2020年考研英语(一)试题真题(考研英语201)

绝密☆启用前2020考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生姓名和考生编号；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位，考生姓名和考生编码，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔或者钢笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名百度文库：尼莫2020年考研英语一真题答案及解析SectionIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogetherthanwasoncethecase,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavepartakenthisweekendofoneofthenation'sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.__1__acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan__2__it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis__3__shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure__4__todamageourhealth.TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has__5__apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked__6__hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould__7__crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasandonly__8__toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?__9__studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno__10__evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.Scientistssaythecompoundis"__11__tobecarcinogenic"buthavenohardscientificproof.__12__theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis__13__tofollowtheFSAadvice.__14__,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea__15__.Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe__16__uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?__17__,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods__18__,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their__19__riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.Constanthealthscaresjust__20__withnoonelistening.1.AInBTowardsBexpressCOnDTill2.AmatchCsatisfyDinfluence3.Apatience4.Aintensified5.AissuedBenjoymentCsurpriseCcompelledCignoredDconcernBprivilegedBreceivedDguaranteedDcanceled6.AunderBatCforDby7.AforgetBregretBregularlyBSinceCfinishCeasilyCIfDavoid8.Apartially9.AUnless10.Asecondary11.AinsufficientDinitiallyDWhileBexternalBboundCinconclusiveClikelyDnegativeDslow12.AOnthebasisofBAtthecostofCInadditiontoDIncontrasttoDfortunateDAfterall13.Ainteresting14.AAsusual15.Aresemblance16.AmadeBadvisableBInparticularBcombinationBservedCurgentCBydefinitionCconnectionDpatternCsavedDusedDingeneralDcarefully17.ATobefair18.Areluctantly19.ApromiseBForinstanceBentirelyCTobebriefCgraduallyCcampaignBexperienceDcompetition百度文库：尼莫Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40B.aself-deceivingattemptB.asupportingexampleC.abackgroundstoryScientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjoumalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfndamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromto$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese’’articlepreparationcosts’’hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.26.Scientificpublishingisseenlicencetoprintmoney"partlybecause________[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave________[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.[D]financedresearchersgenerously.28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?[A]Relieved.[B]Puzzled.[C]Concerned[D]Encouraged.29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms________[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.D]Thefewfeedonthemany.Text3Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthat百度文库：尼莫benefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifomia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepereentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WrtinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameclitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolitletohelpaveragewomen.31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwills________[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoilustrate____[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranees.百度文库：尼莫[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.34.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto____[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.Text4LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservces.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multiationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeep;upwiththecurrenteconomy.Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.France‘splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmerican百度文库：尼莫companieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto_____[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.[B]protectFrenchcompanies'interests.[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax_____[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat_____[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.39.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrentwork_____[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthistext?[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax[C]FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomyPartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Eyefixactionsarebrief[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinetivelyfelttoberude[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidatetums百度文库：尼莫towardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:41.________________Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,"Eyecontactandsmile"cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.42.NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.43.__Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceOFintimidationinadversarialsituations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeep'inmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,"saidMinson.44.________Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.45.________Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues.Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer-"Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.PartCTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)百度文库：尼莫FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.46.With（thegapthechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.47.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoat