考研考博-英语-德州科技职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-德州科技职业学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Housewiveswhodonotgoouttoworkoftenfeeltheyarenotworkingtotheirfull（

）.

问题1选项

A.capacity

B.strength

C.length

D.possibility

【答案】A

【解析】名词词义辨析。句意：不外出工作的家庭主妇常常觉得自己没有充分发挥自己的能力。选项A符合句意。

2.单选题

AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.

Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.

Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.

Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationsthatspecializedinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner—amazing.SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.

Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailtotranslateculturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusesthewordfriend,theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.

1.Theword“observation”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans（

）.

2.Peopleinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertaintravelersbecausethesestrangerswould

（

）.

3.Nowadaysthetraditionoffriendlinesstostrangers

（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

5.Fromthelastparagraphofthepassagewehavelearnedthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.attention.

B.watchfulness.

C.survey.

D.opinion.

问题2选项

A.bringgoodnewsfromoutsideworld.

B.helplocalssolvetheirproblems.

C.bringachangetothelifeinthesettlements.

D.requiresadifferentdefinition.

问题3选项

A.isstillprevailing.

B.canrarelybeseen

C.iswadingfast

D.requiresadifferentdefinition

问题4选项

A.Peoplearestillfondoftravelingtoremoteplaces.

B.Foreigntravelersnowkeepawayfrombusytouristtrails.

C.Thereisnocharitableorganizationinsmallcities.

D.ForeignvisitorstotheUShavetroubleunderstandingAmerican’sfriendliness.

问题5选项

A.theabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguageimpliesabetterunderstandingofitsculture

B.variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends

C.cultureexercisesagreatinfluenceonsocialinterrelationships

D.courteousconventionandindividualinterestarecloselyinterrelated

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.词义题。根据第一段的内容可知，“observation”指的是上文所提及的认为大多数美国人和加拿大人友好，礼貌和乐于助人的观点。所以选项D正确。

2.推理判断题。根据第二段的内容可知，边境地区人们的生活通常是单调乏味的，所以他们喜欢招待旅行者或陌生人，因为这些陌生人和旅行者不仅带来了消遣，还带来了外部世界的消息。也就是说，给他们的生活带来了些许改变，所以选项C正确。选项A表述太片面；选项B和D在文中没有提及。

3.事实细节题。根据第四段第二句“Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS...”招待陌生人的古老传统在美国仍然非常盛行。选项A符合原文。

4.事实细节题。根据第四段倒数第二句“SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.”到美国旅游的人持有这样的观点并不罕见，但并不总是能够正确的理解。也就是说，到美国来旅游的游客很难理解美国人的友好。选项D与原文表述一致，所以正确。

5.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知，第一句为本段的主旨句“Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.”正如任何发达社会一样，在美国，一系列复杂的文化特征，信念和习俗构成了所有社会关系的基础。也就是说，文化对社会关系有很大的影响。选项C符合原文。

3.单选题

Hisfriends’reminiscencesonthecivilwarwerea（

）excitementtothe80-year-oldveteran.

问题1选项

A.continuous

B.continual

C.continuing

D.continuum

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查同形词辨析。A选项continuous“持续不断的”；B选项continual“持续的，频繁的”；C选项continuing是动词continue“继续；持续”的现在分词；D选项continuum是名词“统一体；连续体”。缺定语修饰aexcitement“令人兴奋的一件事”，故continuous“持续不断的”最符合，句意为：朋友们对南北战争的回忆让这位80岁的老兵兴奋不已。

4.单选题

Theteam’seffortstoscorewere（

）bytheopposinggoalkeeper.

