Unit-5-Dreams新编大学英语第二版第二册课文翻译

Unit5DreamsAreYouaDreamer?Dreams—whydowehavethem?Dotheymeananything?Istheresuchathingasadreaminwhichtheeventsseenbythedreamercometrue?Suchquestionshaveinterestedpeopleforthousandsofyears.Scientificadvancesinthepastfewdecadeshaverevealedmoreaboutthephysicalprocessofsleep,buttheystilldon'tofferanyfinalanswerstothemanyquestionsaboutdreamsthatcontinuetopuzzleus.Everyonedreams—it'sjustthatsomeofuscan'trememberdoingso.Recordingsofhumanbrainwavesshowthatweallgointodreammodewhenwefallasleep.Wedreamformostofthenight,butwe'reonlyabletorememberourdreamsifwehappentowakeupwhilewearestillinREM(RapidEyeMovement)sleep.Thisiswhenwedream.WehavefourorfiveREMstagesofsleepduringthenight,thefirstoccurringabout90minutesafterwefallasleep.Afterthat,ourdreamingperiodsrecurevery90minutesandlastbetween15to45minutes,gettinglongerasthenightprogresses.Themainpurposeofsleeping(apartfromgivingusrest)maybetoallowustodream—toreviewourlives,ourworriesandhopesinatotallydifferentway,andtogetanunconsciousviewofourselves,gettingridofmaterialfromourmemoriesthatwenolongerneed.Somedreamsmayhaveasimplephysiologicalcause.Dreamingofwalkingonhotcoals,forexample,maywellbecausedbysleepingwithyourfeettooclosetoaheater.Andthefrustratingdreaminwhichyoutrytorunbutyourlegswon'tmovemaybeexplainedbybeddingthatistootight.Anyonewhosleepsthroughtheiralarmmaywelldreamofdoorbellsortelephonesringing.Allaresimpleexamplesofhowtheunconsciousworkswithourconsciousmindtoguideandadviseus.Butsuchphysiologicalexplanationsarenotenoughtotelluswhywedream.Somepeoplebelievethatdreamsaretotalnonsense,merelytheresultofthemisfiringofelectricalimpulsesinthebrain,whileontheotherhand,somereadgreatimportanceintoeventhesimplestofdreams.Somedreamsreflectinnerfearsthatareinstantlyrecognizable.Dreamingoflosingyourjoborhousecanreflectrealfears,eveniftheyareonlysubconscious.Mostofushavedreamedthatwehadtotakeafinalexamforadifficultcourse,whichwehadnevertaken,orinwhichwehaddonepoorly.Butwhatofthedreamsthatdonothavesuchanobviousmeaning?Forcenturies,bothmenandwomenhavesoughttheanswersinso-calleddreamdictionaries,possiblytheoldestofwhichdatesbackto5000BC.Accordingtothesedictionaries,adreamaboutdrinkingwinemeantashortlife,whereasadreamaboutdrinkingwaterpredictedalonglife.ByAD200,dreamdictionarieshadlostnoneoftheirpopularity,andtheancientGreekArtemidoruswroteafive-volumeinterpretationofmorethan3,000dreams,listingsuchsymbolsasrighthand(meaningfather),lefthand(meaningmother),anddolphin(agoodomen).Today,therearecountlessbooksofferingdreaminterpretationsinlibrariesandbookshops.They'reaspopularaseverwithdreamenthusiasts,butmostexpertswarnthattheyshouldbereadwithcare.PsychoanalystandauthorKennethSaundersexplains,"Dreamsarecloselytiedupwithanindividual'smindandanalysisissoopentomistakesorerrors.Ibelieveyoucanonlydiscoverthetruemeaningofadreamifyouknowthepersonwhohadthedream."