新视野读写3-翻译

Unit1-SectionALoveWithoutLimitations无限的爱Mybrother,Jimmy,didnotgetenoughoxygenduringadifficultdelivery,leavinghimwithbraindamage,andtwoyearslaterIwasborn.Sincethen,myliferevolvedaroundmybrother's.Accompanyingmygrowingupwasalways"gooutandplayandtakeyourbrotherwithyou".Icouldn'tgoanywherewithouthim,soIurgedtheneighborhoodkidstocometomyhouseforsomeout-of-controlkid-centeredfun.我哥哥吉米出生时遇上难产,因为缺氧导致大脑受损。两年后,我出生了。从此以后,我的生活便围绕我哥哥转。伴随我成长的,是“到外面去玩,把你哥哥也带上”。不带上他,我是哪里也去不了的。因此,我怂恿邻居的孩子到我家来,尽情地玩孩子们玩的游戏。MymothertaughtJimmypracticalthingslikehowtobrushhisteethorputonabelt.Myfather,asaint,simplyheldthehousetogetherwithhispatienceandunderstanding.IwasinchargeoutsidewhereIadministeredjusticebytrackingdowntheparentsofthekidswhopickedonmybrother,andtellingonthem.我母亲教吉米学习日常自理,比如刷牙或系皮带什么的。我父亲宅心仁厚,他的耐心和理解使•家人心贴着心。我则负责外面的事,找到那些欺负我哥哥的孩子们的父母,告他们的状,为我哥哥讨回公道。MyfatherandJimmywereinseparable.Theyatebreakfasttogetherandonweekdaysdroveofftothenavyshippingcentereverymorningwheretheybothworked—Jimmyunloadedcolor-codedboxes.Atnightafterdinner,theywouldtalkandplaygameslateintotheevening.Theyevenwhistledthesametunes.父亲和吉米形影不离。他们一道吃早饭,平时每天早上一道开车去海军航运中心,他们都在那里工作,吉米在那搬卸标有彩色代号的箱子。晚饭后，他们ー・道交谈,玩游戏，直到深夜。他们甚至用口哨吹相同的曲调。Sowhenmyfatherdiedofaheartattackin1991,Jimmywasawreck,beneathhiscarefuldisguise.Hewassimplyindisbelief.Usuallyveryagreeable,henowquitspeakingaltogetherandnoamountofwordscouldpenetratethevacantexpressionheworeonhisface.Ihiredsomeonetolivewithhimanddrivehimtowork,butnomatterhowmuchItriedtomakethingsstaythesame,evenJimmygraspedthattheworldhe'dknownwasgone.OnedayIasked,"YoumissDad,don'tyou?"Hislipsquiveredandthenheasked,"Whatdoyouthink,Margaret?Hewasmybestfriend."Ourtearsbegantoflow.所以，父亲1991年因心脏病去世时，吉米几乎崩溃了，尽管他尽量不表现出来。他就是不能相信父亲去世这一事实。通常,他是ー个令人愉快的人,现在却一言不发,无论说多少话都不能透过他木然的脸部表情了解他的心事。我雇了ー个人和他住在ー起,开车送他去上班。然而，不管我怎么努力地维持原状，吉米还是认为他熟悉的世界已经消失了。有一天，我问他:“你是不是想念爸爸?”他的嘴唇损抖了几下,然后问我:“你怎么看，玛格丽特?他是我最好的朋友。”接着,我俩都流下了眼泪。MymotherdiedoflungcancersixmonthslaterandIalonewaslefttolookafterJimmy.Hedidn'tadjusttogoingtoworkwithoutmyfatherrightaway,sohecameandlivedwithmeinNewYorkCityforawhile.HewentwhereverIwentandseemedtoadjustprettywell.Still,Jimmylongedtoliveinmyparents*houseandworkathisoldjobandIpledgedtohelphimreturn.Eventually,Iwasabletoworkitout.Hehaslivedtherefor11yearsnowwithmanydifferentcaretakersandblossomedonhisown.Hehasbecomeessentialtotheneighborhood.Whenyouhaveanymailtobepickeduporyourdogneedswalking,heisyourman.六个月后,母亲因肺癌去世,剩下我一人来照顾吉米。吉米不能马上适应去上班时没有父亲陪着,因此搬来纽约和我ー起住了一段时间。我走到哪里他就跟到哪里,他好像适应得很好。但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里,继续干他原来的工作。我答应把他送回去。此事最后做成了。如今，他在那里生活了11年,在许多人的照料下,同时依靠自己生活得有声有色。他已成了邻里间不可或缺的人物。如果你有邮件要收，或有狗要遛，他就是你所要的人。Mymotherwasright,ofcourse:Itwaspossibletohaveahomewithroomforbothhislimitationsandmyambitions.Infact,caringforsomeonewholovesasdeeplyandappreciatesmyeffortsasmuchasJimmydoeshasenrichedmylifemorethananythingelseevercouldhave.当然,母亲的话没错：可以有一个家,既能容纳他的缺陷又能装下我的雄心。事实上,关照像吉米这样ー个深爱又感激我的人，更加丰富了我的生活，其他任何东西都不能与之相比。ThishithomeafewdaysaftertheSeptember11thdisasteronJimmy's57thbirthday.Ihadapartyforhiminmyhomein