问题1选项

A.surpassed

B.doubled

C.frustrated

D.furthered

【答案】C

【解析】句意:球队努力得分,但由于对方的守门员而惨遭失败。只有选项C符合句意。

5.单选题

ProfessorKumarBhatt,founderandheadofWarwickManufacturingGroup(WMC),andRob

MeakinapersonneldirectoratMarconi,havedevelopedapartnershiptotrainengineersandmanagerstobecomeeliterate.TheNewKnowledgePartnershipwillincludeateamof40MarconimanagersinwhatProfessorBhattcallselectronicengineeringmanagementorE2.Awiderangeofengineeringandnon-engineeringcompanieshasexpressedinterestintheseexcitingprograms,professorBhattbelievesthate-commerceischangingthebusinessenvironmenttoahugeextent.Manychiefexecutivesdonotunderstandthepowerofthenewtechnologiesandinsomecases,areactuallyresistingchange.Hesaysthat“aslongasenoughindustryleadersrealizeitspotentialbenefits,e-businesswillmakepossibleasecondproductivityrevolutioninBritain.Thiscouldtaketheeconomyclosetoeliminatingthestillsubstantialcompetitivenessgapwithitsmainrivals.OverthelastfiveyearsintheUStherehasbeena30%improvementinmanufacturingsectorproductivitybecauseofinformationtechnology.InBritainwecanachievemorethanthatandsuccessfule-businesswillbeworthbillionstotheUKeconomy.”

AlreadyBritainmakesmoreuseofcomputer-aideddesignandmanufacture(CAD/CAM)andmanagementinformationtechnologysystemthanotherEuropeancountries,andhasagovernmentthatactivelypromotese-business.But,observesProfessorBhatt,Britainhasneverusedtechnologyasagrowthdriver.“Thethingaboutelectronicengineeringmanagementisthatyoucankeepyourlegacysystems;youjustneedtolinkthosesystemswithaninformationengine.Atthetouchofabuttonitwillallowprojectmanagerstoseethestatusofaproject,identifyproblemspreciselyandmakevirtuallyimmediatedecisionsbasedoninformationthatwillbemuchmorecompletethaninthepast.”

TheE2programistheresultofanalliancebytheWarwickManufacturingGroupwithAmerica’sleadinge-commercestudycenter,CarnegieMellon.ThelatterwillberesponsiblefortrainingmanyoftheMarconimanagersinAmerica,wherethegrouphashalfitsbusiness.InBritain.ProfessorBhatthaslinkedupwithSunMicrosystems,OracleandParametricTechnology,tosetupamulti-millionpoundE2designandmanufacturingcenterattheuniversitywhichwillbeusedfortrainingandresearch.

ProfessorBhattbelievesthate-commerceischangingbusinesstosuchanextentthatWMGislikelytoberenamedWarwickElectronicManufacturingGroup.But,hewarns:“Themovetoglobalizebecauseofe-commerceisracingahead.AlthoughthenetallowsBritishindustrytoovertaketheirEuropeanpeers,italsooffersAsiancountriestoleapfrogtheWest.ForthefirsttimeitisnottheprivilegeoftheWesternworldbecausethistechnologyisuniversal.”

1.WhatisthepurposeofE2course?

2.WhydoesBhattsaythat"e-businesswillmakepossibleasecondproductivityrevolutioninBritain"?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoyouknowaboute-businessinBritain?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?

5.Accordingtothatlastpassage,whatisBhatt’sattitudetowardse-commerce?

问题1选项

A.Teachelectronicengineeringmanagement.

B.Trainengineersandmanagerstobeacquaintedwithe-commerce.

C.Trainengineersandmanagerstobeengineersandmanagers.

D.Teachengineersandmanagersaboutdevelopingpartnership.

问题2选项

A.Becausemanybusinessleadershaveshowntheirinterestinthis.

B.Becauseitcanstrengthenthecompanies’competitiveness.

C.Becausemorepeoplewilllearne-commercestyle.

D.Becausenewinformationtechnologiescangreatlyimproveindustrialproductivity.

问题3选项

A.E-businesshaseliminatedmanycompetitiverivals.

B.E-businesshasdonemanybenefitstobigcompanies

C.ManycompanieshavejoinedintheE-businessprogram.

D.E-businesshasgreatpotentialandwillmakechangesinthecountry.

问题4选项

A.BritaincanbecompetitivetoUSintheareaofinformationtechnology.

B.Britainhasalreadytakentheadvantagesofrunningengineeringmanagement.

C.AswithmanyotherEuropeancountries,Britainhasmadeuseofcomputer-aidedsystems.