你做梦吗？梦，我们为什么会做梦？梦有意义吗？真的有梦中所见的事成为现实这种事吗？几千年来这些问题一直让人们感兴趣。过去几十年的科学发展对睡眠的自然过程有了较多的认识，然而对于与梦有关的诸多问题依然没有提供最终的答案，这些问题还要继续困惑我们。人人都做梦——只不过有些人不记得做过梦罢了。人类脑电波的记录显示我们所有人入睡后就进入梦境。整个夜晚的大多数时间我们都在做梦，但只有当我们处在REM(眼睛迅速转动)睡眠阶段时醒来，才会记住所做的梦。眼睛迅速转动阶段便是我们做梦的时候。每晚我们有四、五个REM睡眠阶段，第一次出现在入睡后的90分钟左右。此后，梦期每90分钟复现一次，每次持续15到45分钟，持续时间随着夜晚的深入逐渐增长。睡眠的主要目的(除让我们休息外)也许就是让我们做梦——让我们以一种截然不同的方式回顾我们的生活、我们的忧虑和希望，以及在潜意识中观察自我，把不再需要的资料从记忆中剔除。有些梦可能是由简单的生理原因引起的。例如，梦到在灼热的煤块上行走很可能是因为睡眠时脚太靠近取暖器。而梦到想跑但两腿却动弹不了这种令人沮丧的境况，也许是被子裹得太紧的缘故。闹铃响了而依然熟睡的人则很可能会梦到门铃或电话铃响。所有这些都是潜意识和意识共同引导和启示我们的简单例子。不过这些从生理的角度进行的解释尚不足以说明为什么我们会做梦。有些人认为梦纯粹是无稽之谈，仅仅是人脑中电脉冲无的放矢的结果，然而，有些人则认为最简单的梦都具有重要的含义。有些梦反映的内心忧虑是立即可以识别的。梦见失去工作或者没了房子，也许是反映了真实的忧虑，即便这些忧虑只是潜意识的。我们大多数人都梦见过必须参加一门很难的课程的期末考试，也许是一门从未修过的，或许是学得很糟的课程。但是，有一些梦并没有这样明显的含义，这是怎么回事呢？多个世纪以来，男男女女都从所谓的解梦字典中寻找答案，这类字典最早的可以追溯到公元前5000年。根据这些字典，梦见喝酒意味着短命，而梦见喝水则预示长寿。一直到公元200年，解梦字典受欢迎的程度仍丝毫未减。当时，古希腊的阿尔米多鲁斯写了一部长达五卷的书，解析了3000多个梦，列举了一系列的象征，诸如右手（表示父亲），左手（表示母亲），以及海豚（表示好兆头）。如今，图书馆和书店里有无数的书籍为梦做解析。对于那些热衷于探讨梦的人来说，它们依然深受欢迎。然而，多数专家警告说，读这些书时要非常谨慎。心理分析家兼作家肯尼思•桑德斯解释说：“梦与每个人的思维密切相关，因此分析往往容易出现错误和偏差。我认为，只有当你了解了做梦的人时，才能发现梦的真正含义。”DreamsThatCameTrueOnthenightofNovember7,1965,MaryDaughteryhadanightmare.Shecannotforgetthatdreamnorcanherhusband,George.Shetellsofitlikethis:“IdreamedIwasonahillatnight.Lightningflashedandthunderrolled.ThenIsawabrightlightinthesky.TherewasaloudimpactandIheardscreamseverywhere.”Marysaysthatthenshesawahandlyingontheground.Shehadasenseofdread,butshewentcloser.Thenshesawanarmandthentheshatteredbodyattheendofthearm.Shesaysthatinherdreamshescreamed,“Somebodypleasehelp!”Thenshesawsomemenwithalargebasketmadeofwicker.Theyputthebodyintothebasketandwentaway.Marywasstillscreamingwhenshewokeup.“Mary!”Georgewasbendingoverher,shakingher.“Whatisthematter?”heasked.Marytoldhim,“Ijustsawyoukilledinaplanecrash.OhGeorge,pleasedon'tgoonthatplanetoCincinnati.”Marybeggedhimnottogo,butGeorgewouldnotletherstophim.Butashedrovetotheairport,Georgebegantofeelstrange.Thenhesawaplaneflyingoverhead,andhisheartbegantothumpwithfear.Thenheknewhecouldnotgetontheplane.Hecalledtheairportandtoldthemtocancelhisticket.ThenhecalledMaryandtookthetraintoCincinnati.Thatnight,Flight383ranintoabadstormwhenittriedtolandinCincinnati.Theplanecrashedintoahill.Marysawthenewsreportontelevision.Itwasjustlikeherdream.Shesawmenwithbasketscometocarryawaybodies.ButsheknewGeorgewassafe.Hewassafebecauseoftheomenofherdream.JohnBradleyalsohadadreamlikethis.HelivedinEnglandandwasateacher.Hewasalsoanaturalist.Helikedtotakehisclassonfieldtripstolearnaboutnature.Onenighthehadadream.Itcametohimaweekbeforeoneofthefieldtripshehadplanned.Hedreamedhewasleadinghisclassalongacountrylanebesideachurchyard.Inhisdream,Bradleytoldtwooftheboystoleadthewaythroughthechurchyard.Hewouldwalkattheotherendofthelinetokeepthesmallchildrenmoving.Butastheywentthroughthechurchyard,Bradleyfeltthegroundshake.Thenheheardaloudcrackingandrippingsound.Thensomethinghugeanddarkrushedtowardshim.Itwasahugeelmtree.Itcrasheddownrightontopofthelineofchildren.Bradleywasveryupsetbyhisdream.Hethoughtheshouldcancelthetrip.Hetoldhisclassaboutthedream,buttheylaughedathim.Andtheydidnotwanttocalloffthetrip.Eventheotherteacherslaughedathimandtoldhimheshouldnotspoilthechildren'sfun.SoBradleyagreedthattheywouldgo.“Butyoumustpromise,”hetoldthem,“togoonlywhereItellyoutogo.”Sothefieldtripwentahead.Whentheycametothelane,Bradleywouldnotletthechildrentakeadetourthroughthechurchyard.Someofthemthoughtthiswassilly,buttheydidwhattheyweretold.Attheendofthelane,theycametoabridgeacrossariver.Theolderboyscametoahaltandasked,“Whichwayshallwego,sir?Shallwecrosstheriverorstayonthepathbesideit?”Bradleystopped.Hehadafunnyfeelingaboutthefootpath.“Crossthebridge,”hetoldthem.Sothechildrenbegantowalkacrossthebridge.ThenBradleyheardthesameterriblecrackingsoundhehadheardinhisdream.Helookedback.Ontheveryedgeofthefootpath,hesawahugeelmshakeandtremble.Thenitfelltotheground.Hispremonitionhadcometrue.Thechildrenstaredateachotherandthenattheirteacher.Iftheyhadwalkedalongthefootpath,theywouldhavebeenattheveryspotwherethetreehadfallen.成为现实的梦1965年11月7日的晚上，玛丽•都特瑞做了一个噩梦。她忘不了那个梦，她的丈夫乔治也忘不了。她是这么讲述自己的梦的：“我梦见夜里自己在一座山上。电闪雷鸣。然后我看见天上一道亮光。巨大的撞击声，然后我听到四处都是尖叫声。”玛丽说，她接着看见地上有一只手。她感到有些害怕，但还是走上前去。然后她看见了一只胳膊，胳膊的那头是疏疏落落的尸体碎块。她说，她在梦里尖叫起来：“快来人哪！”然后她看见一些人抬着一个大柳条筐。他们把尸体放进筐里，就走了。玛丽惊醒时还在叫喊着。“玛丽！”乔治俯下身，推推她。“怎么了？”他问。玛丽告诉他：“我刚才梦见你飞机失事死了。噢，乔治，求求你不要坐那趟去辛辛那提的航班。”玛丽求他不要去，但是乔治不听她的劝阻。然而，在他开车去机场的路上，乔治开始感到有点不对头。接着他看见一架飞机从头顶飞过，心慌得砰砰直跳。于是他明白自己不能坐那趟飞机了。他给机场打电话，取消了机票。然后他给玛丽打电话，接着乘火车去了辛辛那提。那天晚上，383次航班试图在辛辛那提降落时遇上了暴风雨。飞机撞上了一座山。玛丽在电视上看到了有关的新闻报道。那情形就同她梦见的一模一样。她看见人们拿筐运走了尸体。但是她知道乔治没事。因为有了她那梦的预兆，乔治得以安然无恙。约翰•布雷德利也做过类似的梦。他住在英格兰，是一位教师。他还是一位博物学家，喜欢带他班上的学生到校外考察旅行，了解大自然。一天晚上，他做了一个梦。这是在他安排了一次校外考察旅行之前一个星期发生的事。他梦见自己领着班上的学生走在一条乡间的小路上，边上就是教堂墓地。在梦里，布雷德利让两个男孩带队穿过教堂墓地。他自己走在队伍的末尾，以便让小一些的孩子保持前进。然而，就在他们穿过教堂墓地的时候，布雷德利感到地面在震动。接着他听见了巨大的断裂声。然后，有个黑乎乎的庞然大物朝他砸过来。那是一棵巨大的榆树，正好兜头砸在孩子们的队伍上。这个梦使布雷德利非常不安。他觉得应该取消这次外出。他把这个梦告诉了班上的学生，但是他们都觉得他很可笑，而且都不愿意取消这次旅行。甚至其他老师也笑话他，跟他说不应该让孩子们扫兴。于是布雷德利同意出行。“但是你们必须答应我，”他跟他们讲，“往哪儿走你们只能听我的。”于是，他们出发了。当他们走到那条小路时，布雷德利不让孩子们改道穿过教堂墓地。有些孩子觉得这样做很蠢，不过他们还是按老师说的做了。走到小路的尽头，他们面前是一座过河的桥。年纪大一些的男孩子停了下来，问：“老师，我们应该走哪条道？过河呢，还是走沿河的小路？”布雷德利停住脚步。他对那条小路有一种古怪的感觉。“过桥，”他告诉他们。于是孩子们开始过桥。接着，布雷德利听到了可怕的断裂声，同自己在梦中听到的完全一样。他回头一看，只见就在那条小路边上，一棵巨大的榆树摇摇晃晃，倒在了地上。他的预感应验了。孩子们面面相觑，然后看着自己的老师。如果刚才他们走那条小路的话，那么他们就正好在那棵榆树倒下来的位置上。