2005年考研英语大纲

组织:扫描:合成:排版:录入：1组织:扫描:合成:排版:录入：1一尉迟烁2-hyj_wy3-dennis20044-kaoyanstove5-wzdf5-wlcome6-jssy227-kuihuali8-jiangzi0019-25：baozi（小册子,（小册子,（小册子,（各网站转载时,保留此致谢部分）经过沪江论坛（http:〃/r/）考研版的众多研友的热心参与和无私奉献的精神，终于使得2005英语大纲（完整版,加入小册子,去掉作废部分）得以和研友见面。对于以下参与的研友，俺代表众多考研的XDJM们对他们表示感谢。Ijxrtvu（沪江研英版主）wwwkiki、ccici、baozi（最后采用的是baozi扫描的）sunnyya（沪江研英NCE4、Listentothis!专栏主持人）hyj_wy前面说明以及1—3页）4-7页）8-11页）（小册子,12-15页）（小册子,16-19页）（小册子,16-19页）（小册子,20-23页）（小册子,24-27页）（小册子,28-31页）（大纲部分,附录2的词汇部分,全由baozi大侠

一人完成）26Jxrtvu（大纲部分，146—149页）27jinjing049（大纲部分，150-153页）28-cyk（大纲部分,154-157页）29-gjwl98276（大纲部分,158-16I页）30-huquan711（大纲部分,162—165页）31-jane是我（大纲部分,166—169页）32-loboxo（大纲部分，170—173页）33-leaer（大纲部分,174—177页）34-peter666（大纲部分,178-181页）35-area001（大纲部分,182-185页）36-strustrop（大纲部分,186-189页）37-sunnyya（大纲部分,190-193页）38ー饭饭（大纲部分,194-197页）39ー小甫（大纲部分,198-201页）39-rerli补充:kk4321特别感谢:（大纲部分,200-201页）ccici 一人深夜还在扫描上传,多次校正。baozi 也是非常负责,对扫了多次,找了最好的版本,并重新ーー编号。为了保证录入的准确性,还ー个人独立承担了词汇部分的录入。当然,此大侠是高手，OCR识别率高达99%,保证了完整版快速准确地献给研友。ps: hyj_wy和sunnyya针对各种不同的格式进行了合成和排版,很是费心费カ!2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）说明敬请考生注意:根据教育部教学厅[2004]14号文件精神,从2005年起,在全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语科中不再进行听力考察,试卷的结构，题型，分值,答题卡等以本说明为主。词汇表及附录等仍以《2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》为准。听カ考察调整到各招生単位的复试中进行。教育部考试中心2004年7月26日高等教育出版社特别提醒《2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）说明》为《2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》的重要补充。《2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）说明》替代《2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》中的“修订说明”和第1页至第50页的内容。《2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）》中的“修订说明”和第1页至第50页内容作废,其他内容仍然有效。2004年7月27日修订说明根据教育部教育厅[2004]14号文件的精神,从2005年起,全国硕士生入学统一考试英语考试的听カ测试调整到复试中进行。（2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲》做了如下修订:.对试卷结构以及样题个答案进行了调整。试卷结构如ド:第一部分 英语知识运用,20小题，共10分.第二部分阅读理解A节四篇阅读文章,20小题,共40分。B节一篇阅读文章,5小题，共10分。C节英译汉，5小题，共10分。第三部分写作A节应用短文写作,1小题,满分10分。B节短文写作,一小题,满分20分。.修改了主观题的评分标准。.重新设计了答题卡1和答题卡2,要求考生将英语知识运用和阅读理解A节，B节的答案涂在答题K1±,将阅读理解C节的答案和作文些在答题卜2上。修改了“考试说明”和“试卷示例”中关于答题k的描述.重新修订了“附录2”,将词汇表中的总词汇量增加到5500词,并删去词汇衣中的中文释义。.扩充了“附录3”的内容,扩充了常用前缀,后缀的条口，增加了部分国家（或地区），语言，国民及国籍表,及常见缩写词等。.将“附录4”更换为2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题,听カ衆音文字稿及参考答案。TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"考试说明 1附录1全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷示例、答题卡1、答题卡2、评分标准及参考答案 6\o"CurrentDocument"附录2词汇表 51附录3常用的前缀和后缀,部分国家（或地区）、语言、国民及国籍表,洲名及常见缩写词 146ー、常用的前缀和后缀 146二、部分国家（或地区）、语言、国名及国籍表 162三、洲 名 164四、常见缩写词 164附录42004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题,听カ录音文字稿及参考答案 169考试说明全国硕士研究生入学统一考试是为高等学校和科研机构招收硕士研究生而设置的。其中,英语实行全国统一考试。它的评价标准是高等学校非英语专业优秀本科毕业生能达到的及格或及格以上水平,以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平,有利于各高等学校和科研机构在专业上择优选拔〇考试对象为2005年参加全国硕士研究生入学统一考试的本科应届毕业生，以及符合报考条件的具有同等学历的在职人员。本考试对课程和教材不作统ー规定,凡符合下列评价目标的课程及教材都适合考生应考复习。一、评价目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能:（一）语言知识.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求,其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习,以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。.词汇生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关词组（详见附录）。英语语言的演化是ー个世界范围内的动态发展过程,它受到当今科技发展和社会进步的影响。这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。此外,硕士研究入学英语考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握涉及个人好恶、生活习惯、宗教信仰,以及本人工作或专业等方面的特殊词汇。（二）语言技能・1.阅读・*考生应能读懂不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%）»包括信函、书报和杂志上的文章,还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明和产品介绍等。根据所读材料,考生应能:1）理解主旨要义:2）理解文中的具体信息;3）理解文中的概念性含义:4）进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5）根据上下文推测生词的词义;6）理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系；7）理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8）区分论点和论据。2.写作考生应能写不同类型的应用文,包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等,还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。短文写作时,考生应能:1）做到语法、拼写、标点正确,用词恰当；2）遵循文章的特定文体格式;3）合理组织文章结构，使其内容统ー、连贯；4）根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语域。・考生应能掌握的语言技能包括听,说,读,写四种能力.但是由于听カ能力和口语能力的考察在复试中进行，因此这里只列出读,写两种技能.*•硕士研究生入学英语考试将英译汉试题作为阅读理解的一部分，其目的是测试考生根据上下文准确理解英语句子并用汉语正确予以表达的能力.二、考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟。满分为100分。试卷分试题册和答题卡（1、2）两部分。考生应将1〜45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上,将46-52题的答案写在答题卡2上。（二）考试内容与试卷结构试题分三部分,共52题,包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考査考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度,而且还考査考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。在一篇240〜280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案,使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。考生在答题卡1上作答。第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成,考査考生理解书面英语的能カ。共30小题,每小题2分,共60分。A节（2。题）:主要考査考生理解具体信息、掌握文章大意、猜测生词词义并进行推断等能力。要求考生根据所提供的四篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容,从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。考生在答题卡1上作答。B节（5题）:主要考査考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。本部分的内容是一篇总长度为50〇〜600词的文章，其中有5段空白,文章后有6〜7段文字,要求考生根据文章内容从这6〜7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。考生在答题卡1上作答。C节（5题）:主要考察考生准确理解内容或结构较复杂的英语材料的能力。要求考生阅读ー篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个划线部分（约150词）译成汉语,要求疑问准确、完整、通顺。考生在答题卡2上作答。第三部分写作该部分由A、B两节组成,考査考生的书面表达能力。总分30分^^^イ^A节:考生根据所给情景写出ー篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括信件、便笺、备忘录等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。B节:要求考生根据提示信息写出ー篇16〇〜200词的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分20分。2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷结构表部分节为考生提供的信息指导语语言测试要点题型题目数量计分答题卡种类英语知识运用（10分）1篇文章（24〇〜280词）英语词汇、语法和结构完形壊空多项选择题（四选2010答题卡1（机器阅卷）阅读理解（60分）A4篇文章（共约1.600词）英语理解具体信息掌握文章大意,猜测生词词义并进行推断等多项选择题（四选ー）2040B!篇文章（共约50〇〜600词）英语理解文章结构选择搭配题S10C!篇文章（约400词）5处划线部分（约150词）英语理解的准确性英译汉510答題卡2（人工阅卷、机器登分）m写作（30分）A规定情景英语书面表达应用文（约100词）110B主题句、写作提纲、规定情景、图、表等英语书面表达短文写作（16〇〜200询）120总计50+2100附录1全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷示例、答题卡1、答题卡2、

