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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山西电力职业技术学院押题密卷附带答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.翻译题

1.Inpresent-daytechnologymanmakestremendousdemandsonthematerialsavailabletohim.Thedemandisnotonlyforhugequantitiesofmaterialssuchastimber,concrete,steelandplasticsforconstructionalpurposes.Itisalsoforsmallerbutcrucialamountsofmaterialswhicharelesseasilyobtainable.Materialssuchasuraniumandtitaniumdonotexistinlargequantitiesbuttheypossessunusualpropertieswhichmakethemessentialforcertainhighlyspecializeduses.

2.Computersareelectronicmachinesforprocessingdata.Dataarepiecesoritemsofinformationthathavebeenproperlypreparedsothatthemachinecanworkwiththem.Processingmeanshandlingormanipulatingthematerialthathasbeenpresentedtothemachineinsuchwaysasperformingcalculations,classifyinginformation,ormakingcomparisons.Acomputerismadeofmillionsofelectronicdevicesthatcanstorethedataorswitchthemthroughcomplexcircuitswithdifferentfunctionsatincrediblespeeds.

3.在传统的中国家庭中,成年子女与年长父母生活在一个屋檐下。自1974年中国实行独生子女政策以来,中国家庭经历了许多变化,其中一个变化是核心家庭成为主导。当独生子女因为读大学或结婚而离开家里时,父母才四五十岁,他们比其他国家育有多个子女的父母更早经历空巢综合征。他们忽然感到孤独、悲伤、无用、消沉。

【答案】1.当今的技术人员对可用的材料提出了巨大的要求。这种需求不仅适用于诸如木材、混凝土、钢铁以及用于建筑目的的塑料等数量巨大的材料,也适用于较少但至关重要,且不易获得的材料。铀和钛这样一类材料并不大量存在,但它们具有非凡的特性,这使得它们成为某些特殊用途所不可缺少的材料。

2.计算机是处理数据的电子机器。数据是已被适当准备好以便机器能够使用的信息片段或项目。加工指的是对呈现在机器上的材料进行处理或操作,如计算、分类或比较。计算机是由数以百万计的电子设备组成的,这些设备可以存储数据或通过具有不同功能的复杂电路以令人难以置信的速度转换数据。

3.InatraditionalChinesefamily,adultchildrenliveunderthesameroofwiththeirolderparents.SinceChinaadoptedtheone-childpolicyin1974,Chinesefamilieshaveundergonemanychanges,oneofwhichisthedominanceofthenuclearfamily.Whenonlychildrenleavehomeforcollegeormarriage,theirparentsareintheir40sor50s,andtheyexperienceempty-nestsyndromeearlierthanparentswithmultiplechildreninothercountries.Theysuddenlyfeellonely,sad,useless,anddepressed.

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingtextintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET.

当我们进入数码物件的电子时代时,最重要的是要意识到新技术已经给我们这个社会带来了很多挑战,其中之一就是如何在这个电子时代保存好历史档案记录。更重要的是我们要知道,我们正在步入这样一个时代:即我们今天所熟知的很多东西以及用电子方式编码和写入的很多东西将会永久丢失。其中一个例子就是遍布世界各地政府和大学的很多数据集由于技术的变化而被淘汰了,而且这些数据将来要么丢失,要么需要采取髙昂的“营救”措施来挽救它们。在我看来,我们正生活在一个数码黑暗时代。因此,图书和档案管理员肩挑的责任就是要恪守我们这个时代崇尚历史和出版遗产的传统。

【答案】Asweentertheelectronicageofdigitalobjects,themostsignificantthingistorecognizethatnewtechnologieshavebroughtmanychallengestooursociety.Oneofthemishowtopreservehistoricalrecordsinthiselectronicage.Moreimportantly,wearemovingintoanerainwhichmuchofwhatweknowtoday,andmuchofwhatisencodedandwrittenelectronically,willbelostforever.Oneexampleisthatmanydatasetsfromgovernmentsanduniversitiesaroundtheworldareobsoletedduetochangesintechnology,andthatdatawilleitherbelostinthefutureorwillrequirecostly“rescue”measurestosaveit.Inmyopinion,wearelivinginadigitaldarkage.Therefore,theresponsibilityoflibrariansandarchivistsistoscrupulouslyabidebythehistoricalandpublishingheritageweupholdinourtime.