NewYork,butnoneofourfamilycouldjoinusbecausetravelwasdifficultandtheywerestillreckoningwiththesheerterrorthedisasterhadbrought.Icalledonmyfaithfulfriendstohelpmakeitamerryandfestiveoccasion,ignoringthefactthatmostofthemwereemotionallydrainedandexhausted.Insteadofthecustomary"Nogifts,please",Ishouted,"Gifts!Please!"这一点,在9•11灾难后几天更显真切。那天是吉米57岁生日。我在纽约自己的家里为他举办生日宴会,但是我们家的人都没能来参加，因为交通困难,而且灾难带来的恐惧使他们依然心有余悸。我邀请了我的好友，请他们来帮忙把宴会弄得热闹些，增加点欢快气氛，没去理会他们多数人在情感上都有些疲惫这ー事实。于是我一反常态，没说“请不要带礼物”，而是向他们喊“请带礼物来”。Myfriends-peopleJimmyhadcometoknowovertheyears-broughttheidealpresents:countrymusicCDs,asweatshirt,oneleatherbeltwith"J-I-M-M-Y"onit,aknittedwoolhatandacowboycostume.Theeveningleduptothegiftsandthenthechocolatecakefromhisfavoritebakery,andofcoursetheceremonywasn'tcompletewithoutthesinging.我的朋友——吉米认识他们多年了——带来了中意的礼物:乡村音乐CD、一件长袖运动衫、一条有“吉米”字样的皮带、ー顶编织的羊毛帽,还有一套牛仔服。那天晚匕我们先是送礼物,然后是切从他喜欢的面包店里买来的巧克カ蛋糕,当然还唱了“生日歌”,否则宴会就不算完整了。AthousandtimesJimmyasked,"Isittimeforthecakeyet?"AfterdinnerandthegiftsJimmycouldnolongerberestrained.Heanxiouslywaitedforthecandlestobelitandthenblewthemoutwithonelongbreathasweallsang"HappyBirthday".Jimmywasn'tsatisfiedwithoureffort,though.Hejumpeduponthechairandstooderectpointingbothindexfingersintotheairtoconductusandyelled,"One...more...time!"Wesangwithalloftheenergyleftinoursoulsandwhenwewerefinishedheputbothhisthumbsupandshouted,"Thatwassuper!"吉米一次次地问:“该切蛋糕了吧?”等用完餐和送完礼物后,吉米再也控制不住了。他焦急地等着点上蜡烛,然后在我们“生日快乐”的歌声中,一口长气吹灭了蜡烛。然而吉米对我们的努力还是感到不满足。他纵身跳到椅子上,直挺着身子,双手食指朝天,ー边喊ー边指挥我们唱歌:“再——来 次!”我们全力以赴地唱。待我们唱完时，他翘起两个拇指喊道:“好极了!”Wehadwantedtolethimknowthatnomatterhowdifficultthingsgotintheworld,therewouldalwaysbepeoplewhocaredabouthim.Weendedupremindingourselvesinstead.ForJimmy,thelovewithwhichwesangwasawelcomebonus,butmostlyhehadjustwantedtoseeeveryoneelsehappyagain.本来我们想让他知道,无论世上有多难的事情,总是有人来关心他。现在反倒是提醒了我们自己。对于吉米来说,我们唱歌时的爱心,是他心中额外的礼物,但是他原先更想看到的,是别人再次感到快乐。Justasmyfather'sdeathhadchangedJimmy'sworldovernight,September11thchangedourlives;theworldwe'dknownwasgone.But,aswesangforJimmyandheldeachothertightafterwardprayingforpeacearoundtheworld,wewereremindedthattheconstantloveandsupportofourfriendsandfamilywouldgetusthroughwhateverlifemightpresent.ThesimplicitywithwhichJimmyhadreconciledeverythingforusshouldnothavebeensurprising.TherehadneverbeenanylimitationstowhatJimmy'slovecouldaccomplish.有如父亲的去世一夜之间改变了吉米的世界,9•11也改变了我们的生活;我们熟悉的世界不复存在了。但是,当我们为吉米唱歌,相互紧拥,祈祷全球和平时，我们也意识到，朋友、家人间永恒的爱和支持可以让我们克服生活中的任何困难。吉米以朴素的方式为我们协调了眼前的一切,他做到这一点并不令人吃惊。吉米的爱可以征服一切,这是任何东西都限制不了的。Unit1-SectionBTheFrameworkforLoveItwasanautumnnightinmynativeNovaScotia.Alightrainwasfalling,makingtappingsoundsonthetinroofandthesmellofmouldfilledtheoldlodgewewerevacationinginfortheweekend.AshiverintheairinspiredafireontheFranklinstove.Wewereallsippinghotchocolateandthenmyfatherwentovertotheuprightpiano,pushedupthesleevesofhisshirtandbeganpickingoutatunewithonefinger.Hewasnotmuchofapianist,butheknewtheloveofsongandfamily.Mymotherputdownhersewingandjoinedhimonthebenchandthenmybrotherdriftedtothepianoaswell.Finally,apoorsingerandsousuallyaviolinistinstead,Iaddedmyvoiceforalineortwo.Myfather,everconsiderate,said,"See,youcansing,darling.Thatwasgood."爱的构架时值秋夜,在我的故乡新斯科舍,小雨淅沥,轻叩锡铁屋顶。我们周末度假寄住的古老小屋,弥漫着一股霉味。空气寒冷得让人发抖,于是我们点上了富兰克林取暖炉。我们悠然地喝着热朱古カ，接着父亲走向立式钢琴,卷起衬衣袖,伸出ー一指敲•曲。他算不上一个钢琴家,可他知道歌中的情、家中的爱。母亲放下手中的针线活，和他同坐在一条凳子上，然后我哥哥也缓步走向钢琴。最后，不太能唱歌却能拉拉小提琴的我也凑热闹唱了一两句。一向体贴人的父亲说:“你看,你也可以唱的，宝贝。唱得很好。”Ihaveoftenrememberedhowwarm,happyandlovedIfeltgrowingup.Ittookmeyears,though,tolearnthattheloveinourfamilydidn'tjusthappen.Infact,loveneverjusthappens—noteventopeoplewhoseemasnaturallylovingasmymotherandfather.But,Iwouldhedgetobet,thereisaframeworkyoumustlivewithintoletthisgiftthathasnorivalsmature.我常常记得成长的过程中感受到的温暖、幸福和关爱。虽然我花了好些年才知道，家人的爱不是凭空产生的。事实上，爱从来就不是凭空产生的，甚至对那些看上去像我父母那样天生充满爱的人来说也一样。但是，我愿打赌,你必须生活于一个构架之中，方能让爱这ー无与伦比的礼物瓜熟蒂落。First,loveneedstime.Perhapspeoplecanrecognizeinamomentthepossibilityforlove,andmakegranddeclarationssuchas"Iloveyou"withinweeksofhavingmet,butthisloveiscomparabletothebeginningofalongroadupamountainwithmanyupsanddowns.Matureloveislikealivingorganism.Itparallelsthelifeofanoaktree,growingslowlyfromaseedinthemudtoaslendertrunkwithbarelyanyleavesandfinallyintoitsshelteringglory.Wecannotmanipulateorspeeduptheamountofyearsitneedstogrow,butmustinstead,withwitandpatience,appreciateoneanother'sdifferencesandshareoneanother'sjoysandpainsovertime.Soitissadwhendivorcesarecausedbysmallprovocations,whenparentsandchildrengiveupononeanother,whenfriendshipsfallapartatthefirstinjury,whenwegiveuponlove.首先,爱需要时间。也许人们可以一眼看到爱的可能,见面几周后就郑重宣布“我爱你”等等,但是这样的爱,相当于刚开始爬山,而这漫长的爬山之路充满着起起落落。瓜熟蒂落之爱就像ー个有生命的机体。它跟一•棵橡树的生命・样，从上里的一粒种子开始，慢慢地长成几乎无叶的细枝，最后枝繁叶茂、足以遮阴,成就其辉煌。我们不可调控或者加速其成长所需的年月,相反,我们必须用才智和耐心,始终欣赏相互间的差异,分享彼此的快乐和痛苦。因此，如果因小怒而离婚，父母孩子相互不信任,在第一次受伤害后中断友谊，或不再相信爱,那是令人痛心的事情。Toooftenwesay"farewell"tosomeonewehavelovedwithoutduethoughtandenduppayinganemotionaltollthatisquitecostly.Ionceknewafatherandsonwho,saddledwiththeirrespectivetroublesinlife,haddrawnsofarapartovertheyearsthattheyfoundlittletosaytoeachother.And,withouteachother,theirliveshadbecomehollow.Theson,justoutofcollege,hadplannedtospendthesummertravelinginanoldyellowlorryonthetwo-lanehighwaysthatconnectedthecountrytogetherbeforefreeways.Oneday,whenhewasnearlyreadytoleave,hespottedhisfatherapproachingonabusystreetandwasstruckbyasingularlonelinessinthatlongfamiliarface.Heinvitedhimtostopforabeer.Thenonimpulse,hesaid,"Dad,

