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GRE写作概要Issue写作Issue写作评分标准Issue写作具体指令Issue写作题目拆解Issue写作展开论证Issue段落Issue备考建议GRE写作语言2全称: ytical
Writing
(AW)每次考试的第一个Section2篇作文Issue,30分钟(老G:45分钟)Argue,30分钟满分6分,0.5分为一个给分区间只知道写作总分、不知道每篇得分3平均分:3分(15%)大部分中国考生的得分:3分、3.5分(38%)Issue比较欠缺(3.5分的心态:保Argue、争Issue)的目标是:4分(56%)及以上!Issue必须4分以上42.1
Issue写作题目构成As
people
rely
more
and
more
on
technology
to
solveproblems,
the
ability
of
humans
to
think
for
themselves
willsurely
deteriorate.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
to
which
youagree
or
disagree
with
the
statement
and
explain
yourreasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
In
develo
andsupporting
your
position,you
should
consider
ways
in
whichthe
statement
might
or
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
howthese
considerations
sh your
position.
具体性指令——如何写话题——写什么52.2
Issue和托福独立写作的区别1)话题托福独立写作:题材生活化+“二选一”为主Do
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
following
statement?These
days
children
spend
more
time
on
ngor
participating
in anized
activities
related
to
school
orsports.
However,
they
should
be
given
more
time
to
dowhatever
they
want.同意不同意?A和B到底选哪个?——独立写作vs.口语1、2题6Issue写作:题材更加抽象+对立关系更加多样化–As
people
rely
more
and
more
on
technologytosolve
problems,the
ability
of
humans
to
thinkforthemselves
will
surely
deteriorate.你如何定义“the
abilityto
thinkfor
themselves”这道题的“对
现在哪?72)具体性指令托福独立写作:1种Use
specific
reasons
and
examples
to
supportyour
answer.基本没有指向性Issue写作:6种,
记点题83)写作方式和风格托福独立写作形式大于内容:必须有开头段、结论段——结构完整“看似有逻辑”Issue写作内容大于形式:开头段、结论段最后写“真正有逻辑”9OG第19-21页均没有写完!10论证“Eason是个好歌手”如果这么写你觉得如何?他很有演唱天赋;他21岁便在一次选秀比赛中“一战成名”;他拥有许多代表作。质疑这些例子都是必要不充分条件甚至是无关案例!这段话的举例论证:失败!11重新思考:如何论证“Eason是个好歌手”?首先界定“好歌手”——例如:专辑量;演唱会举办频率、参加人数;搜索引擎搜索数量;获奖情况……从定义出发,有针对性地进行举例论证122.3
Issue
vs.
Verbal——输入vs.输出填空:命题人挖出空格、考生选出合适的选项补足
“同义重复”阅读:用若干句话完整地展现“同义重复”、并用干扰选项
考生是否真正理解了作者的真实意图Issue:划定了一个范围、让考生在有限时间内给阅卷人(文章唯一的读者)展现“同义重复”1314However,
this
reliance
on
technology
does
not
necessarily
preclude
thecreativity
that
marks
the
human
species.
The
prior
examples
reveal
thattechnology
allows
for
convenience.
The
car,
computer,
and
phone
all
releaseadditional
time
for
people
to
live
more
efficiently.
This
efficiency
does
notpreclude
the
need
for
humans
to
think
for
themselves.
In
fact,
technology
freeshumanity
to
not
only
tackle
new
problems,
but
may
itself
create
new
issues
that
did
not
exist
without
technology.
For
example,
the
proliferation
ofautomobiles
has
introduced
a
need
for
fuel
conservation
on
a
global
scale.With
increasing
energy
demands
from
emerging
markets,
global
warminges
aconcern
inconceivable
to
the
horse-and-buggy
generation.
Likewisedependence
on
oil
has
created
nation-states
that
are
not
dependent
on
taxation,allowing
ruling
parties
to
oppress
minority
groups
such
as
women.