3.单选题

IfIkeepthisoathfaithfully,mayIenjoymylifeandpracticemyart,(

)byallmenandinalltimes;butifIswervefromitorviolateit,maythereversebemylot.

问题1选项

A.beingrespected

B.respecting

C.respectfully

D.respected

【答案】A

【解析】考查非谓语动词。题干主句中谓语动词为enjoy,后面接动词ing形式。空格后有by,可推测前面应该是被动语态。因此应使用being+done的形式。A选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Themostsuccessfulwaytosolvethelanguageproblemwhileaforeignplayisbeingperformedis(

)translation.

问题1选项

A.homogeneous

B.simultaneous

C.instantaneous

D.spontaneous

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项homogeneous“均匀的,同质的”;B选项simultaneous“同时的”;C选项instantaneous“瞬间的”;D选项spontaneous“自发的,无意识的”。句意:解决外交活动中的语言问题最成功的方法是同声传译。选项B符合句意。

5.单选题

Starvationprobablydoesn’tsoundlikeakeytolivingwellintooldage.Butasstrangeasitseems,calorierestriction,doneintermittently,appearstobeoneofthegatewaystolastinglong-termhealth.

Theconcepthasalreadybeenprovedeffectiveinmice,rats,dogsandmonkeys.However,verylimitedresearchhasbeendonetoevaluatethehealthimpactofcalorierestrictioninhumans.Inanimals,calorierestrictionisassociatedwithlongevity,decreasedriskforcancerandinflammatorydiseasesandlowercognitivedecline.Thechallengehasbeentotranslatetheconcepttotherealworldinwhichhumansneedtoeattogetthroughtheday.

Anewstudytestedoutamodifiedversionoftheconceptonhumans.ResearchersattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniahavedesignedwhattheycalla“fastingmimickingdiet”thatprovidesallthebenefitsofstarvingyourself",withalittlelessstarvation.

Theplanlastsforfivedaysamonth,withacyclethat’srepeatedforthreemonths.OnDayOne,adietereatsfoodfromtheprescribedplanthattotals1,090calorieswith10percentprotein,56percentfat,and34percentcarbohydrates.OnDaysTwothroughFive...dietersconsumejust725calorieswith9percentprotein,44percentfat,and47percentcarbohydrates.

Peopleonthedietatevegetablesoup,energybars,energydrinksandlow-caloriesnackchips,anddrankalotofchamomiletea.Theyalsotookvegetable-baseddietarysupplements.Onnon-dietingdaystheyatenormally.

Itmaysoundgimmicky,butVijg,oneoftheresearchers,saysexistingsciencealreadybacksuptheclaimthattheplancouldeffectivelyimprovehumanhealthandprolonglife.Inhumans,thedietprovidedanumberofphysiologicalchangesthatcouldreduceriskfactorsforage-relatedconditionssuchasreducedbloodglucoseandinsulinlevels.

Inessence,fastinghastheabilitytoimprovestressresponseonacellularlevel.Apersononthisprogramislikelytoloseweightovertime,butresearcherssaybetterhealthinoldageistherealbenefit.Withtherightmarketing,Vijgbelievesafastingmimickingdietcouldbecomethenextcommerciallybrandeddietcraze,likeAtkinsorPaleo.However,itcouldalsohavesomepracticalapplicationsinamedicalsetting.Aphysiciancouldprescribethediettoapatientforaspecificamountoftimebeforesurgery,chemotherapyandothertypesoftreatmentsandproceduresthatareknowntocausetraumaandstresstothebody.

1.Whatisthedifficultyintheresearchoftheeffectofstarvationonhumans?

2.Themodifiedversionoftheconceptrefersto(

).

3.WhatkindoffoodisNOTallowedondietingdays?

4.Accordingtotheresearchers,whatbenefitscanpeoplegetbyfollowingtheplan?

5.AtkinsandPaleointhelastparagraphmostprobablyrefertobrandnamesof

).

6.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Humansneedtoeatinreallife.

B.Animalsarefreefromdiseases.

C.Humansandanimalsresponddifferentlytostarvation.

D.Humansandanimalshavedifferentlifeexpectancy.

问题2选项

A.adietwithfruitsandvegetablesonly

B.aperiodicdietwithalittlefood

C.acalorie-consistentdiet

D.adietlastingforfivedaysonly

问题3选项

A.Energysupplements.

B.Sportdrinks.

C.Meatandfish.

D.Foodwithadditives.

问题4选项

A.Nicebodyshape.

B.Psychologicalwell-being.

C.Betterhealthinoldage.

D.Goodrelationswithothers.

问题5选项

A.healthyteas

B.populardiets

C.fastfood

D.weight-reducingmedicines

问题6选项

A.TheLessCalorie,theBetter?

B.SayNotoStarvation.

C.AProvedMethodofWeightManagement.

D.Coulda5-dayFastingDietProlongYourLife?

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干关键词,可将信息点定位至原文第二段最后一句,“Thechallengehasbeentotranslatetheconcepttotherealworldinwhichhumansneedtoeattogetthroughtheday.(现实世界中人类需要吃东西生存,要把(饥饿状态对人们健康有益)这个理念传递给大众不是一件容易的事。)”从而得出本题答案。

2.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“themodifiedversionoftheconcept”,可将信息点定位至原文第三段最后一句和第四段第一句。“havedesignedwhattheycalla“fastingmimickingdiet”thatprovidesallthebenefitsofstarvingyourself",withalittlelessstarvation.(设计了一种他们称之为“空腹模拟节食”的饮食方式,它提供了让自己挨饿的所有好处,而且减少了一点饥饿。)”“Theplanlastsforfivedaysamonth,withacyclethat’srepeatedforthreemonths.(该计划每月持续五天,每三个月重复一次。)”从而得出本题答案。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息,可将信息点定位至原文第五段。“Peopleonthedietatevegetablesoup,energybars,energydrinksandlow-caloriesnackchips,anddrankalotofchamomiletea.Theyalsotookvegetable-baseddietarysupplements.(节食的人喝蔬菜汤,能量棒,能量饮料和低热量的零食薯条,喝很多甘菊茶。他们还服用了以蔬菜为基础的膳食补充剂。)”从而得出本题答案。

4.细节事实题。根据题干信息,可将信息点定位至原文第六段第二句。“Inhumans,thedietprovidedanumberofphysiologicalchangesthatcouldreduceriskfactorsforage-relatedconditionssuchasreducedbloodglucoseandinsulinlevels.(对于人类,这种计划能够带来一些体质的变化,从而降低一些例如血糖和胰岛素等随着年龄增长而带来的健康风险。)”从而得出本题答案。

5.细节事实题。根据题干关键词“AtkinsandPaleo”,可将信息点定位至原文最后一段,根据“Vijgbelievesafastingmimickingdietcouldbecomethenextcommerciallybrandeddietcraze,likeAtkinsorPaleo.(Vijg认为,像Atkins和Paleo那样,模仿禁食的饮食可能会成为下一个商业品牌的饮食热潮。)”即可得出本题答案。

6.主旨大意题。根据“…calorierestriction,doneintermittently,appearstobeoneofthegatewaystolastinglong-termhealth.(间歇性地限制热量摄入,似乎是保持长期健康的途径之一。)”“fastingmimickingdiet(禁食模仿饮食)”,可知作者在本文探讨的是这种阶段性节食是否能够长寿。从而得出本题答案。

6.单选题

Speech—theactofutteringsoundstoconveymeaningisakindofhumanaction.Likeanyotherconstantlyrepeatedaction,speakinghastobelearned,butonceitislearned,itbecomesagenerallyunconsciousandapparentlyautomaticprocess.