D.E-businesshasofferedopportunitiestoEuropeancountriestoeliminatethecompetitivenessgapwithalltherivals.

问题5选项

A.HethinksitasapreciseopportunityonlytoBritain.

B.Hethinksthatitisnotasagoodopportunityaspeoplethink.

C.HethinksitisnotonlygoodforBritainbutalsoapreciseopportunityforothercountries.

D.Hedoesnotconsideritagoodopportunityinthelongrun.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的havedevelopedapartnershiptotrainengineersandmanagerstobecomeeliterate（建立了合作伙伴关系，培训工程师和管理人员成为精英）可知D选项“教工程师和经理如何发展伙伴关系”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的e-businesswillmakepossibleasecondproductivityrevolutioninBritain.Thiscouldtaketheeconomyclosetoeliminatingthestillsubstantialcompetitivenessgapwithitsmainrivals.（电子商务将使英国的第二次生产力革命成为可能。这可能会使经济接近消除与主要竞争对手的巨大竞争力差距）可知B选项“因为它可以增强企业的竞争力”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。由文章第二段中的Britainhasneverusedtechnologyasagrowthdriver.（英国从未将科技作为经济增长的动力）可知D选项“电子商务有着巨大的潜力，并将在这个国家发生变化”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的OverthelastfiveyearsintheUStherehasbeena30%improvementinmanufacturingsectorproductivitybecauseofinformationtechnology.InBritainwecanachievemorethanthatandsuccessfule-businesswillbeworthbillionstotheUKeconomy.（在过去五年中，由于信息技术，美国制造业的生产率提高了30%。在英国，我们可以取得更多成就，成功的电子商务将对英国经济带来数十亿美元的收益）可知A选项“在信息技术领域，英国可以比美国更有竞争力”符合题意。

5.观点态度题。由文章最后一段中的Themovetoglobalizebecauseofecommerceisracingahead.AlthoughthenetallowsBritishindustrytoovertaketheirEuropeanpeers,italsooffersAsiancountriestoleapfrogtheWest.ForthefirsttimeitisnottheprivilegeoftheWesternworldbecausethistechnologyisuniversal.（由于电子商务而走向全球化的步伐正在加快。尽管网络允许英国工业超越欧洲同行，但它也为亚洲国家提供了超越西方的机会。这是第一次它不是西方世界的特权，因为这项技术是普遍的）可知C选项“他认为这不仅对英国有利，而且对其他国家来说也是一个确切的机会”正确。

6.翻译题

B：TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.

(10*1=10)

Theworldsoaksincolor.Nottheprimarycolorsofspring,brittleordelicate,thereds,yellowsandbluesofaudaciousorself-effacingflowers.Autumntakesallthecolorsofspringandblendsandsoftensthemrichlytointenseshadesofpurple,crimson,bronze,amberandmahogany,displayedeithertapestry-wisesidebyside,ormergedinrichnewtones.Thetreesareresplendentincopperandgold,whilecorn-stackscrouchingabovethestubblegleamdeepyellowinsunlight.Greenoblongsdefinedbyhedgesfleckedwithscarletberriescontrastwithneatly-furrowedploughlands.Andmoorlandisspreadwitharoyalmassedembroideryofpurpleheatherbankedamongradiantgorse.

【答案】世界沉浸在色彩之中。不是春天的原色，脆弱或娇嫩，也不是大胆或谦逊的花朵的红、黄、蓝。秋天吸收了春天的所有颜色，并将它们丰富地融合和软化为紫色、深红色、青铜色、琥珀色和桃花心木等强烈的色调，或以挂毯的方式并排展示，或以丰富的新色调融合。树木被铜色和金色染得金碧辉煌，而蜷伏在茬子上的玉米堆在阳光下闪着深黄的光。红色浆果点缀的树篱勾勒出的绿色长方形与整齐犁沟的农田形成了鲜明的对比。高沼地上散布着紫色石南的皇家刺绣，镶嵌在闪闪发光的金雀花中。

7.问答题

InemergingeconomieslikethatinEasternEurope,therearefearsthatgrowingjoblessness

A

mightencourageamoveawayfromfree-market,pro-Westernpolicies,whileindeveloping

B

countriesunemploymentcouldbolstereffortstoprotectlocalindustriesattheexpenseofglobal

C

D

trade.