评分标准及参考答案1,全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷示例全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试卷NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates

(NETEM)考生注意事项.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。.答题前,考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考牛.姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息。.答案必须按要求涂写成在指定的答题卜上。(1)英语知识运用、阅读理解A节、B节的答案填涂在答题卡1上。填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。如要改动,必须用橡皮擦干净。(2)阅读理解C节的答案和作文必须用(蓝)黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题ド2上作答。字迹要清是。.考试结束后,将答题卡1、答题卡2ー并装入原试卷袋中,试卷交给监考人员。SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points'ThegovernmentisTObanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcasesJ_thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant2oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea3billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses4andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof5thatcanbegiventoacase6atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe 7withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot8sufficientcontrol.9ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda10ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe11ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges12toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which13theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally14inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywasL5toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands16ourBritishjudges,“hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean17afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere18tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised19witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.1.[A|asto|B|forinstance[C]inparticular[D]suchas2.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing|D|fastening3.(A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary[D]draft4.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable|D|improper5.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity6.[A]sinceIB]if[C]before[D]as7.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied[D]agreed8.[A|present|B|offer[C]manifest[D]indicate9.[A]Release[B]Publication[ClPrinting[D]Exposure10.[A]stormIB]rage[C]flare[D]flash11.[A]translation[B]interpretation