Asfaraswecandeterminehumanbeingsdonotneedtobeforcedtospeak;mostbabiesscorntopossessasortofinstinctivedrivetoproducespeechlikenoises.Howtospeakandwhattosayareanothermatteraltogether,Theseactionsarelearnedfromtheparticularsocietyintowhichthebabyisborn;sothat,likeallconductthatislearnedfromasociety—fromthepeoplearoundus—speechisapatternedactivity.

Themeanderingbabbleandchatterofayoungchildareeventuallychanneledbyimitationintoafeworderlygroovesthatrepresentthepatternacceptedasmeaningfulbythepeoplearoundhim.Similarly,achild'sindiscriminatepracticeofputtingthingsintohismouthbecomeslimitedtoputtingfoodintohismouthinacertainway.

Thesoundsthatachildcanmakearemorevariedandnumerousthanthesoundsthatanyparticularlanguageutilizes.However,achildbornintoasocietywithapatternoflanguageisencouragedtomakeasmallselectionofsoundsandtomakethesefewsoundsoverandoveruntilitisnaturalforhimtomakethesesoundsandnoothers.

1.Foranadulttheprocessofspeakingusuallyinvolves()

.

2.Theselectionsaysthatmostbabieshaveaninstinctivedriveto()

.

3.Conductthatislearnedfromasocietymaybecalled()

.

4.Themostimportantfactorinachild'slearningtospeakprobablyis().

5.Thesoundsthatachildisabletomakeare().

问题1选项

A.consciousselectionofsounds

B.imitationofthosearoundhim

C.adrivetomakenoises

D.unconsciousactions

问题2选项

A.expressideasinwords

B.makespeechliksnoises

C.Conveymeaning

D.imitatesoundsaroundthem

问题3选项

A.instinctivedrive

B.selection

C.automaticactivity

D.patternedactivity

问题4选项

A.repetition

B.selection

C.instinct

D.imitation

问题5选项

A.notasvariedasthoseusedinlanguage

B.morevariedandnumerousthanthoseinanylanguage

C.farfewerthanthoseneededtoformalanguage

D.completelydifferentfromthesoundsoflanguage

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:根据第一段的最后一句“Likeanyother...unconsciousandapparentlyautomaticprocess.”就像任何其他不断重复的动作一样,说话是需要学习的,但是一旦学会了,它就会变成一个通常无意识的、明显是自动的过程。所以,说话过程通常包含无意识行为。选项D正确。

第2题:根据第二段的第一句“mostbabiesscorntopossessasortofinstinctivedrivetoproducespeechlikenoises.”选项B符合原文。

第3题:根据第二段的最后一句“likeallconductthatislearnedfromasociety—fromthepeoplearoundus—speechisapatteredactivity.”选项D符合原文。

第4题:根据最后一段的最后一句“However,achild...untilitisnaturalforhimtomakethesesoundsandnoothers.”然而,一个出生在一个有语言模式的社会的孩子被鼓励对声音做一个小小的选择,并不断地发出这几个声音,直到他自然地发出这些声音,而不是其他声音。注意关键词“natural”自然的,也就是本能地发出这种声音,选项C符合原文。

第5题:根据第四段的第一句“Thesoundsthatachildcanmakearemorevariedandnumerousthanthesoundsthatanyparticularlanguageutilizes.”孩子能发出的声音比任何一种语言所使用的声音都要丰富多样。选项B符合原文。

7.翻译题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingshortparagraphintoEnglishandwriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.

