert更容易创新？不论是菜鸟还是

，关键问题不是

，而是心态、天赋和敬业精神73把三种方法在一篇文章中有效串联起来——层层递进74即使作者关于“beginner

vs.

expert”的二元对立正确，他的判断不一定适用于所有领域即使在他的判断所适用的领域（绘画、音乐），beginner也不一定比expert更容易创新1.推理论证概念到概念最典型：（Syllogism，）凡人都是要死的（

）是人（

）所以 是要死的（结论）75不做重点要求感

的同学可以自己课下学习766.2

举例论证95%情况下都要采用的论证方法只是对观点进行“同义重复”，不创造新的概念逻辑、结构是起评分，素材只是“锦上添花”；不要一开始就陷入到素材积累中！（感动中国？）GRE不考专业知识，因此不

素材的真实性、仅素材与观点的对应（同义重复）——允许虚构！77Issue写作中，不

“讲故事凑字数”的写法；而应该追求“短例+多例”——不写废话、举例直接并强有力（Direct&Persuasive）地回应观点举例论证的高级阶段：一个例子在各个主体段中都出现–例如：A看似支持了题目的观点、但A实际上并没有支持、为什么A没有支持78体育界衡量足球前锋的标准一直都是“进球数量”（不变）南美的“天赋型”逐步式微于欧洲的“技术型”（变）学术界衡量一个学者能否评教授的主要标准一直都是“数量”（不变）社会科学领域，定量研究逐渐居于主导地位、很多学者因此改变了研究的方向和侧重（变）796.3举例论证拓展1

数据法–允许虚构一个相关数据（和托福写作一样）2

名人名言法–允许虚构名人名言（“not…but…”结构）80“人类千万年的历史，最为珍贵的不是令人炫目的科技，不是浩瀚的大师们的经典著作，而是实现了对者的驯服，实现了把他们关在笼子里的梦想”811.

主体段最先写（提前留出开头段的位置）让步段（OG

6分范文）点题：The

author

tried

to

link

A

with

B作者的假设是什么：The

author

assumed

that……假装支持：不可否认，假设有正确成份举例支持作者假设（最好2个例子甚至

）822）自己观点段：至少2个总分结构！基本要求：观点→ 举

例

（最好3个例子甚至

）高级要求（OG

6分范文）：层层递进、深入，最后紧扣

句做“小结”主体段之间不要“跳步”作者有对的成份

→

作者不一定全都对

→

我怎么认为837.2开头段主体段写完再写！对主体段各段

的同义改写完成“题目拆解、展开论证”的要求之后，再细抠开头段84简单写法提问式开头：变话题为疑问句（例如，A能导致B吗？）提炼式开头：People

are

hotly

debating

on

issuesabout……（将话题提炼成the

relationship

betweenAand

B）避免“没话找话”类的模板式开头With

the

development

of

Chinese

economy,

……857.3结论段主体段写完再写！对主体段各段

的同义改写完成“题目拆解、展开论证”的要求之后，再细抠结论段86段首信号词As