大学英语4期末考试复习资料

大学英语4期末考试复习资料大学英语4期末考试复习资料大学英语4期末考试复习资料xxx公司大学英语4期末考试复习资料文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度听力理解Test1Newsreport1Q1:InwhichfielddidtheUSwanttocooperatewithAfricaA.Politics.B.Entertainment.C.Economy.D.Anti-terrorism.Q2:WhatbenefitwillSasolbringwiththebuildingofaplantinLouisiana?A.Lowerpriceonoil.B.Morejobopportunities.C.Higherpriceonhousing.D.MoreinvestmentsinAfrica.Newsreport2Q3:Howmanyshoppingmallswillcloseinthenextfiveyearsaccordingtoexperts?

A.200.B.300.C.1100.D.1300.Q4:WhataresomeshoppingmallsdoingnowinmoreaffluentsuburbsA.Theyareannouncinglayoffs.B.Theyarefilingforbankruptcy.C.Theyarebeingforcedtoclosestores.D.Theyareaddingpopularretailersasnewtenants.Newsreport3Q5:Whatisthenewsmainlyabout?

A.Thegendergapbetweenmalesandfemaleshasbeendecreasing.B.Girlsshouldbeencouragedtogotoschoolforeducation.C.Indevelopingcountriesmenareusuallyricherthanwomen.D.GirlsareleftfarbehindboysinbasicInternetskills.Q6:Howwillwomenandgirlsbeaffectedbythelackofbasicinternetskills?A.Theywillfinditeasiertoparticipateinformaleconomy.B.Theywillfinditimpossibletoobtainaqualityeducation.C.Theywillfinditimpossibletoaccesshealthcare.D.TheywillfinditmoredifficulttohavetheirvoicesheardQ7:Accordingtothenews,whatpercentageofwomenandgirlswilllackinternetaccessanddigitalskills?A.31%.B.75%.C.11%.D.12%Conversation1Q8:WhatarethespeakersdoingA.Arrangingthewoman’sappointmentwithMr.Romero.B.Fixingthetimeforthedesignerslatestfashionshow.C.TalkingaboutanimportantgatheringonTuesday.D.PreparingforthefilmingonMondaymorning.Q9:WhatisthewomangoingtodiscusswithheragentoverlunchonMonday?A.HertriptoJapan.B.Theawardsceremony.C.ThelatestfashionshowinJapan.D.Theproperhairstyleforhernewrole.Q10:WhatwillthewomandoonTuesdaymorningA.Havedinnerwithajournalist.B.Chooseclothesforthefashionshow.C.Takephotostopublicizehernewmovie.D.Makeanappointmentwithherhairdresser.Q11:WhatdowelearnfromtheconversationaboutthemanA.HeisMr.Romero'sagent.B.Heisanentertainmentjournalist.C.Heisthewoman’sassistant.D.Heisafamousmoviestar.Conversation2Q12:WhatdoesthewomansayanapplicantshoulddofirsttoapplyforthejobA.Makeanappointmentforaninterview.B.Sendinanapplicationletter.C.Fillinanapplicationform.D.Makeabriefself-introductiononthephone.Q13:Whatkindofapersonisthecompanylookingfor?A.Someonehavingacollegedegreeinadvertising.B.Someoneexperiencedinbusinessmanagement.C.Someonereadytotakeonmoreresponsibilities.D.Someonewillingtoworkbeyondregularhours.Q14:WhatdoesthewomansayaboutthesalaryifthemanisacceptedbythecompanyA.Itdependsontheworkinghours.B.Itisabout500poundsaweek.C.ItwillbesetbytheHumanResources.D.Itistobenegotiated.Q15:WhatdoesthemanlikemostaboutthejobA.Travelopportunities.B.Handsomepay.C.Prospectsforpromotion.D.Flexibleworkinghours.Passage1Q16:WhatisthechiefdutyofeverygovernmentA.Tosavenaturalresourcesforfutureuse.B.Toprotectpersonsandproperty.C.Toteachandtraincitizens.D.Tocollecttaxes.Q17:HowdidthegovernmentraisemoneyinthepastA.Bysellingservicesthatmakelifecomfortable.B.Bysellingcoalsandothernaturalproducts.C.Bysellinglandcontainingoil.D.Bysellingpubliclands.Q18:Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.People’sattitudetowardtaxes.B.Policeeffortstoprotectpeople.C.Taxesandservicesforthepublic.D.Environmentalpollutionandprotection.Passage2Q19:WhatisthispassagemainlyaboutA.ReasonsforchangesinfamilylifeinBritain.B.TheliberationmovementofBritishwomen.C.RapideconomicdevelopmentinBritain.D.Changingattitudestofamilylife.Q20:WhydidBritishwomenbecomeindispensabletoindustryafterWorldWarII?A.Becausemillionsofmendiedinthewar.B.Becausewomenhadproventheirworth.C.Becausewomenweremoreskillfulthanmen.D.Becausefactoriespreferredtoemploywomen.Q21:WhatremainedunchangedinspiteofallthechallengestofamilylifeA.Theattitudestoreligion.B.Theattitudestobirthcontrol.C.Theideasofauthorityandtradition.D.Theconceptof“thefamily”asasocialunit.Passage3Q22:WhatisthecharacteristicoflearnerofspecialEnglishA.Theywanttohaveanup-to-dateknowledgeofEnglish.B.TheywanttochangethewayEnglishistaught.C.Theyknowclearlywhattheywanttolearn.D.TheylearnEnglishtofindwell-paidjobs.Q23:WhoneedsESPcoursesmost?A.Beginners.B.Professionals.C.Collegestudents.D.Intermediatelearners.Q24:WhatarethemostpopularESPcoursesinBritainA.Coursesfordoctors.B.Coursesforlawyers.C.CoursesforreportersD.Coursesforbusinessmen.Q25:Whatisthespeakermainlytalkingabout?A.Threegroupsoflearners.B.EnglishforSpecificPurposes.C.TheimportanceofbusinessEnglish.D.FeaturesofEnglishfordifferentpurposes.Test2Newsreport1Q1:WhywillHaitiansgetaboostinnutritionA.BecauseofahealthandnutritionprojectfundedbyRANFOSE.B.BecauseoftheU.S.efficientinvestmentsinHaiti'sdevelopment.C.BecauseofthefoodfortificationprojectbetweentheUNandHaiti.D.BecauseofajointprogrambetweenUSAIDandgovernmentofHaiti.Q2:WhatdoesRANFOSEaimtodo?A.Toimprovefoodsecurity.B.Toexportmorefortifiedfoods.C.Todecreasedeficienciesinmicronutrients.D.ToimplementHaiti'sNutritionStrategicPlan.Newsreport2Q3:WhathappenedattheDomodedovoAirport?A.Peoplegetinjuredinashootingincident.B.Abombattackkilledmanypeople.C.Moscowtroopskilledterrorists.D.Severalinternationalflightsdelayed.Q4:WhatdidthePresidentdoaftertheincident?A.Heclosedtheairport’scustoms.B.Hecalledforambulancesandfireengines.C.Hefoundoutthosewhowereresponsible.D.Hechangedhisschedule.Newsreport3Q5:Whatdoesthisyear’sWorldOceansDaylayemphasison?A.Protectingmarineanimals.B.Improvingthequalityoflife.C.Safeguardingthehealthofouroceans.D.Findingsolutionstoplasticpollution.Q6:WhatisthepercentageofunderwaterareathatremainsunexploredA.40%.B.50%.C.95%.D.97%.Q7:Whichofthefollowingproblemsisnotcausedbyhumanactivities?A.Pollution.B.Over-fishing.C.Lossofcoastalhabitats.D.Extinctionofspecies.Conversation1Q8:Howdidthewomangettoknowabouttheman’scompany?A.Fromthewantedcolumn.B.Fromsomeofherfriends.C.FromInternet.D.Fromtelevisionads.Q9:WhatformaleducationdidthewomanreceiveA.Shereceivedfull-timeeducationabroad.B.Shegraduatedfromanopenuniversity.C.Shefinishedhersecondaryschool.D.Shestudiedinavocationalcollege.Q10:Whatdowelearnaboutthewoman’soccupationA.Sheisashorthand-typist.B.Sheworksasatourguide.C.Sheisapolicewoman.D.Sheteachesaneveningclass.Q11:WhatwillthemanprobablydonextA.Persuadethewomantobeapolicewoman.B.Findasuitablejobforthewoman.C.Helpthewomantobeatourguide.D.Providethewomanwithsomeformaleducation.Conversation2Q12:Whatdoesthewomansayaboutherpassport?A.Shehaspackeditinoneofherbags.B.Shehasprobablyleftitinataxi.C.Sheisgoingtogetittheairport.D.Sheisafraidthatshehaslostit.Q13:Whatdoweknowaboutthewoman’stripA.Itendsinwinter.B.Itwillcostheralot.C.Itwilllastoneweek.D.Itdependsontheweather.Q14:WhydoesthemanurgethewomantohurryA.Itendsinwinter.B.Itwillcostheralot.C.Itwilllastoneweek.D.Itdependsontheweather.Q15:Wheredoestheconversationmostprobablytakeplace?A.Athome.B.Intheman’scar.C.Attheairport.D.Bythesideofataxi.Passage1Q16:Whydidthemangiveupstudyingphysics?A.Hiseyesightwastoopoor.B.Physicswastoohardforhim.C.Hedidn’tlikephysicsanymore.D.Hehadtoworktosupporthimself.Q17:Whydidthemanresignfromtheengineeringfirm?A.Hewasnothappywiththenewdirector.B.Hewasnotqualifiedtobeengineer.C.Hefoundhisjobboring.D.Hewantedtotravel.Q18:WhydidthemanstarttoteachEnglishparttime?A.HeenjoyedteachingEnglish.B.Hewantedtoearnmoretosupporthisfamily.C.Hecouldearnmoreasateacherthanasatravelagent.D.Theowneroftheschoolpromisedhimagoodposition.Passage2Q19:Whatisdryicemakeof?A.Chemicals.B.Water.C.Vapor.D.Gas.Q20:HowisartificialfogmadeinthemoviesA.Bymeltingdryice.B.Bypassingsteamoverdryice.C.Byturningordinaryiceintosteam.D.Bymixingdryicewithordinaryice.Q21:Whatistheadvantageofdryiceoverordinaryice?A.Itiscleanertousethanordinaryice.B.Itisnotsocoldasordinaryice.C.Ittakesalongertimetomelt.D.Itislightertocarry.Passage3Q22:WhyislifesaidtobedifficultforHollywoodkids?A.Theatmospheretheyliveinisratherunreal.B.Theirparentsputtoomuchpressureonthem.C.It’shardforthemtogetalongwithotherkids.D.Theyhavetoliveintheshadowoftheirparents.Q23:WhatdoesthespeakersayaboutTrentMaguire,a13-year-oldboy?A.Healwaysboastsabouthisrichfather.B.Hewillgrowuptobegoodfornothing.C.Hehastoomuchtoknowthevalueofthings.D.Heistooyoungtomanagehisinheritedmoney.Q24:WhydoesAmanda’smotheremployotherpeopletolookafterherneeds?A.ShewantsAmandatogetprofessionalcare.B.Shehasnoexperienceinraisingchildren.C.Shewantstoshowoffherwealth.D.Shehasnotimetodoitherself.Q25:WhatwillprobablyhavenegativeeffectsonthelivesofHollywoodkids?A.ThelifestyledescribedinHollywoodmovies.B.Theworshipofmoney,beautyandpleasure.C.Thepursingofperfectioninperformance.D.Theattentionthemediafocusesonthem.Test3Newsreport1Q1:Whydidthebusinesscommunityresisttheminimumwage?A.Itisunreasonable.B.Itistoocostlyforthem.C.Itisillegal.D.Itisharmfultoworkers.Q2:WhichcountryinAsiadidn’thaveaminimumwage?A.Singapore.B.India.C.Thailand.D.Indonesia.Newsreport2Q3:Whoplayedthefootballmatch?A.TeamsfromTurkeyandGreek.B.TeamsfromGreekandtheRepublicofCyprus.C.TeamsfromTurkeyandtheRepublicofCyprus.D.TeamsfromTurkeyandIreland.Q4:WhendidTurkeyinvadeCyprus?A.In1975.B.In1964.C.In1965.D.In1974.Newsreport3Q5:WhatisthemedianageinIndia?A.27.B.18.C.37.D.45.Q6:WhatcanwelearnabouttheyoungpeopleinIndia?A.Theyrefusetorealizetheirpoliticalpower.B.Theyhopetogoabroadforfurtherstudy.C.Theyhavepowertodecidethenewgovernment.D.TheyfavorthecurrentCongressparty.Q7:WhatisthecurrentlargesteconomicprobleminIndia?A.Theunemploymentrateishigh.B.Thehousemarketbreaksdown.C.Thefrustratedpoliticalsituation.D.Pricesofgoodsrisesharply.Conversation1Q8:Whatdoesthemansayabouthisjob?A.Hefindsitratherstressful.B.Heisthinkingofquitting.C.Hecanhandleitquitewell.D.Hehastoworkextrahours.Q9:Whichtraindoesthemantaketoworkeveryday?A.The6:00one.B.The6:30one.C.The7:00one.D.The7:30one.Q10:Howdoesthemanfeelaboutcommutingtoworkeverydaynow?A.Itisanawfulwasteoftime.B.Hefindsitratherunbearable.C.Thetimeonthetrainisenjoyable.D.Itissomethingdifficulttogetusedto.Q11:Howdoesthemanspendhistimeonthemorningtrain?A.Readingnewspapers.B.Chattingwithfriends.C.Listeningtothedailynews.D.Planningtheday’swork.Conversation2Q12:WhatdoweknowaboutthewomanbeforeshewenttoEurope?A.ShelearnedplayingtheviolinfromafamousFrenchmusician.B.ShedreamedofworkingandlivinginaEuropeancountry.C.ShereadalotaboutEuropeanmusiciansandtheirmusic.D.ShelistenedtorecordingsofmanyEuropeanorchestras.Q13:Whatdoesthewomansayabouthermusicexperience?A.Shebegantakingviolinlessonsasasmallchild.B.ShewasapupilofafamousEuropeanviolinist.C.Shegaveherfirstperformancewithherfather.D.Shebecameaprofessionalviolinistatfifteen.Q14:Whendidthewomanfirstgiveherperformance?A.Whenshewaseight.B.Whenshewasnine.C.Whenshewas15.D.Whenshewas16.Q15:WhatdoesthewomansayaboutherstudyinParisA.Itgaveherachancetoexplorethecity.B.Itwasthechanceofalifetime.C.Itwasagreatchallengetoher.D.IthelpedherlearnclassicalFrenchmusic.Passage1Q16:Whyiscornfeedingmillionsofpeopletoday?A.Itisdeliciousbutinexpensive.B.Itcanbecookedinmanyways.C.Itgrowseasilyinvariousconditions.D.Itgiveshigheryieldsthanothergraincrops.Q17:WhatdidColumbusbringbackonhissecondtrip?A.Chocolatebeans.B.Tomatojuice.C.Sweetcorn.D.Friedpotatoes.Q18:WhatwastheresultofColumbus’stwotripstoAmerica?A.TheymadenativeAmericanlifestyleswell-known.B.TheymadenativeAmericanfoodspopular.C.TheyledtothediscoveryofAmerica.D.TheybroughtgreatwealthtoSpain.Passage2Q19:Whydosomepeoplepursuehigherpayingbutdemandingcareers?A.Tofullyrealizetheirpotential.B.Tosatisfytheneedsoftheirfamily.C.Tomakemoneyforearlyretirement.D.Togainasenseoftheirpersonalwealth.Q20:Whatisthedangerfacingpeoplewholiveonlyfortoday?A.Theymayregretthetimetheywasted.B.Theymayhavefewerjobopportunities.C.Theymayhavetocontinuetoworkinoldage.D.Theymayhavenobodytodependoninthefuture.Q21:Whatdoesthespeakerseemtoadvocate?A.Enjoyingyourselfwhileyoucan.B.Makingwiseuseofyourtime.C.Savingasmuchasyoucan.D.Workinghardandplayinghard.Passage3Q22:Whydosomechildrentrappedinaburningbuildinghidefrommaskedfirefighters?A.Theycannotseethefirefightersbecauseofthesmoke.B.Theycannothearthefirefightersforthenoise.C.Theydonotrealizethedangertheyarein.D.Theymistakethefirefightersformonsters.Q23:WhatdoesthepassagetellusaboutfirefighterEricVelez?A.HetravelsalloverAmericatohelpputoutfires.B.Heoftenteacheschildrenwhattododuringafire.C.HeteachesSpanishinaSanFranciscocommunity.D.Heprovidedoxygenmaskstochildrenfreeofcharge.Q24:WhatdowelearnaboutPeteGentry?A.Heisverygoodatpublicspeaking.B.Herescuedastudentfromabigfire.C.Hegivesinformativetalkstoyoungchildren.D.Hesavedthelifeofhisbrotherchokingonfood.Q25:Whatmessageisthespeakertryingtoconvey?A.FirefightersplayanimportantroleinAmerica.B.Kidsshouldlearnnottobeafraidofmonsters.C.Carelessnesscanresultintragedies.D.Informativespeechescansavelives.Test4Newsreport1Q1:Whatproblemdoesthenextgenerationofretireeshave?A.Theirhealthbecomesworse.B.Theydon’tfightashardasbefore.C.Theywon’tgetthebenefitofpension.D.Theyreceivelesseducation.Q2:Whendidpensionsreachtheheightoftheirpopularity?A.Inthelate1970s.B.Intheearly1970s.C.Intheearly1960s.D.Inthelate1960s.Newsreport2Q3:Whatdowelearnabouttherecentexplosionatacoalmine?A.Nobodywasinjuredinit.B.Itwascausedbyanerror.C.Itkilled27miners.D.Itaffectednationalelectricitysupply.Q4:Whatmadetheminingindustrysaferinthelate1960s?A.Extraordinaryexpansionofminecompanies.B.Thelawsrequiringfederalmineinspections.C.Thedeclineofcoalsupplyintheworld.D.Anaccidentcausingthousandsofdeath.Newsreport3Q5:WhatisHMRprogram?A.Anexpresscompanythatdeliversfood.B.Amealreplacementdiet.C.Areportonfastweight-lossdietcategory.D.Anannualrankingofbestdietplans.Q6:WhatistheadvantageofHMRprogram?A.Thefoodismadebymedicalworkers.B.Thefoodishealthierthanmade-at-homemeal.C.Thefoodisdeliveredtodietersdirectly.D.Dieterscanorderavarietyoffood.Q7:Whatisthecommonmisunderstandingaboutlosingweightfast?A.Itistoughtoachieve.B.Itmaychangeourlifestyle.C.Itisunhealthyandunsustainable.D.Itcanleadtofuturediseases.Conversation1Q8:Whydoesthemanchoosetotakeaneveningcourse?A.Heprefersthesmallereveningclasses.B.Hehassignedupforadaycourse.C.Hehastoworkduringtheday.D.Hefindstheeveningcoursecheaper.Q9:Whatdoesthemanhavetodobeforetakingthecourseofcomputerprogramming?A.Learnacomputerlanguage.B.Learndataprocessing.C.Buysomecomputersoftware.D.Buyafewcoursebooks.Q10:Whatdowelearnaboutthescheduleofeveningcourse?A.Thursdayevening,from7:00to9:45.B.FromSeptember1toNewYear’seve.C.EveryMonday,lastingfor12weeks.D.Threehoursaweek,45hoursintotal.Q11:Whatdoesthemanwanttoknowattheendoftheconversation?A.Whattobringforregistration.B.Wheretoattendtheclass.C.HowhecangettoFrostHall.D.Whetherhecanuseacheck.Conversation2Q12:WhatdowelearnfromtheconversationaboutMs.Rowling’sfirstbook?A.Itwasaboutalittleanimal.B.Ittookhersixyearstowrite.C.Itwasadaptedfromafairytale.D.Itwasaboutalittlegirlandherpet.Q13:WhydoesMs.RowlingconsiderherselfveryluckA.Sheknowshowtowritebest-sellingnovels.B.Shecanearnalotofmoneybywritingforadults.C.Sheisabletowinenoughsupportfrompublishers.D.Shecanmakealivingbydoingwhatshelikes.Q14:WhatdictatesMs.Rowling’swriting?A.Thecharacters.B.Herideas.C.Thereaders.D.Herlifeexperiences.Q15:AccordingtoMs.Rowling,wheredidshegettheideasfortheHarryPotterbooks?A.Shedoesn’treallyknowwheretheyoriginated.B.Shemainlydrewonstoriesofancientsaints.C.Theypoppedoutofherchildhooddreams.D.Theygrewoutofherlonghoursofthinking.Passage1Q16:Whyareproverbssoimportant?A.Theyguideusinhandlinghumanrelationships.B.Theyhelpusexpressourselvesmoreeffectively.C.Theyareaninfinitesourceofhumanknowledge.D.Theyhelpusseetheimportantvaluesofaculture.Q17:Accordingtothespeaker,whathappenstosomeproverbswiththepassageoftime?A.Thevaluestheyreflectmaychange.B.Theiroriginscannolongerbetraced.C.Theirwordingmaybecomedifferent.D.Theymaybemisinterpretedoccasionally.Q18:WhatdowelearnfromthestudyofproverbsfromaroundtheworldA.Someproverbsareassumingmoreandmoreimportance.B.Certainvaluesaresharedbyalargenumberofcultures.C.Certainvalueshavealwaysbeencentraltoaculture.D.Oldproverbsareconstantlyreplacedbynewones.Passage2Q19:WhatisthespeakercomplainingaboutA.Thelackoftime.B.Thequalityoflife.C.Thefrustrationsatwork.D.Thepressureonworkingfamilies