红包,字面意思是“红色的小袋”,是中国新年的重要元素。里面的现金被认为是来年的压岁钱。红包一般是长辈送给晚辈的,尤其是孩子,但如果你收入不错,每年这个时候给父母、爷爷奶奶分一些钱也是符合礼貌的。如果你结婚了,你就得给红包;如果你是单身,你通常会收到红包。如果被邀请到别人家过年,你知道他们有孩子,那最好在一个红包里放点钱。如果你去北方游玩,红包里的现金数额就选一个整数;在南方,挑个幸运数字(任何带有6或8的数字)。

【答案】Hongbao,whichliterallymeans“alittleredenvelope”,isanimportantelementofChineseNewYear.Thecashinsideisconsideredasluckymoneyforthecomingyear.Itisusuallygivenbyelderstoyoungergenerations,especiallychildren,butifyouhaveaniceincome,it’spolitetogivesomemoneytoyourparentsandgrandparentsatthistimeofyear.Ifyouaremarried,youhavetogiveredenvelopes;ifyouaresingle,youusuallyreceiveone.Ifyouareinvitedtosomeone’shomeforChineseNewYearandyouknowtheyhavechildren,itisbesttoputsomecashinaredenvelope.Andifyouvisitthenorth,theamountofcashinitshouldbearoundnumber,andifyouvisittheSouth,choosealuckynumber(anynumberwitha6or8).

8.翻译题

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

Theairwebreatheissofreelyavailablethatwetakeitforgranted.Yetwithoutitwecouldnotsurvivemorethanafewminutes.Forthemostpart,thesameairisavailabletoeveryone,andeveryoneneedsit.Somepeopleusetheairtosustainthemwhiletheysitaroundandfeelsorryforthemselves.Othersbreatheintheairandusetheenergyitprovidestomakeamagnificentlifeforthemselves.

Opportunityisthesameway.Itiseverywhere.Opportunityissofreelyavailablethatwetakeitforgranted.Yetopportunityaloneisnotenoughtocreatesuccess.Opportunitymustbeseizedandacteduponinordertohavevalue.Somanypeoplearesoanxiousto“getin”ona“groundflooropportunity’’,asiftheopportunitywilldoallthework.That’simpossible.Justasyouneedairtobreathe,youneedopportunitytosucceed.Ittakesmorethanjustbreathinginthefreshairofopportunity,however.Youmustmakeuseofthatopportunity.That’snotuptotheopportunity.That’suptoyou.Itdoesn’tmatterwhat“floor”theopportunityison.Whatmattersiswhatyoudowithit.

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

如果失败了你会怎么做?很多人可能会选择放弃。然而,要想成功,最可靠的方法就是坚持你的方向和目标。在通往成功的路上,你必须坚持你的方向。它就像一盏灯,在黑暗中为你指路,帮助你度过难关。否则,你很容易就会迷失方向或犹豫不前。方向意味着目标,人生如果没有目标,将一事无成。你可以试着把你的目标写在纸上,并制定实现目标的计划。这样,你就会懂得如何合理安排时间,如何正确地支配时间。而且你还要有这样的信念:只要你一直坚持自己的方向,你就一定可以成功。

【答案】A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.

【参考译文】

我们所呼吸的空气触手可及,以至于我们将其视为理所当然。然而,倘若没有空气,我们只能存活几分钟。大多数情况下,每个人都能呼吸到同样的空气,也都需要空气。有的人一边坐着自怨自艾,一边又呼吸空气来维持生命。另一些人却呼吸空气,并利用空气提供的能量为自己创造美好的生活。

机遇也是如此。它无处不在。机遇是如此唾手可得,以至于我们将其当作理所当然。然而,只有机遇不足以创造成功。为了让机遇有价值,必须抓住机遇并采取行动。很多人都急于抓住“先机”,好像抓住机遇就会一劳永逸,这是不可能的。正如你需要空气来呼吸一样,你也需要获得成功的机遇。然而,成功不仅仅是呼吸到机遇的新鲜空气。你必须利用所获得的机遇。对机遇的利用不取决于机遇,而取决于你。机遇处于什么“阶段”不重要,最重要的是你如何利用它。