[C|exhibition[A]betterthan[C|exhibition[A]betterthan[C]ratherthan[A]changes[C]sets[A]binding[C]restraining[A]authorized[C]entitled[A]with[C]from[A]impact[C]inference[A]stated[C]said[A]what[C]which[A]assure[C]ensure|D|demonstration[B]otherthan[D]soonerthan[B]makes[D]turns[B]convincing[D]sustainingIB]credited[D]qualifiedIB]to|D|by[B]incident|D|issue[B]remarked[D]told[B]when[D]that|B|confide[D]guaranteeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandafinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritory(NT)becamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofcess:"Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It'sworldhistory."Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianmedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheU.S.andCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill—toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff'periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.Tmnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks.^^hesays.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthattheobjectiontoeuthanasiaisdiminishinginsomecountries.physiciansandcitizenshavethesameviewoneuthanasia.technologicalchangesarechieflyresponsibleforthenewlaw.ittakestimetoappreciatethesignificanceoflawspassed.Bysayingthat"observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,,(line11-12,Paragraph2),theauthormeansthat[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia.|B|thereisapossibilityofsimilarbillsbeingpassedintheUSandCanada.[C]observersarewaitingtoseethemovementendupinfailure.|D|theprocessofthebilltakingeffectmayfinallycometoastop.WhenLloydNicksonisclosetodeath,hewillIA|undergoa“coolingoff'periodofsevendays.experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient.haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering.facehisdeathwiththecalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasia?Hostile.Suspicious.Approving.Indifferent.Wecaninferfromthetextthatthesuccessoftheright-to-diemovementis[A]onlyamatteroftime.|B|farfromcertain.[C]justanillusion.|D|afadinghope.Text2Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"or"atouchonthebrakes",makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrear-viewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohave

hadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestThisisacountriesThisisacountries1994theItisalsolessmostforecastershadpredicted.InlatepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andisexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendoflastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavourableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.America'scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment一theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.Accordingtothetext,makingmonetarypolicychanges[A]iscomparabletodrivingacar.|B|issimilartocarryingoutscientificwork.willnotinfluencetheeconomyimmediately.willhaveanimmediateimpactontheinflationrate.FromthetextwelearnthatIA]thereisaclearrelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrates.theeconomyalwaysfollowsparticulartrends.thecurrenteconomicproblemsareentirelypredictable.|D|thepresenteconomicsituationisbetterthanexpected.Thetextsuggeststhatthepreviouseconomicmodelsarestillapplicable.|B|erestrateshaveanimmediateeffectontheeconomy.Bysaying'ThisisnoflashinthepanM(Line7,Paragraph3),theauthorimpliesthatthelowinflationratewillcontinue.theinflationratewillriseagain.inflationwilldisappearentirely.thereisnoinflationatpresent.Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthepresentsituation?Tolerant.|B|Indifferent.Disappointed.SurprisedText3InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,“sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"puli''customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push''informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers'computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany'sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenunivited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisonfades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,A,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatWebbusiness|A|hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket.|B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion.[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket.|D|hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthatthetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers.businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions.|C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy.itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners.IntheviewofNetpurists,thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture.moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb.theWebshouldbeabletofunctionastelevisionset.|D|thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests.WelearnfromthelastparagraphtharIA]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce.>・ノinteractivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers.leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesgao.settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpower.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextistourgeactiveparticipationinonlinebusiness,elaborateonvariousmarkeingstrategies,comparewebbusinesswithtraditionalcommerce,illustratethetransitionfromthepulltopushstrategy.Text4Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and“labour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganisationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationsaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmuniciplitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable“classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand"shareholding''meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilistation.The"shareholders''assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,howerver,theincreasingpowerandorganisationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanisewhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.Theauthorsaysthatoldfamilyfirmswereruinedbytheyoungergenerations,failedforlackofindividualinitiative,lackedefficiencycomparedwithmodemcompanies,wereabletosupplyadequateservicestotaxpayers.ThegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedinIA]theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement.|B|theownershipofcapitalbymanagers.[C]theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses.|D)theparticipationofshareholdersinlandownership.ThetextindicatesthatsomecountriesdevelopedquicklybecauseoftheirlimitedliabilitycompaniesthetideofindustralisationbenefitedBritishshareholdersgreatly.shareholderscontributedalottothefastgrowthoftheBritisheconomy.thesystemofshareholdingimpairedthemanagementofmodemcompanies.welearnfromthetextthatshareholdersoftencastnegativeinfluenceonthewell-beingofworkers.ownersoftraditionalfirmenjoyedagoodrelationshipwiththeiremployees.limitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly.tradeunionshadapositiverolebetweenworkersandthemanagement.Theauthorappearstobeverycriticaloffamilyfirmowners.shareholders.managers.|D|landowners.PartBDirections:/