【答案】试题答案：A;those

【解析】考查代词。mergingeconomies为复数形式，因此代词要用相应的复数形式，that的复数为those。

8.单选题

Togreatacclaim,WangYing-laiandhisteamattheInstituteofBiochemistryinShanghaiannounced,in1965,thattheyhadsynthesizedbiologicallyactiveinsulin.SimilarresearchwasbeingconductedinlabsintheUnitedStatesandacrossEurope,butWang’sdiscoverywaswellinadvanceofhisrivals,andusheredinaneweraofsyntheticproteins.Thisexample,unfortunately,istheexceptionratherthantheruleforChinesescience.Chinahasalongwaytogotoberecognizedasaleadingscientificcountry,butrapidprogressisbeingmade.

ModernscientificresearchdidnotbegininChinauntiltheearlytwentiethcentury.ThefoundingoftheAcademiaSinicaanditsassociatedresearchinstitutesin1928signifieditsbeginning,butitsactivitywasseriouslydisruptedbyintermittentwarsandpoliticalturmoil.Sciencehashadlittlechancetotakehold.

Now,giventhesoundnessoftheChineseeconomy,thesteadyincreaseinthegovernment’sfundingforbasicandappliedresearch,andthegeneralappreciationoftheimportanceofscientificdevelopment,thetimehascomeforChinatomakeitspresencefeltontheinternationalresearchstage.

IhavehelpedtobuildseveralacademicprogramsinChinaduringthepasttwodecades,andInowbelievethattheremainingobstaclestoChineseresearchinstitutionsachievingexcellenceareculturalratherthaneconomic.

Authorityversuscreativity

TheConfuciantraditionofrespectingcustomsandhierarchyhascastalongshadowovermodernChina.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformityinthepastdecadeshavehamperedthecreationofanenvironmentthatfostersindividualcreativity.Deferencetoauthorityandtoexistingparadigmsisamajorbarriertoscientificbreakthrough.

ScienceeducationinChinaisextensiveandrigorous,andhaswonuniversalpraise.Butittakesmorethanthistocultivatescientists;studentsshouldbeinspiredtopursueknowledgeitself,andahabitofraisingquestionsneedstobefostered.Challengestoexistingevidence,hypothesesandconcepts,howeverI,oughttobeencouragedandseriouslyaddressed.

Respectforauthoritiesandthespiritofconformityleavetheirmarkonthestyleofscientificresearchaswell.ResearchprogramsinChinaoftencloselyfollowexistinglinesofresearchintheWest,usingsimilarparadigms.Thisoftenleadstocompetitionatadisadvantage.

ColleaguesinChinaoftencomplainthattheirresultsarenotappreciated,whereassimilarworkperformedinWesterncountriesispublishedinhigh-profilejournals.

Strengtheningtheuniquenessoftheirworkwillincreaseitsvisibility,aswillimprovingitspresentation.AttheInstituteofNeuroscienceinShanghai,wegiveregularscientific-writingclasses,usingdraftsofmanuscriptstoillustratehowtoimproveclarityandprecision.

Theseskillsareimportant,butultimatelyitisconfidenceandskillinattackingimportantproblemsattheforefrontofsciencethatwillleadtomajordiscoveriesandinternationalrecognition.

CriticalscientificexchangeisrarelyseeninChina,especiallyinpublic.YetopenandfrankdialogueisurgentlyneededtomakescientificconferencesinChinanotjustfriendlygatheringsbutintellectualeventsthatstimulateideas.UnduecourtesymaybeindispensableformaintainingtheConfucianorderinatraditionalChinesefamily,butitisdetrimentaltoresearchinstitutions.Onewaytoovercomethismightbefortheorganizersofscientificmeetingstobeginwiththestatementthatcriticalornegativecommentsaretobetakenasconstructiveinputs.