comealong.Let'sspendasummertogether."我们常常未经深思熟虑就向某人说‘‘再见”,结果付出了非常昂贵的感情代价。我曾经认识ー对父子,他们被各自的生活困难困扰,多年来距离越拉越远,结果相互间几乎没话可说,而相互间没了依靠,他们的生活变得空虚。儿子大学毕业后的那个夏天,打算开着黄色老卡车到连通全国的双车道公路上周游・番（那时还没有免费高速公路）。有一天,在准备出发时，他看见父亲沿着繁忙的街道走来。父亲熟悉的脸上带着的孤苫令他震动。他邀父亲停下来喝杯啤酒。冲动之下,他说:'’来吧，爸爸。让我们ー块儿度过ー个夏天吧。”Atgreatrisktothefamilybusiness,thefather,afurnituresalesman,wentalongwithhisson.Togethertheycamped,climbedmountains,satbytheseaandexploredcitystreetsandsleepyvillages."Ilearnedmoreaboutbeingafatherinthelasttwomonthsthaninallmyson's21years,"thefathertoldmeshortlyaftertheirtrip.Everyone'slifeshouldhaveroomforlovesworthriskingsizablepiecesoftimewethinkwecan'tspare.他父亲是个家具推销商。虽然冒着家里生意受损失的大风险,父亲还是跟儿子走了。他们一道宿营，一道爬山，一道坐在海边,一道探索城市的街道和幽静的乡村。在他们旅行后不久，他父亲告诉我:“在过去的两个月里，我学到的为父之道比我在我儿子成长的21年的岁月里学到的都多。”每个人的生活，都应该为爱的人留出空间，为我们爱的人抽出我们认为抽不出的时间是值得的。Weshouldnotmisleadourselvesintothinkingthattheoneswelovemustbelikeus.Thekeyistorecognizeandappreciateourdifferences.Thosedifferencesprovidethemysteryandwonderofhumanrelationships.我们不应该误导自己，认为我们所爱的人必须像自己一样。关键是认可和欣赏我们间的差异。这些差异使得人们之间的关系有了一丝神秘和新奇。Loveneedsanother,harder-to-findqualityaswell,theabilitytoletgo.爱也需要另一种更为难得的能力——放手的能力。Intheearlyyearsofmymarriage,Ihadfaultynotionsthatmyhusbandshouldwanttobewithmeallthetime.Onourfirstvisittohisfamily'shouse,Idiscoveredthatthemendidthingstogetherandthewomendidthesame.Myfather-in-lawstolemyplacenexttomyhusbandinthefrontseatofthecar,andthetwoofthemoftenwentouttogether,leavingmewiththewomen.在我结婚的头几年,我错误地认为我丈夫应该想时刻和我在ー起。我们第一次去拜访他家时，我发现他们家的人做事时男的和男的在ー起，女的与女的在ー起。我公公占了我的位子,坐到前车座我丈夫的旁边。他俩常常一道出去，将我留下和女人们在ー起。Icomplainedandmademyhusbandmiserable,caughtashewasbetweenthepeopleheloved.Mymother-in-lawsaidwisely,"Beingwithhisfatherisonepartofhislife;beingwithyouisanother.Behappyaboutbothofthem."我向我丈夫抱怨，让他夹在他所爱的人当中，痛苦不堪。我婆婆说得好:“和父亲在一起是他生活的一部分:和你在ー起是另一部分。你对二者都该感到髙兴啊」1learnedthatloveislikeanelasticbandthatmuststretchapartbeforeitpullsyoubackclosetooneanother.Itisacomingtidewhosewatersretreatalittleafterasinglewave,butthenextoneisclosertoyourheartthantheonebefore.我明白，爱就像根松紧带,在它将你们紧紧拉在・起之而,必须先松开。爱乂像涌来的潮水，一浪过后先退却一点,下一浪オ会比前一浪离你的心更近。Finally,loveneedswordstomakeitreal.Withoutwords,quarrelscan*tberesolvedandwelosethepowertosharethemeaningofourlives.Theimportantthingistoacknowledgeandexpressourfeelings.Inthisway,wecantrulysendthespiritsofthoseweloveaswellasourownsoaringupwards.最后，爱需要言语来实现。没有言语，争吵不能得到解决，这样我们就失去了分享自己生活意义的能力。重要的是承认并表达自己的情感。这样，我们才能真正使我们自己和我们所爱的人兴高采烈。Loveisnotasingleact,butalifetimeadventureinwhichwearealwayslearning,discovering,growing.Itisneitherdestroyedbyasinglefailurenorwonbyasinglekiss.Itcanonlybeachievedthroughpatienceandunderstanding.爱不是一次性的行为,而是一生的探索。我们总是在这种探索中学习、发现和成长。一次失败不能毁灭爱,一次亲吻也不能赢得爱。唯有耐心和理解才能得到爱。Unit2・SectionAIronandtheEffectsofExerciseSportsmedicineexpertshaveobservedforyearsthatenduranceathletes,particularlyfemales,frequentlyhaveirondeficiencies.NowanewstudybyateamofPurdueUniversityresearcherssuggeststhatevenmoderateexercisemayleadtoreducedironinthebloodofwomen.铁与运动的关系运动医学专家经过多年的观察,发现耐力运动员,特别是女性,经常会缺铁。普渡大学研究人员进行的ー项新的研究表明:即使是适度的锻炼,也可能会降低女性血液中的铁含量。"Wefoundthatwomenwhowerenormallyinactiveandthenstartedaprogramofmoderateexerciseshowedevidenceofironloss,"saysRoseanneM.Lyle,associateprofessoratPurdue.Herstudyof62formerlyinactivewomenwhobeganexercisingthreetimesaweekforsixmonthswaspublishedinthejournalMedicine&ScienceinSports&Exercise.