交通工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献

20122012英文原文

中英文翻译RoadDesign专 业：交通工程TheBasicsofaGoodRoadWehaveknownhowtobuildgoodroadsforalongtime.ArchaeologistshavefoundancientEgyptianroadsthatcarriedblockstothepyramidsin4600BCE.RomansbuiltanextensiveroadusingthesameprinciplesweuseSomeoftheseroadsarestillinservice.IfyoufollowthebasicconceptsofroadbuildingyouwillcreatearoadthatwilllastThecommandmentsofagoodroadare:GetwaterawayfromtheroadBuildonafirmfoundationUsethebestmaterialsCompactalllayersproperlyDesignfortrafficloadsand(6）Designformaintenance（7）Paveonlywhenready(8）BuildfromthebottomProtectyourinvestmentKeepgoodrecordsGetwaterawayfromtheroad3532489FC觼305827776睶2120552D5動/346008728蜨6sWecan’toveremphasizetheimportanceofgooddrainage.Engineersestimatethatatleast90%ofaroad'sproblemscanberelatedtoexcesswaterortopoorwaterdrainage.Toomuchwaterinanylayerofroad’sstructurecanweakenthatlayer,leadingtofailure。Inthesurfacelayer,watercancausecracksandpotholes.Inlowerlayersitunderminessupport,causingcracksandpotholes。Acommonsignofwaterinanasphaltroadsurfaceisalligatorcracking—aninterconnectedpatternofcracksformingsmallirregularshapedpiecesthatlooklikealligatorskin.Edgecracking,frostheaves,andspringbreakupofpavementsalsopointtomoistureproblems。Topreventtheseproblemsrememberthatwater：flowsdownhillneedstoflowsomeplaceisaproblemifitisnotflowingEffectivedrainagesystemsdivert,drainanddisposeofwater.Todothistheyuseinterceptorditchesslopes，roadcrowns,andditchandculvertsystems.Divert—Interceptorditches，locatedbetweentheroadandhighergroundalongtheroad,keepthewaterfromreachingtheroadway。Theseditchesmustslopesotheycarrywaterawayfromtheroad.Drain—Creatingacrownintheroadsoitishigheralongthecenterlinethanattheedgesencouragesflowofftheroad.Typicallyapavedcrownshouldbe1⁄4”higherthantheshoulderforeachfootofwidthfromthecenterlinetotheedge.Forgravelsurfacesthecrownshouldbe1⁄2higherperfootofwidthForthisflowpathtoworktheroadsurfacemustberelativelytight.Roadshouldersalsomustbeslopedawayfromtheroadtocontinuecarryingtheflowaway.Superelevations(banking）attheoutsideofcurveswillalsohelptheroadsurface.DisposeAditchandculvertsystemcarrieswaterawayfromtheroadstructure.Ditchesshouldbeatleastonefootlowerthanthebottomofthegravelroadlayerthatdrainsthe。Theymustbekeptcleanandmustbeslopedtomovewaterintonaturaldrainage.Ifwaterstaysintheditchesitcanseepbackintotheroadstructureandundermineitsstrength。Ditchesshouldalsobeprotectedfromerosionbyplantinggrass，orinstallingrockandothererosioncontrolmeasuresErosioncandamageshouldersandditchesclogculvertsundermineroadbeds,andcontaminatenearbystreamsandlakes。EvaluateyourditchandculvertsystemtwiceayeartoensurethatitworksInthefall，cleanoutleavesandbranchesthatcanblockflow.Inforandremovesiltsfromplowingandanydeadplantmaterialleftfromthefall。BuildonafirmfoundationAroadisonlyasgoodasitsfoundationAhighwaywearsoutfromthetopdownbutfallsapartfrombottom。Theroadbasemustcarrytheentirestructureandthetrafficthatusesit.TomakeafirmfoundationyoumayneedtostabilizetheroadbedwithchemicalstabilizerslargestonecalledbreakerrunorgeotextilefabricWhenyourunintoconditionswhereyoususpectthatthenativeisunstableworkwithanengineertoinvestigatethesituationanddesignanappropriatesolution.UsethebestmaterialsWithallroadmaterialsyou“paynoworpaylater.”Inferiormaterialsmayrequireextensivemaintenancethroughouttheroad’slifeTheymayalsoforceyoutoreplacetheroadprematurely.Crushedaggregateisthebestmaterialforthebasecourse.Thesharpanglesofthecrushedmaterialinterlockwhentheyarecompacted。