Solutions
tothese
complex
problems
require
the
unfettered
imaginations
of
maverickscientists
and
politicians.:依赖技术不必然
人类创造性技术给人类生活带来方便:汽车、电脑、使人类更加高效率地生活高效率不会人类为自己思考技术让人类有的解决问题,并产生新的需要解决的问题:汽车带来的节能问题、气候变暖问题、石油国家治理问题——解决这些问题需要更高超的智慧和想象力15作者观点:完全支持/基本支持/中立/基本
/完全段间关系:段落
与文章段内句间关系:举例与段落*注意转接词16举例:论证“科技给人类生活带来不便”
、电子邮件彻底
了八小时工作制,
可随时随地给员工分配任务智能
让学生无法集中注意力学习网络的信息
让人们牺牲了很多休息时间、作息不规律17要求:时刻提醒自己——“同义重复”;不许发散思维、不许脑补、不许东拉西扯!从博客体、
体、申论体当中跳出来,强迫自己“变傻”!186分(OG第37页)–
Articulates
a
clear
and
insightful(通篇,思维)
position
ontheissue
in
accordance
with
the
assigned
taskDevelops(段内,层层展开论证)
the
position
fullywith
compellingreasons
and/or
persuasive
examplesSustainsa
well-focused(段内,同义重复),
well-
anized(段间,论证顺序)
ysis,
connecting
ideas
logically(通篇,转接词)Conveys
ideas
fluently
and
precisely,
using
effective
vocabularyand
sentence
varietyDemonstrates
superior
facility
with
the
conventions
ofstandardwritten
English
(i.e.,
grammar,
usage,
and
mechanics)but
mayhave
minor
errors195分、4分(OG第37页)–要求的内容和6分范文完全一样,只是每项的措辞有所区别——“程度差异”203分(OG第38页)A
typical
response
in
this
category
exhibits
ONE
OR
MORE
ofthefollowingcharacteristics:is
vagueor
limited
in
addressing
the
specifi k
directionsand/or
in
presenting
or
develo a
position
on
the
issueis
weakin
theuse
of
relevant
reasons
or
examples
or
relies
largelyonunsupported
claimsis
limited
in
focus
and/or
anizationhas
problems
in
language
and
sentence
structure
that
result
in
alack
ofclaritycontains
occasional
major
errors
or
frequent
minor
errors
ingrammar,
usage,
or
mechanics
that
can
interfere
with
meaning214.1
正
维类1)最常见(54道题,35.5%)–
Write
a
responsein
which
you
discuss
the
extentto
which
you
agree
or
disagree
with
thestatement
and
explain
your
reasoning
for
theposition
you
take.
In
develo and
supportingyour
position,
you
should
consider
ways
in
whichthe
statement
might
or
might
not
hold
true
andexplain
how
these
considerations
sh
yourposition.22结构让步段:假装支持题目观点(不要过长)转折段:反驳让步段递进段:提出并论证自己观点话不说绝:题目还是有一定合理性的232)最难写(25道题,16.4%)–
Write
a
responsein
which
you
discuss
the
extentto
which
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
claim.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,be
sureto
address
the
most
compelling
reasons
and/orexamples
that
could
be
used
to
challenge
yourposition.24结构25–反方观点段:完全支持题目观点的理由反驳段:“体无完肤”地批倒反方观点递进段:提出并论证自己观点3)最独特(19道题,12.5%)26Claim:
The
surest
indicator
of
a
great
nation
is
notthe
achievements
of
its
rulers,
artists,
or
scientists.Reason:
The
surest
indicator
of
a
great
nation
isactually
the
welfare
of
all
its
people.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extentto
which
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
claim
andthe
reason
on
which
that
claim
isbased.结构–主体段1:肯定题目的论证–
主体段2、3、……:
题目论证的不足之处并补充“先肯定、后补充”27思考路径本质上是一样的(广义上都是“让步写法”——先支持、后
)但结构、措辞、语气上各不相同,写的时候不要忘记点题284.2
分情况
类(24道题,15.8%)–
Write
a
responsein
which
you
discuss
the
extentto
which
you
agree
or
disagree
with
themendation
and
explain
your
reasoning
forthe
position
you
take.