B.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

【参考译文】

Whatwouldyoudoifyoufailed?Manypeoplemaychoosetogiveup.However,thereliablewaytosuccessistoadheretoyourdirectionandgoal.Onthewaytosuccess,youmustkeepyourdirection.Itisjustlikealamp,guidingyouindarknessandhelpingyoupullthough.Otherwise,youwilleasilygetlostorhangback.Directionmeansgoals.Nothingcanbedonewithoutagoalinyourlife.Youcantrytowritedownyourgoalsandmakesomeplanstoachievethem.Inthisway,youwillknowhowtoarrangeanduseyourtimeproperly.Furthermore,youshouldhaveabeliefthatyouaresuretosucceedaslongasyoukeepyourdirectionallthetime.

9.单选题

Forayoungmanofsuchscrupulousloyaltyandsolittleambitionthiswasadiscouragingstart.Despiteallhiscorrectness,heappearedtohaveblunderedandtohavestartedlife().

问题1选项

A.onwrongfeet

B.onhiswrongfeet

C.onthewrongfoot

D.onawrongfoot

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。根据固定搭配onthewrongfeet“处于不利地位”,可排除A、B和D选项。句意:尽管他很正确,但是他似乎犯了大错,使人生处于不利的处境。选项C符合题意。

10.单选题

Georgewas()frommilitaryservicewhilehewasstillinschool.

问题1选项

A.prevented

B.restrained

C.exempted

D.stopped

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项prevented“阻止;避免”;B选项restrained“抑制;约束”;C选项exempted“免除;豁免”;D选项stopped“停止;终止”。句意:乔治还在学校的时候就被……服兵役。militaryservice“兵役”,服兵役是一项责任。exempt做形容词有被免除责任和义务的意思,而且exemptsb.fromsth.为固定搭配,意为“免除某人某事”。因此C选项符合题意。

11.单选题

LivinginsuchahighplaceasTibethasitsproblems,(

)obtainingoxygenisnottheleast.

问题1选项

A.ofwhich

B.forwhat

C.as

D.whose

【答案】A

【解析】句意:生活在如西藏这样高海拔的地方有其问题,其中不仅仅只是氧气

获得的问题。

语法题。考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知后半句为非限制性定语从句。先行词为problems(问题),所以用of+which表示“属于”。

12.单选题

Wehavedoneallwecouldandnowourcherishedprojectis(

)ournewCEO.

问题1选项

A.ontheagendaof

B.inthepowerof

C.undertheguidanceof

D.withtheguidanceof

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项ontheagendaof“列入会议议程的”;B选项inthepowerof“受……支配,在……的控制下”;C选项undertheguidanceof“在……的指导下”;D选项withtheguidanceof“在……的指导下”,作伴随状语表原因。由project(项目)与CEO(执行总裁)之间的关系可知项目应处于CEO的控制下较符合逻辑搭配。句意:我们已经竭尽所能,现在我们珍视的项目掌握在新任CEO的手中。

13.翻译题

Sincetheturnofthecentury,Londonershaveexpressedapreferenceforsuburbanlocationsasmorepleasantandsafertobringupchildren.Themiddleclassesfearurbanpubliclifesomuch,theyarewillingtotradeoffthedailyjourneytoworkinfavorofsafetyandseclusionathome.InNewYork,peopleviewthestreets,sidewalks,plazasandsubwaysasareasofcombatratherthancivilitywherethegoalisnotenjoymentbutsurvival.

Thisprocessofdetachmentandwithdrawalhasbeenencouragedbythemotorcar,bringinginitswakedifficultpedestrianaccesskeysitescutoffbyringroads,andmulti-storeycarparkswhichareparticularlythreateningtowomen.Thecinemahaspartlygivenwaytothehomevideo,andluxuryhousingdevelopmentsaroundLondonfeaturehighlevelsofsecuritysurveillance.

InNewYork,newbuildingsarefilledwith“defensiblespace”,galesandguardstofunnelyouthiswayorthatbecausedrugdealerscanmakeapublicspacetheirowninafewdays.