Theattitudetowardscritiqueisalsorelevanttothesubmissionofscientificpaperstointernationaljournals.Criticalcommentsbyrefereesmayatfirstglanceseemunfairorhostile.Researcherswouldbenefitfromamorepositiveapproach:itisoftenusefultoreflectuponthecommentsandthengobacktothelaboratorybench,ratherthansendingthepaperimmediatelytoadifferentjournalwithoutmuchimprovement.Forexample,investigatorsfromtheInstituteofNeurosciencehavemadegreateffortstoimprovethequalityoftheworkuponrejectionoftheirpapers,andthisapproachhasbeenrewardedbyamarkedincreaseinthenumberofpublicationsinhigh-qualityjournalsinthepastfewyears.

31.ThefindingofWangandhisteamis______thatofotherresearchersaroundtheworld.

32.WhatmarkedupthestartofscientificresearchinChina?

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whichmainlyhindersChinesescientistsfromindividualcreativity?

34.ForChinesescientists,asthispassageshows,whichreasonisnotamongtheonescausingthelowchancesofpublishingresultsinternationally?

35.Whichtypeofattitudeshouldwriterstakewhenreadingcritiquesofpeerreviews?

问题1选项

A.muchbetterthan

B.similarto

C.somehowpoorerthan

D.notalloftheabove

问题2选项

A.WangYing-Laiandhisteam.

B.Confuciusculture.

C.TheestablishmentofAcademiaSinica.

D.Disruptionofintermittentwars.

问题3选项

A.Strongcouragetochallengeauthorityandexistingparadigms.

B.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformity.

C.Chineseeconomy.

D.Thegovernment’sfunding.

问题4选项

A.Westernresearchersdonotappreciatetheirresults.

B.Lackofuniqueness.

C.Uncommontohaveregularscientificwritingcourses.

D.Raretoseecriticalscientificexchange.

问题5选项

A.hostile

B.positiveandthankful

C.indifferent

D.worrisome

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】31.【选项释义】

31.ThefindingofWangandhisteamis______thatofotherresearchersaroundtheworld.31.王和他的团队的发现______世界上其他研究人员的发现。

A.muchbetterthanA.强得多

B.similartoB.相似

C.somehowpoorerthanC.某种程度上不如

D.notalloftheaboveD.以上都不是

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第一段第二句“美国和欧洲的实验室也在进行类似的研究，但王的发现远远领先于（wellinadvanceof）他的竞争对手，开启了合成蛋白质的新时代（usheredinanewera）”，从inadvanceof（领先）和usheredinanewera（开启了新时代）可知，王的团队的发现要比世界上其他研究人员的发现更好，故该题选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项在文中是说其他实验室的研究类似，并不是发现类似，属于张冠李戴；

C、D选项与原文不符，属于曲解原文。

32.【选项释义】

32.WhatmarkedupthestartofscientificresearchinChina?32.什么标志着中国科学研究的开始？

A.WangYing-Laiandhisteam.A.王英来和他的团队。

B.Confuciusculture.B.儒家文化。

C.TheestablishmentofAcademiaSinica.

C.中央研究院的成立。

D.Disruptionofintermittentwars.

D.间断性战争的中断。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据关键词scientificresearch定位到文章第二段，从第二句“1928年成立的中央研究院及其相关研究机构标志着它的开始”可知，中国科学研究的开始的标志是中央研究院的成立。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项都与原文出处无关，属于张冠李戴。

33.【选项释义】

33.Accordingtotheauthor,whichmainlyhindersChinesescientistsfromindividualcreativity?33.作者认为，阻碍中国科学家个人创造力的主要因素是什么？

A.Strongcouragetochallengeauthorityandexistingparadigms.A.敢于挑战权威和现有模式。

B.Authoritarianruleandpoliticalconformity.B.独裁统治和政治一致性。

C.Chineseeconomy.C.中国经济。

D.Thegovernment’sfunding.D.政府的资助。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据关键信息individualcreativity定位到文章第五段第二句“过去几十年的专制统治和政治一致性阻碍了培养个人创造力的环境的创造”，可知，是专制统治和政治一致性阻碍了个人创造力的发展。因此，该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项是突破个人创造力阻碍的因素，与题干相反，属于反向干扰；