“我们发现,那些通常不运动的女性一旦开始适度的锻炼,就会出现铁含量下降的迹象,”普渡大学罗斯安妮•M.莱尔副教授说。她对62名妇女进行了研究,并将研究结果发表在《体育运动医学与科学》杂志上。这些妇女原先不怎么运动,后来开始了为期6个月、每周3次的锻炼。"Womenwhoconsumedadditionalmeatortookironsupplementswereabletobounceback,"shenotes."Butthenewexerciserswhofollowedtheirnormaldietshowedadecreaseinironlevels."莱尔指出:“那些增食肉类食品或服用铁质补剂的女性能够恢复到健康状态。但突然参加锻炼却仍沿用旧食谱的人则显示出铁含量降低。”Irondeficiencyisverycommonamongwomeningeneral,affectingoneinfourfemaleteenagersandoneinfivewomenaged18to45,respectively.Buttheratioisevengreateramongactivewomen,affectingupto80percentoffemaleenduranceathletes.Thismeans,Lylesays,that"toomanywomenignoretheamountofirontheytakein”.Womenofchildbearingageareatgreatestrisk,sincetheirmonthlybleedingisamajorsourceofironloss.Plus,manyhealth-consciouswomenincreasetheirriskbyrejectingredmeat,whichcontainsthemosteasilyabsorbedformofiron.Andbecausewomenoftenrestricttheirdietinanefforttocontrolweight,theymaynotconsumeenoughiron-richfood,andareliabletoexperienceadeficiency.缺铁在女性中是很常见的,每四个十几岁的少女中有一人缺铁,每五个18至45岁的女性中有一人缺铁。而在积极锻炼的妇女中这ー比例更高,女耐力运动员中,缺铁者比例则高达80%。莱尔说,这意味着“太多女性忽视了自己摄入的铁含量”。育龄女性危险最大，因为月经是铁流失的重要原因之一。此外,许多保健意识太强的女性也很危险，因为她们拒绝食用牛肉或羊肉,而这些肉中含有的铁最易被吸收。而且,由于女性常常为了控制体重而节食,从而未能摄取足够的含铁丰富的食物，结果可能导致缺铁。"Theaveragewomantakesinonlytwothirdsoftherecommendeddailyallowanceofiron,"notesanotherexpert."Forawomanwhoalreadyhasapoorironstatus,anyadditionalironlossfromexercisemaybeenoughtotipherovertheedgeintoamoreseriousdeficiency,"notestheexpert.另一名专家指出，“普通女性每天摄入的铁只是应摄入量的三分之ニ。"他指出,'’对于那些已经缺铁的女性，任何因锻炼而产生的更多铁质流失都足以导致体内缺铁状况的恶化。”Exercisecanresultinironlossthroughavarietyofmechanisms.Someironislostinsweat,and,forunknownreasons,intenseenduranceexerciseissometimesassociatedwithbleedingofthedigestivesystem.Athletesinhigh-impactsportssuchasrunningmayalsoloseironthroughaphenomenonwheresmallbloodvesselsinthefeetleakblood.运动可能通过多种机制导致铁流失。有些铁随汗液流失。另外，由于某些未知的原因，髙强度的耐力运动有时会引起消化系统内出血。运动员从事跑步之类高强度剧烈运动，也可能会因为足部血管失血的现象而使铁质流失。Therearethreestagesofirondeficiency.Thefirstandmostcommonishavinglowironreserves,aconditionthattypicallyhasnosymptoms.Fatigueandpoorperformancemaybegintoappearinthesecondstageofdeficiency,whennotenoughironispresenttoformthemoleculesofbloodproteinthattransportoxygentotheworkingmuscles.Inthethirdandfinalstage,peopleoftenfeelweak,tired,andoutofbreath—andexerciseperformanceisseverelycompromised.缺铁分为三个阶段:第一也即最常见的阶段,是铁质储量不足。这ー阶段一般没有症状。到了缺铁的第二阶段,就会出现疲倦和力不从心,此时体内已没有足够的铁来形成血蛋白分子,将氧输至运动肌肉。在第三即最后阶段,人常常感到虚弱、疲乏无カ、喘不过气,运动成绩大打折扣。"Peoplethinkthatifthey'renotatthethirdstage,nothingiswrong,butthat'snottrue/*saysJohnL.Beard,whohelpeddesignthePurduestudy."You'renotinstage3untilyourironreservesgotozero,andifyouwaituntilthatpoint,you'reintrouble."“人们认为,只要不到第三阶段就不会有什么问题。这种想法是不对的。”帮助设计普渡大学研究的约翰•L・比尔德说。’‘只有当你的铁储量为零时,你オ会进入第三阶段。而你若坐等到这个时候,你的麻烦就大了。”