.Q20:Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutourancestors?A.Theywerejustasbusyaspeopleoftoday.B.Theysawtheimportanceofcollectiveefforts.C.Theydidn'tcomplainasmuchasmodernman.D.Theylivedahardlifebyhuntingandgathering.Q21:Whydoesthespeakersuggestallbossesreadthereportbythethreeorganizations?A.Tolookforcreativeideasofawardingemployees.B.Toexplorestrategiesforloweringproductioncosts.C.Toseeknewapproachestodealingwithcomplaints.D.Tofindeffectivewaystogiveemployeesflexibility.Passage3Q22:Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutcustomers’enteringthegrocerystoreA.Theybehaveasiftheirmemorieshavefailedtotally.B.Theybecomeexcitedasiftheyhadneverbeenthere.C.Theycaremoreaboutanitem’spricethanitsuse.D.Theygrabwhatevertheythinkisagoodbargain.Q23:Whichcustomersaresupposedtobeintheexpressline?A.ThosewithaVIPcard.B.Thosepayingincash.C.Thoseneedingassistance.D.Thosewith15itemsofless.Q24:Whatdoesthespeakersaysomecustomersdowhentheyarriveatthecheck-outcounter?A.Gobackandpickupmoreitems.B.Takeoutsomeunwantedpurchases.C.Changetheitemstheyhavepickedup.D.Calculatethetotalcostofthegroceries.Q25:Whatdoesthespeakersayabouthisjobattheendofthetalk?A.Itrequirestolerance.B.Itcallsforcarefulness.C.Itinvolvescommunicationskills.D.Itneedsagoodknowledgeofmath.阅读理解SectionA词汇填空SectionBUnit1PassageAThehumanmindiswonderfulandpowerful,butit'sfarfromperfect.Thereareseveralcommonjudgmenterrorsthatit'spronetomake.Inthefieldofpsychologytheseareknownascognitivebiases,orfallaciesinreasoning.Theyhappentoeveryoneregardlessofage,sex,educationorintelligence.Negativeself-fulfillingprophecies.Aself-fulfillingprophecyisapredictionthatmotivatesapersontotakeactionsthatcausethepredictiontocometrue.Anegativeself-fulfillingprophecyoftentearsrelationshipsapartandcausespeopletofailattheirgoals.Beginner'soptimism.Beginner'soptimismisthehumantendencytounderestimatethetimerequiredtocompleteanunfamiliartask.Itoccursduetoalackofplanningandresearchonthepartofsomeonewhoisexcitedaboutdoingsomethingtheyhaveneverdonebefore.Inotherwords,whenwegetassignedanewtaskthatweareanxioustogetstartedon,insteadofdelayingthestarttimetoaccuratelyevaluatethelevelofdifficultyandresourcesrequired,wesimplyguessandbegin.Thus,ourexpectationoftheworkloadisbasedonrawoptimisminsteadofpastexperienceandreliabledata.Anditallbackfiresonusalittlelaterwhenwefindourselvesknee-deepinworkwewereunpreparedfor.Rebellingsimplytoprovepersonalfreedom.Althoughmorecommoninchildren,thisthinkingfallacycanaffectpeopleofanyage.It'sbasicallyaperson'surgetodosomethingtheyhavebeentoldnottodo,forfearthattheirfreedomofchoiceisbeingtakenawayfromthem.Thispersonmaynotevenwanttodowhatevertheyaredoingtorebel;however,thesimplefactthattheyarenotsupposedtodoitmotivatesthemtodosoanyway.Thetacticofreversepsychologyisacommonlyusedmethodofexploitingthisthinkingfallacyinothers.Tryingtodiminishlossesbycontinuingtopursueapreviousfailure.Sometimescalledthesunkcostfallacy,itisathinkingfaultthatmotivatesustocontinuetosupportapreviouslyunsuccessfulendeavor.Wejustifyourdecisiontocontinueinvestinginthisfailedendeavorbasedonourcumulativepriorinvestment,despitenewevidencesuggestingthatthecost,startingtoday,ofcontinuingtopursueitoutweighstheexpectedbenefit.Thelogicalthingtodowouldbeforustocutourlossesandchangeourcourseofaction.However,duetothesunkcostswehavealreadyinvested,wefeelcommittedtotheendeavor,soweinvestevenmoretime,moneyandenergyintoit,hopingthatouradditionalinvestmentwillreversetheoutcome.Butitneverwill.1.Amanreallyendshisrelationshipwithhisgirlfriendwhenhebelievesthattherelationshipisnevergoingtolast.Thisisatypicalexampleof______________.A.negativeself-fulfillingpropheciesB.beginner'soptimismC.rebellingsimplytoprovepersonalfreedomD.tryingtodiminishlossesbycontinuingtopursueapreviousfailure2.Theword"backfire"inthelastsentenceofParagraph3mostprobablymeans____________.A.tomakeasuddennoise B.tosupport C.torely D.tohavetheoppositeresult3."Thetacticofreversepsychology"inParagraph4wouldmostprobablyreferto______________.A.amethodofmakingsomeonedowhatyouwantbygivinghimtheexplicitsuggestionsB.amethodofmakingsomeonedowhatyouwantbygivinghimnosuggestionsC.amethodofmakingsomeonedowhatyouwantbysuggestingtheoppositeofwhatyoureallywantD.amethodofmakingsomeonenotdowhatyoudonotwant4.Accordingtotheauthor,whydohumantrytodiminishlossesbycontinuingtopursueapreviousfailure?A.Becausetheythoughttheircontinuingendeavorwouldbemorevaluablethantheexpectedbenefit.B.Becausetheythoughttheircontinuingendeavorwouldbelessvaluablethantheexpectedbenefit.C.Becausenoevidencesuggeststhatthecostofcontinuingtopursueitoutweighstheexpectedresult.D.Becausetheyhaveinvestedalotandhopetheadditionalinvestmentwouldbringthemsuccess.5.Whatdoyouthinkisthemostappropriatetitleforthispassage?A.Theimperfecthumanmind B.CommonfallaciesinourwayofthinkingC.Improveourwayofthinking D.ThinkbeforeyouactPassageBHowoftenareyouinadecision-makingorproblem-solvingmeetingwithyourteamandsaytoyourself,"Whatisthisguythinking"We'veallbeenthere.Thenextstepseemssocleartoyou,butonepersonseemstobeaskingallthe"wrong"questionsorpushingthediscussionfurtherawayfromaresolution.Theissueisn't"What"theotherguyisthinking–it's"How"hethinks.Thinkingstylesmatter.Let'stakeahypotheticalexampletoseehowtheinteractionofthinkingstylescanleadtoeitherconflictingorexcellentgroupcriticalthinking.Joe'sthinkingstyleisTruth-seeking,whereasSarahprefersaTimelythinkingstyle.Theyareworkingtogetheronatechnicalproductthathasanumberofbugs.Sarahhasresearchedtheissueandfeelsshehasasolutionthatcanbeimplementedquicklytominimizetheimpactontheircustomers.However,thesolutiondoesn'tsolvetherootissueoftheproblem;itismoreofaworkaroundorBand-Aid.JoehaslotsofquestionsforSarah."Whydidthiserroroccur""Whydidn'twefindthiserrorduringourtestingprocess""Whatelsecouldthiserroraffect"ThesequestionsfrustrateSarah,whoisanxioustoimplementasolutionquickly.Sherealizesthattheseareallvalidissues;however,shehaspromisedaresolutionwithin24hoursandtoinvestigatetheissuesJoehasraisedcouldtakeweeks.Sarahknowsthatinanidealsituation,theywouldbeabletocontinueresearchingtofindtherootcauseandpermanentsolution,butadecisionmustbemadequickly.Joedisagrees.Yes,thebugisaminorinconveniencetocustomers,buttakingafewextradaystofindthebestsolutioncouldactuallysavetimeoverallbyavoidingfuturefixes.Also,hewondersifafixreallyneedstobeinplacewithin24hoursorifthatisanunnecessarygoal.JoeandSarahfindthemselvesatoddsbecausetheir