DreamingUpaGoodMoodAccordingtonewstudies,dreamscanfixyourbadmoodseachnight—andifyou'redepressed,dreamsmaypredictwhetheryou'llrecovermorequickly.Itisnaturaltowakeupinthemorningwithasunnyoutlook,relievedofthepreviousevening'sworries.Infact,studiesshowthatasolidnightofsleepimprovesmoodsinhealthyindividuals.Butsleep'seffectsonhealthyanddepressedpeopleareasdifferentasnightandday.Peoplewhoareseriouslydepressedactuallyfeelworseaftersleeping,sincetheyhavemoreabstract,confusingdreams.ResearchledRosalindCartwright,Ph.D,directoroftheSleepResearchCenteratRush-Presbyterian-St.Luke'sMedicalCenterinChicago,towonderhowdreamsallowourbrainstorepairourmoods—andwhythisfeel-goodmechanismdoesn'tseemtoworkintheseriouslydepressed.Inthefirstoftwostudies,Cartwrightgaveamoodtesttonormallyhealthyparticipants,recordedtheirsleepinalaboratoryforonenight,thengavethemasecondmoodtestwhentheyroseinthemorning.Duringthenight,thevolunteerswereawakenednowandthenandaskedtodescribethecontentoftheirdreams.Subjectsweredividedintotwogroups:onehavingneutralfeelingsbeforebedtimeandonewithbadmoods.Cartwrightfoundthatsubjectswhohadbeeninneutralmoodsbeforesleepinghadlittlechangeinattitudewhentheywoke.Subjectswhoweregenerallynotdepressedbutwenttobedinabadmood,however,reportedfeelingmuchbetterafteragoodnight'ssleep.Thischangewasreflectedintheirdreams:peoplewhosemoodsimprovedovernightreportedexperiencingmorenegativedreamsatthebeginningofthenightandprogressivelyfewerandfewerassleepwenton.Subjectsinneutralmoodshadnochangeinthecontentoftheirdreams.“Thestudyshowsthatmooddoesgetadjustedovernight,”saysCartwright.“Ifyougotosleepinabadmood,yourbraingoestoworkrightawayonnegativedreammaterialatthebeginningofthenightsoyourbadmoodisreducedbytheendofthenight.”Next,Cartwrightrepeatedtheexperimentusingcoupleswhoweredepressedbyarecentmarriageseparation.Whilesomeunhappypatientsdreamedlessaboutseriousemotionalcontentandmoreaboutlightertopicsasthenightprogressed,othershadmoredisturbingdreamsjustbeforewakingthanatthebeginningofsleep.Assumingthattheformergroupwasdreamingawaytheirnegativefeelingseachnight,theresearcherspredictedthattheywouldeventuallyworkthroughtheirdepression.Andtheywereright—afollow-upstudyshowedthat72%ofthesubjectsinthatgrouphadfewersignsofdepressiononeyearlater.“Thelastdreamofthenightistheonethatpatientsaremostlikelytoremember,”explainsCartwright.Whilethefirstgroupwasactivelyworkingthroughtheirblues,resultinginmorepleasantdreamsattheendofthenightandabrightermorningmood,thosewhosedreamsbecameincreasinglyunpleasantweremorelikelytofeellowwhentheywoke.Still,thisfindinghasapositiveaspect.Itallowssleeptherapiststopredictwhichofthedepressedpersonsneedthemosthelp.Italsotellsthemthetopicsthatdisturbtheirpatientsmost.“Ifpatientsrememberabaddream,”notesCartwright,“thenwhateverthatdreamisabout,that'swhattherapistsshouldfocustreatmenton.Thepatientclearlyisn'tabletoadjusthisorhermood,andtherapistsshouldworkonthat.”—thusturningtroubledv