However,mostpeoplewithlowironreservesdon'tknowtheyhaveadeficiency,becausetraditionalmethodsofcalculatingtheamountofironinblood(bycheckinglevelsofthebloodproteinthattransportsoxygen)arenotsufficient,Beardstates.Instead,it'simportanttochecklevelsofadifferentcompound,whichindicatetheamountofstorageofironintheblood.Whileactive,childbearingagewomenaremostlikelytohavelowironstores,henotes,"Menarenotsafe,especiallyiftheydon'teatmeatandhaveahighlevelofphysicalactivity."(Anestimated15percentofmalelongdistancerunnershavelowironstores.)Beardandotherexpertssayit'sadvisableforpeopleinthesegroupstohaveayearlybloodtesttocheckbloodironreserves.然而,比尔德指出，大多数铁质储量低的人并未意识到自己缺铁,因为传统的检测血液中铁含量的方法——检验血液中输送氧气的血蛋白的含量ーー是不够的。其实，有必要检查血液中另ー种混合成分的含量,它可以显示血液中的铁含量。他还指出,虽然积极锻炼的育龄妇女最有可能铁含量低，“但男性也并非不缺铁,尤其是在他们不吃肉类而又从事高强度的体力活动的情况下。”(估计有15%的男性长跑运动员铁含量低。)比尔德和其他专家都说，对这些人而言,最好每年验一次血,以测定血液中的铁含量。Ifironlevelsarelow,talkwithaphysiciantoseeifthedeficiencyshouldbecorrectedbymodifyingyourdietorbytakingsupplements.Ingeneral,it'sbettertoundotheproblembyaddingmoreiron-richfoodstothediet,becauseironsupplementscanhaveseriousshortcomings.Supplementsmayproduceafeelingofwantingtothrowup,andmaybepoisonousinsomecases.Thebestsourcesofiron,andtheonlysourcesoftheformofironmostreadilyabsorbedbythebody,aremeat,chicken,andfish.Goodsourcesofotherformsofironincludedates,beans,andsomeleafygreenvegetables.如果铁含量低,就要去看医生,以确定是否该通过调整饮食或服用铁质补剂来校正不足。一般说来,解决问题的最好方法是在食谱中增加含铁丰富的食物，因为铁质补剂可能存在严重缺陷。服用铁质补剂可能使人想呕吐,有时甚至还会引起中毒。最好的铁来源,以及唯一最易为身体所吸收的铁来源,是肉、鸡和鱼。其他较好的铁质来源包括枣、豆类和一些多叶绿色蔬菜。"Selectbreadsandcerealswiththewords'iron-added'onthelabel,"writessportsdietexpertNancyClark."Thisaddedironsupplementsthesmallamountthatnaturallyoccursingrains.EatthesefoodswithplentifulVitaminC(forexample,drinkorangejuicewithcerealorputatomatoonasandwich)toenhancetheamountofironabsorbed.*'Clarkalsorecommendscookinginironpans,asfoodcanderiveironfromthepanduringthecookingprocess."Theironcontentoftomatosaucecookedinanironpotforthreehoursshowedastrikingincrease,thelevelgoingupnearly30times,"shewrites.Andpeoplewhoarelikelytohavelowironshouldavoiddrinkingcoffeeorteawithmeals,shesays,sincesubstancesinthesedrinkscaninterferewithironbeingabsorbedintothebody.“选择那些标有‘加铁’字样的面包和麦片，”运动营养专家南希•克拉克写道,'’这些增加的铁质补充了谷物中自然含铁量的不足。将这些食物与含有大量维生素C的食物ー起食用——比如吃麦片时喝橘子汁,或在三明治内夹上番茄——可以促进铁质吸收。”克拉克还建议用铁锅烹食，因为烹调过程中食物能从铁锅中吸收铁质。她写道，“在铁锅内烹煮了3个小时的番茄汁,其铁含量大大提高,增加到原来的30倍左右。”她说，铁含量可能低的人,吃饭时应避免喝咖啡或饮茶，因为这些饮料中所含的物质会妨碍身体对铁质的吸收。"Activewomenneedtobealotmorecarefulabouttheirfoodchoices,"sumsupPurdue'sLyle."Ifyoupayattentiontowarningsignsbeforeironreservesaregone,youcanremedythedeficiencybeforeitreallybecomesaproblem.*'“运动女性应特别注意选择饮食。”普渡大学的莱尔总结说:“如果你在铁含量流失之前就注意到了警告信号，你就可以在它真正成为问题之前弥补铁质的不足。”Unit2・SectionBDoesExerciseHaveUnexpectedBenefits?Justasexercisestrengthenstheheartandlungs,bonesandmuscles,itmayalsopowerupthebrain.Asuccessionofscientificstudiesofanimalsimpliesthatphysicalactivityhasapositiveeffectonmentalfunctioning.运动有奇效吗?正如运动能强心、健肺、固骨、强肌ー样,运动也能健脑。对动物的ー系列科学研究表明,体育活动对智力的发挥有积极作用。"