Theunrestrainedgrowthofincivilities—drunks,tramps,rowdyyouth,prostitutes,andotherdisreputables—haddecreasedcommunalcontrol.Thishadledtomoreactualcrime,increasedthefearofcrime,encouragedwithdrawalintoprivatespaces,sofurtherreducingcommitmenttoneighborhoodsandencouraginggreaterincivilities.

Theresultisthatpeoplethencreateashieldforthemselvesinpublicplaces;theyminimizeexpressionsandbodycontact,choosesealingtosignalwhatmighthappennext,theyrun.Sincebeggarsprobablyevokedmixedreactionsofpity,embarrassment,orfear,theirhighvisibilityonthestreetsmaywellleadpeopletoavoidcertainplaces.

ItisincivilitieslikethesewhichsurelymakepeoplefearfulincitiesandwhichcannotbedismissedasHomeofficialstendtodo,asirrationalfears.Awoman’sfearfulnessabouttravellingontheTube,forexample,cannotbelightlydismissedonthegroundsthatstatisticallysheislesslikelytosufferanassaultthanayoungman.Herfearsarefuelledbyallthesesurroundingincivilities,plusgestures,sexualinnuendos,orremarksfromyouth:inthecarriage.IfacoupleofyoungmenstartsmokingontheTube,thetensioninthecarriageispalpablebecausepeopleknowwhatthereactionislikelytobeiftheyaretoldtostop.Womenoroldpeoplefeelmorevulnerablethanyoungmenbecausetheyarcmorevulnerable.Whenconsideringrisks,policymakerstendtoemphasizestatisticalinfrequencyanddownplaythegravityofoutcomes.

Londoncriesoutforsomekindofcoherentcityplanning.Butthequalityofitscitizens,liveswon’tbeimprovedunlesstheseincivilities,whicharesomuchmoredifficulttoquantify,areproperlyaddressed.

【答案】汽车加快了远离城市的过程,随之而来的是难以通过的人行通道,被环形道路切断的重要场所以及对女人有特大威胁的多层停车场。

结果,人们在公共场所找到自我保护的手段;他们尽量少说话或与人碰撞,挑选座位以表明他们不想与人交流,减少目光的接触,他们怀疑某件事可能紧接着发生时,便溜之大吉。

正是这类不礼貌的言行使人们在城市感到恐惧,而内政部的官员往往将不礼貌的言行视为缺乏理性的恐惧。例如,不能因为女人遭到袭击的几率低于年轻男子便对女人的地铁恐惧症等闲视之。

14.单选题

Themanagingdirectortookthe(

)fortheaccident,althoughitwasnotreallyhisfault.

问题1选项

A.guilt

B.charge

C.blame

D.accusation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。guilt意为“有罪,犯罪行为”;charge意为“收费,指控”;blame意为“(坏事或错事的)责任,责备”,taketheblamefor意为“承担……的责任”;accusation意为“指责,谴责”。

句意:总经理承担了事故的责任,尽管并不真的是他的错。

15.翻译题

Asholidaysgo,Thanksgivingisinsomewaysthemostphilosophical.Todaywetrynottotakeforgrantedthethingswealmostalwaystakeforgranted.Wetry,ifonlyinthatbriefpausebeforetheeatingbegins,toseethroughthewell-wornpatternsofourlivestowhatliesbehindthem.Inotherwords,wetrytounderstandhowveryrichweare,whetherwefeelveryrichornot.TodayisoneofthefewtimesmostAmericansconsciouslysetdesireaside,ifonlybecausedesireisincompatiblewiththegratitude—nottomentiontheabundance—thatThanksgivingsummons.

ItistemptingtothinkthatoneThanksgivingisprettymuchlikeanother,exceptfordifferencesintheguestlistandtherecipes.Butitisn’ttrue.Thisisalwaysafeastaboutwherewearenow.Thanksgivingreflectsthecomplexionoftheyearwe’rein.Someyearsitfeelsbuoyant,almostjubilantinnature.OtheryearsitseemsmarkedbyaconspicuoushumilityuncommoninthecalendarofAmericanemotions.