In
develo
andsupporting
your
position,
describe
specificcircumstances
in
which
adopting
themendation
would
or
would
not
beadvantageous
and
explain
how
theseexamplessh your
position.29“中庸之道”最好写常见的分类方法–最简单:两个+我站中间(三个主体段)–
其他:从话题
概念的定义出发,进行分类(三个甚至
的主体段)——下一节会继续讲30最简单–左派:关闭–
:不——
违背“
经济”信条中庸:“乱世须用重典”,特殊时期特殊政策其他分类方法:蓝筹、创业板、中小企业……国家:对
波动承受力较强;承受力较差……314.3结果评价类(12道题,7.9%)–
Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
your
viewson
the
policy
and
explain
your
reasoning
for
theposition
you
take.
In
develo and
supportingyour
position,
you
should
consider
the
possibleconsequences
of
implementing
the
policy
andexplain
how
these
consequencessh
yourposition.32让步、分类均可,但要根据自己的选择参考其他具体性指令的写法但一定要提到“
的结果”——点题334.4平衡观点类(18道题,11.8%)–
Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
which
viewmore
closely
aligns
with
your
own
position
andexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.In
develo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
address
bothof
the
viewspresented.34两边都要提及、并说明各自的正确性何在;再提出你的观点并加以论证该题型其实是“分情况
”题的变体——话题已经替你分好类了、但需要你去挖掘背后的circumstance35Some
people
believe
that ernment
funding
ofthe
arts
is
necessaryto
ensure
that
theartscanflourish
and
be
available
to
all
people.
Othersbelieve
that ernment
funding
of
the
artsthreatens
the
integrity
of
the
arts.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
which
viewmore
closely
aligns
with
your
own
position
andexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
address
bothof
the
viewspresented.36什么情况下“Somepeople”成立?什么情况下“Others”成立?这种
产生的根源是什么?——
观点371.定义法(Definition)Issue话题分析的起点与基础题中的
概念先下定义、再展开属加种差:被定义项=种差+邻近的属例如:平凡vs.
平庸“平凡”是“属”、“平庸”是“种”、“碌碌无为、不突出”是二者的“种差”382)内涵和外延内涵:特有属性外延:所组成的类例如:
“城市”?“城市也叫城市聚落,是以非农业产业和非农业人口集聚形成的较大居民点”39To
understand
the
most
important
characteristics
ofa
society,
one
must
study
its
major
cities.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
statement
andexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
consider
waysin
which
the
statement
mightor
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
howtheseconsiderations
sh your
position.40参照前文“城市”的定义41城市仅能代表这个国家非农业人口的特点农业人口呢?——题目观点的局限性5.2
分类法(特殊的“定义法”)题中的
概念进行分类实在没思路时的“应急策略”缺点过于简单、绝对论证容易陷入“自相
”42The
surest
indicator
of
a
great
nation
is
representednot
by
the
achievements
of
its
rulers,
artists,
orscientists,
but
by
t eral
welfare
of
its
people.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
statementandexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
consider
ways
in
which
the
statement
mightor
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
howtheseconsiderations
sh your
position.43Nation学术分类:Democracy,
Autocracy;
Democracy,Authoritarianism,
Totalitarianism“取 类:Democracy,
Non-Democracy445.3假设法(Assumption)Issue的精髓与找出话题的内在假定、针对假定运用“
思维”展开分析451)互斥问题二者“水火不容”
反驳:二者可以兼得46The
surest
indicator
of
a
great
nation
is
representednot
by
the
achievements
of
its
rulers,
artists,
orscientists,
but
by
t eral
welfare
of
its
people.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
statementandexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
consider
ways
in
which
the
statement
mightor
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
howtheseconsiderations
sh your
position.47假定:精英(the
achievements
of
its
rulers,artists,
or
scientists)、大众(t
eralwelfare
of
itspeople)不能兼得支持:苏东国家(精英)、北欧国家(大众)反驳:德国(兼得)问题:一种“各得其所”的制度设计482)比较问题两个概念,A比B重要个别时候会伴随“互斥问题”一同产生假设:挖掘A重要或B不重要的深刻原因反驳:I.二者难分伯仲、同等重要;II.B比A重要49Unfortuna
y,
in
contemporary
society,
creating
anappealing
image
has e
more
important
thanthe
reality
or
truth
behind
that
image.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
statementandexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
consider
ways
in
which
the
statement
mightor
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
howtheseconsiderations