It'sclearthatthebrainbenefitsfromexercise,"saysbrainscientistWilliamGreenoughoftheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign.Hisstudieswithratshavedemonstratedtwoprimaryeffectsofactivity:Vigorousphysicalexerciseprovidesthebrainwithmorefuel,andski11-basedexerciseincreasestheformationofconnectionsinthebrain,which,accordingtotheproposalsofsomescientists,maymakethebrainbetterabletoprocessinformation.伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳ー尚佩恩分校的大脑科学家威廉•格里诺说,“很明显,运动使大脑受益。”他对老鼠的研究已经表明运动具有两大功效:高强度体育运动给大脑提供更多的燃料,而技巧性运动则增强大脑神经的联结。依照某些科学家的见解,这种联结能使大脑更好地处理信息。Inoneexperiment,laboratoryratswereseparatedintothreegroups.Onegroupwasexercisedbyrunninginsideanautomaticwheel,asecondgroupimprovedtheirskillsinacomplicatedobstaclecourse,andathirdgroupwasinactive.在ー项实验中,实验鼠被分成三组:第一组在自动轮中跑动，第二组通过一种复杂的越障训练来提高技能,第三组则不做任何运动。"Theanimalsthatlearnedtogothroughtheobstaclecourseexhibitedagreaternumberofbrainconnectionsthantheanimalsintheexercisedorinactivegroups,"Greenoughsaid."Incontrast,theanimalsthatexercisedinsidetheautomaticwheelpossessedagreaterdensityofbloodvesselsinthebrainthandideitheroftheothertwogroupsofanimals."“与跑动的和不运动的老鼠相比,经过越障训练的老鼠的脑神经联结数更多。”格里诺说,“相比之下,在自动轮中跑动的老鼠,较之其他两组的老鼠,其大脑的血管密度更大。”Learninganewdancestepmayboostthebraininthesamewaythatlearningalanguagecan,hesays.Andifthedanceisagoodphysicalexerciseaswell,thebenefitsmultiply.Youngbrainsmaybeespeciallyabletoboostbrainpowerthroughexercise,suggestedanotherofGreenough*sexperimentsthatshowedthemostsignificantchangesinthebrainoccurredamongratsthathadbeenexercisedwhenveryyoung.Andwhileanimalsaren'tpeople,hesaysitislogicaltomaketheinferencethataneffectfoundinratsmayalsoapplytohumans.他说,学习ー种新的舞步和学习一种语言ー样,都能促进大脑发展。如果这种舞蹈还是ー种良好的体育运动,则益处加倍。格里诺的另ー组实验显示,年轻的大脑尤其能够通过运动来增强能力。这组实验表明,从小就锻炼的老鼠,其大脑的变化最为显著。他说尽管动物不是人,但依此推断锻炼对老鼠带来的作用同样适用于人类也合乎逻辑。Humanstudieshavefocusedprimarilyonolderadultsandsuggestthatregularexercisecanimprovethespeedwithwhichthebrainprocessesinformation.MeasurementsmadebyArthurKramerattheUniversityofIllinoisdemonstratedthatinactiveadults,aged63to82,couldhitbuttonsfasterinresponsetoatoneaftertheywentthrougha10-weekwaterexercisecourse.Acorrespondingcontrolgroupthatdidn*texerciseshowednoimprovement.对人类的研究主要集中在老年人身上。其结果表明，经常锻炼能提高大脑处理信息的速度。伊利诺伊大学阿瑟•克雷默测量的结果表明，63至82岁不运动的人，在完成为期10周的水上运动课程之后，听音击键的反应加快了。对照组没有经过锻炼,其反应速度没有提高。Thisboostinreactiontimeafterexercisetrainingmayoccurbecausedeclinesassociatedwithgettingoldcouldactuallystemfromdeclinesinphysicalcondition.Somescientistsspeculatethereductioninmentalfunctionoftenattributedtogettingoldmayreallybeapenaltyofneglectingtostayphysicallyactive,inadditiontorelatedfactorssuchasmedicinesandpoordiet.接受运动训练之后,人的反应速度可能会加快,这是因为与衰老有关的机能衰退实际上源于体质下降。ー些科学家推测,除了药物作用和饮食不当等相关因素外,常常归咎于衰老的大脑功能下降实际上可能是不注意保持体育运动带来的ー种后果。"Inolderpeople,anexerciseprogramappearsimportantforbrainmaintenance,"saysDanielM.Landers,professorofexercisescienceatArizonaStateUniversity,whorecentlypublishedanarticlereviewingthescientificliteratureonactivity*seffectonthebrain.亚利桑那州立大学的运动学教授丹尼尔・M・兰德斯最近发表了一篇文章,对有关运动对大脑影响的科学文献进行了综述。他说:“对老年人来说,锻炼计划对维持大脑功能显得非常重要。”