Thissupportsthepavementandtrafficbytransmittingtheloadfromparticletoparticle。Bycontrast，roundedparticlesactlikeballI6270106982概30859788B碋2246057BC垼bearings，movingunderloads.Angularparticlesaremorestablethanroundedparticles.Asphaltandconcretepavementmaterialsmustbeofthehighestquality,designedfortheconditions,obtainedfromestablishedfirmsandtestedtoensureitmeetsspecifications。CompactalllayersIngeneral,themoredenselyamaterialiscompacted,thestrongeritCompactionalsoshrinksoreliminatesopenspaces(voids)betweenparticlesThismeansthatlesswatercanenterthestructure.Waterinsoilcanweakenthestructureorleadtofrostheaves.Thisisespeciallyimportantforunsurfaced（gravel)roadsUsegravelwhichhasamixofsizes(well—gradedaggregate)sosmallerparticlescanfillthevoidsbetweenlargeronescompactionofasphaltpavementlengthensitslife.DesignfortrafficloadsandvolumesDesignforthehighestanticipatedloadtheroadwillcarry.Aroadthathasbeendesignedonlyforcarswillnotstanduptotrucks.Onetruckwith9tonsonasinglerearaxledoesasmuchdamagetoaroadasnearlyRuralroadsmaycarrylogtrucks,milktrucks,firedepartmentpumpertrucks，orconstructionequipment.Ifyoudon'tknowwhatspecificloadstheroadwillcarry，agoodruleofthumbistodesignforthelargestpieceofhighwaymaintenanceequipmentthatwillbeusedontheroad。Awell—constructedandmaintainedasphaltroadshouldlast20yearswithoutmajorrepairsorreconstruction。Indesigningausetrafficcountsthatprojectnumbersandsizesofvehicles20yearsintothefuture.Theseonlyprojectionsatbestbuttheywillallowyoutoplanfortrafficloadingsthrougharoad’slife。DesignformaintenanceWithoutmaintenancearoadwillrapidlydeteriorateandfailDesignyourroadssotheycanbemaintained。Thismeans:adequateditchesthatcanbecleanedregularlyculvertsthataremarkedforeasylocatinginthespringenoughspaceforsnowafteritisplowedofftheroadpropercrossslopesforsafety,maintenanceandtoavoidsnowdriftsroadsidesthatareplantedortreatedtopreventerosionroadsidesthatcanbemowedsafely3041376CD盍281806E14渔PA286276FD3濓274566B40歀34878883E蠾Aruleofthumbforadequateroadwidthistomakeitwideenoughforasnowplowtopassanothervehiclewithoutleavingthetravelledway。Markculvertswithapostsotheycanbelocatedeasily.PaveonlywhenreadyItisnotnecessarytopaveallyourroadsimmediately。Thereisnothingwrongwithawell—builtandwellmaintainedgravelroadiftrafficloadsandvolumedonotrequireapavedsurface。Threehundredperdayistherecommendedminimumtojustifypaving.Don’tassumethatlayingdownasphaltwillfixagravelroadthatisfailingBeforeyoupavemakesureyouhaveanadequatecrushedstonebasethatdrainswellandisproperlycompacted.Therecommendedminimumdepthofcrushedstonebaseis10”dependingonsubgradesoils.Aroadpavedonlywhenitisreadywillfaroutperformonethatisconstructedtooquickly。ÊBuildfromthebottomupThiscommandmentmayseemobvious,butitmeansthatyoushouldn’ttopdressorresurfacearoadiftheproblemisinanunderlyinglayerBeforeyoudoanyroadimprovementlocatethecauseofanysurfaceproblems.Chooseanimprovementtechniquethatwilladdresstheproblem。ThismaymeanrecyclingorremovingallroadmaterialsdowntothenativesoilandrebuildingeverythingDoinganyworkthatdoesn’tsolvetheproblemisawasteofmoneyandeffort。ÊProtectyourinvestmentTheroadsystemcanbeyourmunicipality'sbiggestinvestmentJustasahomeneedspaintingoranewroadmustbemaintained.Wisconsin’ssevereclimaterequiresmoreroadmaintenancethaninmilderplaces.Dotheseimportantmaintenanceactivities：Surface—grade,shape,patch，sealcracks，controldust，removesnowandDrainage—cleanandrepairditchesandculverts;removeallexcessmaterialRoadside—cutbrush，trimtreesandroadsideplantings,controlerosionTrafficservice-cleanandrepairorreplacesignsDesignroadswithadequateditchessotheycanbemaintainedwithamotor。CleanandgradeditchestomaintainproperpitchandpeakefficiencyAftergrading，removeallexcessmaterialfromtheshoulder.KeepgoodrecordsYourmaintenancewillbemoreefficientwithgoodrecordsKnowingtheroad’sconstruction,lifeandrepairhistorymakesitmucheasiertoplanandbudgetitsfuturerepairsRecordscanalsohelpyouevaluateeffectivenessoftherepairmethodsandmaterialsyouused.GoodrecordkeepingstartswithaninventoryofthesystemItshouldincludethehistoryandsurfaceconditionoftheroadway,identifyandevaluateculvertsandbridges，noteditchconditions，shoulders，signs,andsuchstructuresasretainingwallsandguardrails。Updateyourinventoryeachyearorwhenyourepairorchangearoadsection.Aformalpavementmanagementsystemcanhelpusetheserecordsandplanandbudgetroadimprovements.21290532A匪322837E1Bw 404059DD5鷕3711090F6郶313067A4A穊EResourcesTheBasicsofaGoodRoad＃17649,UW-Madison,15min.videotape.PresentstheCommandmentsofaGoodRoadVideotapesareloanedfreethroughCountyExtensionoffices。AsphaltPASERManual(39pp）,ConcretePASERManual（48pp),GravelPASERManual(32pp）.ThesebookletscontainextensivephotosanddescriptionsofroadsurfacestohelpyouunderstandtypesofdistressconditionsandtheircausesAsimpleprocedureforratingconditionhelpsyoumanageyourpavementsandplanrepairs.Roadware，acomputerprogramwhichstoresandreportspavementconditioninformation.DevelopedbytheTransportationInformationCenterandenhancedbytheWisconsinDepartmentofTransportation，itthePASERratingsystemtoprovidefive-yearcostbudgetsandroadwayrepair/reconstructionprioritylists。WisconsinTransportationBulletinfactsheets，availablefromtheTransportationInformationCenter（T。I。C。).RoadDrainage，No.4.Describesdrainageforroadways,shoulders,ditches，andculverts。GravelRoads，No.5.Discussesthecharacteristicsofagravelroadandhowtomaintainone.UsingSaltandSandforWinterRoadMaintenance,No.6。Basicinformationandpracticalonhowtousede-icingchemicalsandsand。Culverts—ProperUseandInstallation,No。15.Selectingandsizingculverts,designing,installingandmaintainingthem。GeotextilesinRoadConstruction/MaintenanceandErosionControl,No。16。Definitionsandcommonapplicationsofgeotextilesonroadwaysandforerosioncontrol。T.I.C.workshopsareofferedatlocationsaroundthestate。Crossroads,an8—pagequarterlynewsletterpublishedbytheT。I.C.carrieshelpfularticles,workshopresourcelists.Formoreinformationonanyofthesematerials,contacttheIC.at800/442-4615中文译文一个良好的公路的基础长久以来我们已经掌握了如何铺设好一条道路的方法，考古学家发现在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石道路依然发挥着作用。如果我们遵照到路的基本概念铺设将会建设一条持久耐用的道路以下是铺设好一条道路的十点要求尽量做好道路的排水(2）路基的基础一定要稳固（3）选用经济合理的铺设材料 (4)铺设的层次要紧凑合理 （5)设计好道路的最大车辆荷载 (6）做好设计维护 (7)准备工作做好才能铺设 （8)铺设从下往上开始 (9)预算好您的投资 (10）保持良好的记录)|～368338FE1迡203124F58佘277346C56w尽量做好道路的排水我们在怎么强调排水的重要性也不为过，工程师估计，至少有90%的道路的问题可能与过量的道路积水或坏.在道路的面层，水分可能引起路面开裂和裂缝内积水。在基层将引起基层的支撑能力下降导致基层的破坏，,:（1）水顺边坡下流（2）排到必要的地方（3)如果水分不能排出就会引起问题。有效的排水系统，水分的排出和处置。为此，他们利用拦截沟渠和斜坡，道路冠冕，沟渠和涵洞系统.及时排走。,1/4每页宽度脚高于每个中心线的宽度从ft1/2”Superelevations(银行）也将有助于drainthe路面。处理他们必须.如果在沟渠的水留它