C、D选项是当前中国科学发展良好的因素，与题干无关，属于张冠李戴。

34.【选项释义】

34.ForChinesescientists,asthispassageshows,whichreasonisnotamongtheonescausingthelowchancesofpublishingresultsinternationally?34.对于中国科学家来说，如本文所述，哪一个原因不是导致在国际上发表成果的机会低的原因之一？

A.Westernresearchersdonotappreciatetheirresults.A.西方研究人员并不欣赏他们的研究结果。

B.Lackofuniqueness.B.缺乏独特性。

C.Uncommontohaveregularscientificwritingcourses.C.定期的科学写作课程并不常见。

D.Raretoseecriticalscientificexchange.D.难得看到批判性的科学交流。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据文章倒数第四段最后一句“在上海神经科学研究所，我们定期开设科学写作课程（regularscientific-writingclasses），用草稿来说明如何提高清晰度和准确性”，从regularscientific-writingclasses（定期的科学写作课程）可知，这并不是中国研究在国际上出版率低的原因。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均是中国研究在国际上出版率低的原因，属于反向干扰。

35.【选项释义】

35.Whichtypeofattitudeshouldwriterstakewhenreadingcritiquesofpeerreviews?35.在阅读同行评议的评论时，作者们应该采取哪种态度？

A.hostileA.敌意的

B.positiveandthankfulB.积极和感恩的

C.indifferentC.冷漠的

D.worrisomeD.令人担心的

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】文章最后一段第三句提到“研究人员将从一个更积极的方法中（amorepositiveapproach）受益：对评论进行反思（reflect），然后回到实验室做实验，而不是立即将论文发送到不同的期刊，而没有太多改进”，从中可知，研究人员应该用积极和反思的态度来面对同行的批评，因此该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合原文，属于曲解原文。

9.单选题

Aclassicalseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopulationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsychologist,JohnCalhoun.Ineachexperiment,anequalnumberofmaleandfemaleadultratswereplacedinanenclosure.Theratpopulationwereallowedtoincrease.Calhounknewfromexperienceapproximatelyhowmanyratscouldliveintheenclosureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Heallowedthepopulationtoincreasetoapproximatelytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabilizedthepopulationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Attheendoftheexperiments,Calhounwasabletoconcludethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenormalsocialrelationshipsamongrats,akindofsocialdisease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfollowthesamepatternsofbehaviorasratwouldinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.

Thefemalesintheratpopulationwerethemostseriouslyaffectedbythehighpopulationdensity.Forexample,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,andwithouttheirmother’scare,thepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopulatedcommunities,mothersratesdonotbehavenormally.Theirbehaviormaybeconsidereddiseasedpathological.

Thedominantmalesintheratpopulationweretheleastaffectedbyoverpopulation.Eachofthesestrongmalesclaimedanareaoftheenclosureashisown.Therefore,theseindividualsdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.However,dominantmalesdidbehavepathologicallyattimes.Theirantisocialbehaviorconsistedofattacksonweakermale,female,andimmaturerats.Thisdeviantbehaviorshowedthateventhoughthedominantmalehadenoughlivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegeneralovercrowding.

Nondominantmalesintheexperimentalratcommunitiesalsoexhibiteddeviantsocialbehavior.Somewithdrewcompletely,avoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantmaleswerehyperactive,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thebehavioroftheratpopulationhasparallelsinhumanbehavior.PeopleindenselypopulatedareasexhibitdeviantbehaviorsimilartothatoftheratsinCalhoun'sexperiments.InLargeurbanareas;suchasNewYorkCity,London,andCairo,thereareabandonedchildren.Therearecruel,powerfulindividual,bothmenandwomen.Therearealsopeoplewhowithdrawandpeoplewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipalcauseofthesedisordersoverpopulation?Calhoun’sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socialscientistsandcityplannershavebeeninfluencedbytheresultsofthisseriesofexperiments.

1.Calhounstabilizedtheratpopulation（

）.

2.WhichofthefollowinginferencesCANNOTbemadefr