sh your
position.50的能力、因此容易被外假定:人们没有识别表所迷惑支持:很多企业在打
时夸大其产品的功能反驳:这些企业往往不能笑到最后,真正胜出的企业
是内在质量和包装兼顾的问题:民众的识别能力和配套的
机制513)条件问题话题中通常带有if,only
if,unless
(if
not),when等字眼中文表达形式是“只有满足了A才能实现B”反驳通常从“只有、才能”这一绝对表达入手“In
order
to
A,one
mustB”是一种特殊的“条件问题”(只有满足了B才能实现A)52Critical
judgment
ofwork
in
any
given
field
has
littlevalue
unless
it
comes
from
someone
who
is
anexpert
inthat
field.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
statement
andexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
consider
waysin
which
the
statement
mightor
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
howtheseconsiderations
sh your
position.53假定:expert
→
value——对人不对事(
)支持:
的优势(经验、
……)反驳:
的局限(很多创新结果最初被
所扼杀)问题:对事不对人——是否满足一定标准(客观)544)能力问题假设比较隐晦,通常是:话题中提到的主体(Subject)有能力做到某些事情、论证才可成立55College
students
should
base
their
choice
of
a
fieldof
study
on
the
availability
of
jobs
in
that
field.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
claim.
Indevelo and
supportingyour
position,
be
sure
toaddress
the
most
compelling
reasons
and/orexamples
that
could
be
used
to
challenge
yourposition.56假定:学生有能力判断哪些专业容易找工作支持:通常情况下,一个行业的发展情况变化不大(学术界,体育界,……)反驳1:行业的周期性波动(网络
、次贷
)反驳2:行业自身的选拔标准一直在变化(学术界,体育界,……)575)正当性问题涉及到国家、的行为时,多是此类容易和“能力问题”–
有一些问题,不能
“能不能做到”–而应“应不应该这样做”(背后的正当性、问题)58A
nation
should
require
all
of
its
students
to
studythe
same
national
curriculum
until
they
enter
college.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
your
views
onthe
policy
and
explain
your
reasoning
for
theposition
you
take.
In
develo and
supportingyour
position,
you
should
consider
the
possibleconsequences
of
implementing
the
policy
andexplain
how
these
consequences
sh
yourposition.59假定:国家
课程大纲是正当(legitimate)的支持:便于确立考核标准、提升整体教学质量(例:No
Child
Left
Behind
Act)反驳:存在国家强加某种
(ideology)给学生的风险问题:
课程大纲规定哪些内容606)偷换概念问题通常出现在“Claim,
Reason”题型中定义法和假设法的结合:作者假设两个概念说的是一件事61Claim:
When
planning
courses,
educatorsshouldtake
into
account
the
interests
and
suggestionsoftheir
students.Reason:
Students
are
more
motivated
to
learn
whenthey
are
interested
in
what
they
are
studying.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
theextenttowhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
claim
and
thereason
on
which
that
claim
is
based.62假设:interest=motivation支持:有motivation一定有interest(名人)反驳:有interest不一定有motivation(唱歌)问题:内涵vs.外延635.4假设法拓展1
程度分析对过于
表述在程度上进行反驳例如In
most
casesIn
all
fieldsUnder
any
circumstance64”通常都可以进行“程“全称判断”和“度分析”程度分析的两个维度去掉程度之后命题是否成立程度成立的前提条件65The
primary
goal
of
technological
advancementshould
be
to
increase
people’s
efficiency
so
thatthey
have
more
leisure
time.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
statement
andexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
consider
ways
in
which
the
statement
mightor
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
how
theseconsiderations
sh your
position.66反驳:从primary入手科技进步的第一要义就是为了提升人们的效率进而增加休息时间吗?在什么条件下primary才能成立?科技进步会有很多结果,提升人们的效率只是其中的一种Primary:科技进步的成果不会被别有用心的人窃取*
一个保证大众利益的制度设计672)取反分析(否命题)找出观点背后的假设(假设A
导致/等于/代表
B)对该假设取反(非A
导致/等于/代表非B)对取反后
题进行分析68Critical
judgment
ofwork
in
any
given
field
has
littlevalue
unless
it
comes
from
someone
who
is
anexpert
inthat
field.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
statement
andexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
consider
waysin
which
the
statement
mightor
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
howtheseconsiderations
sh your
position.69假定:expert→value取反:非expert
(rookies)→没有价值70总共5种方法,
是2种——定义法、假设法保定义法、争假设法多种方法的灵活运用假设法:和逻辑单题的练习同时进行–
AW是用“输出”的方式 逻辑与 思维(最早的GRE:语文、数学、逻辑三项,满分2400分)71In
any
field
of
inquiry,
the
beginner
is
more
likelythan
the
expert
to
make
important
contributions.Write
a
response
in
which
you
discuss
the
extent
towhich
you
agree
or
disagree
with
the
statement
andexplain
your
reasoning
for
the
position
you
take.