Numerousstudiesshowthatchildrenwhoengageinregularphysicalactivitydobetterinschoolthantheirinactiveclassmates.Butuntilrecently,theacademicedgegainedbyparticipatinginsportswasthoughttocomefromtheincreasedself-confidence,thebettermood,andtheabilitytoconcentratethatcomesfromburningoffsteaminexercise.Now,however,somescientistshaverevisedtheirwayofthinking,andpointtopossiblephysicalconnections.许多研究表明,经常进行体育锻炼的孩子,在学业上比不活动的同学优秀。但直到最近,人们还是认为因参加体育运动而获得的学业优势来自于增强的自信、更好的心态,以及运动后所带来的集中注意力的能力。而现在,ー些科学家修正了他们的看法,表示这可能与身体状况有关。PierceJ.Howard,anotherexpert,saysnewresearchindicatesthatphysicalexerciseincreasestheamountofcertainbrainchemicalsthatstimulategrowthofnervecells.Consequently,thebrainsofpeoplewhoexercisemaybebetterequippedtotacklementalchallenges.另一名专家皮尔斯•J.霍华德说,新的研究表明,体育锻炼提高了大脑中某些激发神经细胞生长的化学物质的含量。因此,那些进行锻炼的人的大脑可能更有能力应付各种智力挑战。Inactivitymayalsohavenegativeeffectsonmindandbodyalike."Scientistsrecognizethatmindisbody,andbodyismind,"commentsHoward.Themostbeneficialformsofexercise,hesays,engageboth.不活动对大脑和身体都可能有负面影响。“科学家们认识到,心即是身,身即是心,”霍华德评价道。他说,最有益的运动能身心兼顾。Unit3・SectionAWherePrinciplesComeFirst品德至上TheHydeSchooloperatesontheprinciplethatifyouteachstudentsthemeritofsuchvaluesastruth,courage,integrity,leadership,curiosityandconcern,thenacademicachievementnaturallyfollows.HydeSchoolfounderJosephGauldclaimssuccesswiththeprogramatthe$18,000-a-yearhighschoolinBath,Maine,whichhasreceivedconsiderablepublicityforitsworkwithtroubledyoungsters.海德中学的办学宗旨是:如果你向学生传授诸如求真、勇敢、正直、领导能力、好奇心和关心他人等美德的话,学生的学习成绩自然就会提高。该校的创始人约瑟夫・高尔德声称学校的教学很成功。海德中学位于缅因州巴思市,每年的学费高达1.8万美元,因其教导问题少年有方而闻名遐迩。"Wedon*tseeourselvesasaschoolforatypeofkid,"saysMalcolmGauld,Joseph'sson,whograduatedfromHydeandisnowheadmaster."Weseeourselvesaspreparingkidsforawayoflife—bycultivatingacomprehensivesetofprinciplesthatcanaffectallkids.*'我们并不把自己看作一所专为某ー类孩子而开设的学校,”马尔科姆•高尔德说。他是约瑟夫的儿子,毕业于海德中学,现任海德中学校长。’’我们把帮助孩子培养ー•种生活方式看作自己的职责，办法是倡导一整套能影响所有孩子的价值观念”Now,JoeGauldistryingtospreadhiscontroversialCharacterFirstideatopublic,inner-cityschoolswillingtousethetaxdollarsspentonthetraditionalprogramforthenewapproach.ThefirstHydepublicschoolprogramopenedinSeptember1992.Withinmonthstheprogramwassuspended.Teachersprotestedtheprogram'sdemandsandthestrainassociatedwithmoreintensework.现在,乔•高尔德（约瑟夫•高尔德）正试图将他尚有争议的“品徳第一’’的理念向旧城区的公立学校推广。这些学校愿意将用于传统教学计划的税金用于实施这一新的教学方法。海德公立学校第一个教学计划始于1992年9月。但几个月后，该计划即告暂停。教师们对教学计划的高要求以及高强度工作所带来的压カ表示抗议。Thisfall,theHydeFoundationisscheduledtobeginapreliminarypublicschoolprograminBaltimore.TeacherswillbetrainedtolaterworkthroughouttheentireBaltimoresystem.OtherUSschoolmanagersareeyeingtheprogram,too.Lastfall,theHydeFoundationopenedamagnetprogramwithinapublichighschoolinthesuburbsofNewHaven,Connecticut,overparents'protests.Thecommunityfearedtheschoolwouldattractinner-cityminorityandtroubledstudents.今年秋天,海德基金会计划在巴尔的摩启动初步的公立学校教学计划。教师要接受培训,以便今后能在整个巴尔的摩体系内胜任工作。美国其他学校的领导们也在关注这个教学计划。去年秋天,在家长的一片抗议声中，海德基金会在康涅狄格州纽黑文市郊区的一所中学内启动了一个引人注目的教学计划。当地居民担心该校可能招进来旧城区的少数民族学生和问题学生。AsinMaine,thequestfortruthisalsowidespreadat