Andthisyear?WewillprobablyrememberthisThanksgivingasabanquetofmixedemotions.Thisis,afterall,aprofoundlyAmericanholiday.Theundertowofbusinessasusualseemsespeciallystrongthisyear.Theshadowofawarandmisgivingsoverthefutureloomsinthemindsofmanyofus.MostyearsweenjoytheprivacyofThanksgiving,butthisyeartheholidayfeelslikeareminderforourselvesofwhatitmeanstobeAmerican.

Thatmeansgivingthanksforsomefundamentalprinciplesthatshouldbehonoredeverydayoftheyearinthelifeofthisnation—principlesofgenerosity,toleranceandinclusion.Thisisfeastthatnooneshouldbeturnedawayfrom.Thewelcomewefeelmakessenseonlyifwealsoextendittoothers.

【答案】【参考译文】在众多的假日中,感恩节可以说是最令人深思的节日。今天我们会把平时习以为常的东面看得很珍贵。我们试着,哪怕只是在吃饭前的片刻,去看透那一成不变的生活,悟出背后的道理。换句话说,无论我们觉得自己是贫是富,我们总是尽力把自己看得十分富有。今天是大多数美国人有意识地把欲望放在一边的为数不多的时刻之一,这至少是因为今天我们有一颗感恩的心,更不用说还有一桌丰盛的菜肴,欲望此时光临便显得格格不入。

人们不禁会觉得,除了宾客不同,菜式翻新,感恩节还是年年依旧。其实不然,感恩节这一餐总是关乎到我们的处境,反映出一年的年景。有些年的感恩节我们心情愉悦,几乎是喜气洋洋,但有些年头我们却把感恩节过得相当低调,不敢骄傲,这并不是美国人惯有的情绪。

那么今年呢?日后若想起今年这个感恩节,我们也许会记得,这一餐吃得五味杂陈,这毕竟是一个深具美国特色的节庆之日。但一切如旧的现状对美国人造成的影响在今年似乎特别大,战争的阴影,对未来的担忧,一直盘踞在我们许多人的脑海中。感恩节我们一般与至亲好友在一起,感受那种其乐融融的气氛,可是今年,我们似乎要借感恩节与国人一起重温身为美国人的意义。

这就意味着,我们要为能有一些基本的原则而感恩,一些这个国家的生活中每日应该尊崇的原则,也就是慷慨、容忍、包容的原则。所以这一餐应该是来者不拒。我们感受的节日温馨,只有与他人分享才有意义。

16.单选题

The(

)ofthelakeiscoveredwithreedsandrushes.

问题1选项

A.beach

B.shore

C.coast

D.bank

【答案】B

【解析】句意:湖岸上覆盖着芦苇与杂草。

考查近义词辨析。Beach海岸(主要指接近海水较为平坦的地方,其上往往覆盖有沙子或碎石);shore水与陆地交界的“岸”(如:海岸、湖岸、河岸等);coast海岸,海岸线(通常只能指“海岸”,不指湖岸或河岸);bank大多指江河之岸,特别是高处水平以上的岸或堤岸。根据题干中的reedsandrushes(芦苇和杂草)可知B项正确。

17.单选题

Recentfindingsindicatethatbirdscanalsousethemagneticfieldoftheearthasanaidto().

问题1选项

A.criterion

B.orientation

C.standard

D.guideline

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项criterion“标准;规范;准则”;B选项orientation“定位;适应;向东方”;C选项standard“标准;度量衡标准”;D选项guideline“指导方针”。句意:最近的调查结果表明,鸟类也能使用地球磁场作为定位的辅助手段。结合句意,B选项正确。

18.单选题

()beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.

问题1选项

A.Hadtheyarrived

B.Weretheyarriving

C.Wouldtheyarrive

D.Weretheytoarrive

【答案】D

【解析】考查虚拟语气。主句谓语是“should+动词原形”,表示与现在事实相反或与将

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