Indevelo and
supporting
your
position,
youshould
consider
waysin
which
the
statement
mightor
might
not
hold
true
and
explain
howtheseconsiderations
sh your
position.72定义法:beginner和expert必然对立?的“时刻保持初学者心态”程度分析:所有研究领域?更依靠灵感(音乐、绘画)vs.更依靠积累(科学研究)假设法:beginner比expert更容易创新?不论是菜鸟还是
,关键问题不是
,而是心态、天赋和敬业精神73把三种方法在一篇文章中有效串联起来——层层递进74即使作者关于“beginner
vs.
expert”的二元对立正确,他的判断不一定适用于所有领域即使在他的判断所适用的领域(绘画、音乐),beginner也不一定比expert更容易创新1.推理论证概念到概念最典型:(Syllogism,)凡人都是要死的(
)是人(
)所以 是要死的(结论)75不做重点要求感
的同学可以自己课下学习766.2
举例论证95%情况下都要采用的论证方法只是对观点进行“同义重复”,不创造新的概念逻辑、结构是起评分,素材只是“锦上添花”;不要一开始就陷入到素材积累中!(感动中国?)GRE不考专业知识,因此不
素材的真实性、仅素材与观点的对应(同义重复)——允许虚构!77Issue写作中,不
“讲故事凑字数”的写法;而应该追求“短例+多例”——不写废话、举例直接并强有力(Direct&Persuasive)地回应观点举例论证的高级阶段:一个例子在各个主体段中都出现–例如:A看似支持了题目的观点、但A实际上并没有支持、为什么A没有支持78体育界衡量足球前锋的标准一直都是“进球数量”(不变)南美的“天赋型”逐步式微于欧洲的“技术型”(变)学术界衡量一个学者能否评教授的主要标准一直都是“数量”(不变)社会科学领域,定量研究逐渐居于主导地位、很多学者因此改变了研究的方向和侧重(变)796.3举例论证拓展1
数据法–允许虚构一个相关数据(和托福写作一样)2
名人名言法–允许虚构名人名言(“not…but…”结构)80“人类千万年的历史,最为珍贵的不是令人炫目的科技,不是浩瀚的大师们的经典著作,而是实现了对者的驯服,实现了把他们关在笼子里的梦想”811.
主体段最先写(提前留出开头段的位置)让步段(OG
6分范文)点题:The
author
tried
to
link
A
with
B作者的假设是什么:The
author
assumed
that……假装支持:不可否认,假设有正确成份举例支持作者假设(最好2个例子甚至
)822)自己观点段:至少2个总分结构!基本要求:观点→ 举
例
(最好3个例子甚至
)高级要求(OG
6分范文):层层递进、深入,最后紧扣
句做“小结”主体段之间不要“跳步”作者有对的成份
→
作者不一定全都对
→
我怎么认为837.2开头段主体段写完再写!对主体段各段
的同义改写完成“题目拆解、展开论证”的要求之后,再细抠开头段84简单写法提问式开头:变话题为疑问句(例如,A能导致B吗?)提炼式开头:People
are
hotly
debating
on
issuesabout……(将话题提炼成the
relationship
betweenAand
B)避免“没话找话”类的模板式开头With
the
development
of
Chinese
economy,
……857.3结论段主体段写完再写!对主体段各段
的同义改写完成“题目拆解、展开论证”的要求之后,再细抠结论段86段首信号词As
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