全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语万学·海文钻石卡第二次模拟考试

绝密★启用前2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（万学·海文钻石卡第二次模拟考试）英语试卷(科目代码：201)考生注意事项答题前，考生须在答题纸指定位置上填写考生姓名、报考单位和考生编号。答案必须写在答题纸指定位置上，写在其他地方无效。填（书）写必须使用蓝（黑）色笔迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔。考试结束，将答题纸和试题一并装入试题袋中交回。姓名____________准考证号(钻石卡号)_______________报考学校_________________学校代码(主管征询师姓名)______________××××××××××××××××××××××××××密封线内不要答题××××××××××××××××××××××××××××SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AsformercolonistsofGreatBritain,theFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesadoptedmuchofthelegalsystemofGreatBritain.Wehavea“commonlaw”,orlawmadebycourts1amonarchorothercentralgovernmental2likealegislature.Thejury,a3ofordinarycitizenschosentodecideacase,isan4partofourcommon-lawsystem.Useofjuriestodecidecasesisa5featureoftheAmericanlegalsystem.FewothercountriesintheworldusejuriesaswedointheUnitedStates.6thecenturies,manypeoplehavebelievedthatjuriesinmostcasesreachafairerandmorejustresult7wouldbeobtainedusingajudge8,asmanycountriesdo.9ajurydecidescasesafter“10”，ordiscussionsamongagroupofpeople,thejury’sdecisionislikelytohavethe11frommanydifferentpeoplefromdifferentbackgrounds,whomustasagroupdecidewhatisright.Juriesareusedinbothcivilcases,whichdecide12among13citizens,andcriminalcases,whichdecidecasesbroughtbythegovernment14thatindividualshavecommittedcrimes.JuriesareselectedfromtheU.S.citizensand15.Jurors,consistingof16numbers,arecalledforeachcaserequiringajury.Thejudge17tothecase18theselectionofjurorstoserveasthejuryforthatcase.Insomestates,19jurorsarequestionedbythejudge;inothers,theyarequestionedbythelawyersrepresentingthe20underrulesdictatedbystatelaw.1.［A］otherthan ［B］ratherthan ［C］morethan ［D］orrather2.［A］agency ［B］organization ［C］institution ［D］authority3.［A］panel ［B］crew ［C］band ［D］flock4.［A］innate ［B］intact ［C］integral ［D］integrated5.［A］discriminating ［B］distinguishing ［C］determining ［D］diminishing6.［A］In ［B］By ［C］After ［D］Over7.［A］that ［B］which ［C］than ［D］as8.［A］alike ［B］alone ［C］altogether ［D］apart9.［A］Although ［B］Because ［C］If ［D］While10.［A］deliberations ［B］meditations ［C］reflections ［D］speculations11.［A］outline ［B］outcome ［C］input ［D］intake12.［A］arguments ［B］controversies ［C］disputes ［D］hostilities13.［A］fellow ［B］individual ［C］personal ［D］private14.［A］asserting ［B］alleging ［C］maintaining ［D］testifying15.［A］summoned ［B］evoked ［C］rallied ［D］assembled16.［A］set ［B］exact ［C］given ［D］placed17.［A］allocated ［B］allotted ［C］appointed ［D］assigned18.［A］administers ［B］manages ［C］oversees ［D］presides19.［A］inspective ［B］irrespective ［C］perspective ［D］prospective20.［A］bodies ［B］parties ［C］sides ［D］unitsSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextOneIt’splaincommonsense—themorehappinessyoufeel,thelessunhappinessyouexperience.It’splaincommonsense,butit’snottrue.Recentresearchrevealsthathappinessandunhappinessarenotreallytwosidesofthesameemotion.Theyaretwodistinctfeelingsthat,coexisting,riseandfallindependently.Peoplemightthinkthatthehigheraperson’slevelofunhappiness,thelowertheirlevelofhappinessandviceversa.Butwhenresearchersmeasurepeople’saveragelevelsofhappinessandunhappiness,theyoftenfindlittlerelationshipbetweenthetwo.Therecognitionthatfeelingsofhappinessandunhappinesscanco-existmuchlikeloveandhateinacloserelationshipmayoffervaluablecluesonhowtoleadahappierlife.Itsuggests,forexample,thatchangingoravoidingthingsthatmakeyoumiserablemaywellmakeyoulessmiserable,butprobablywon’tmakeyouanyhappier.Thatadviceisbackedupbyanextraordinaryseriesofstudieswhichindicatethatageneticpredispositionforunhappinessmayrunincertainfamilies.Ontheotherhand,researchershavefoundhappinessdoesn’tappeartobeanyone’sheritage.Thecapacityforjoyisatalentyoudeveloplargelyforyourself.Psychologistshavesettledonaworkingdefinitionofthefeeling—happinessisasenseofsubjectivewell-being.Theyhavealsobeguntofindoutwho’shappy,whoisn’tandwhy.Todate,theresearchhasn’tfoundasimpleformulaforahappylife,butithasdiscoveredsomeoftheactionsandattitudesthatseemtobringpeopleclosertothatmostdesiredoffeelings.Whyisunhappinesslessinfluencedbyenvironment?Whenwearehappy,wearemoreresponsivetopeopleandkeepupconnectionsbetterthanwhenwearefeelingsad.Thisdoesn’tmean,however,thatsomepeopleareborntobesadandthat’sthat.Genesmaypredisposeonetounhappiness,butdispositioncanbeinfluencedbypersonalchoice.Youcanincreaseyourhappinessthroughyourownactions.21.Accordingtothetext,itistruethat[A]unhappinessismoreinheritedthanaffectedbyenvironment.

[B]happinessandunhappinessaremutuallyconditional.

[C]unhappinessissubjecttoexternalmorethaninternalfactors.

[D]happinessisanuncontrollablesubjectivefeeling.

22.Theauthorarguesthatonecanachievehappinessby

[A]maintainingitatanaveragelevel.

[B]escapingmiserableoccurrencesinlife.

[C]pursuingitwithone’spainstakingeffort.

[D]realizingitscoexistencewithunhappiness.

23.Thephrase“Todate”(Para.4)canbebestreplacedby

[A]Asaresult.

[B]Inaddition.

[C]Atpresent.

[D]Untilnow.

24.Whatdoyouthinktheauthorbelievesabouthappinessandunhappiness?

[A]Onefeelsunhappyowingtohismiserableorigin.

[B]Theyareindependentbutexistingconcurrently

[C]Onefeelshappybyparticipatinginmoreactivities.

[D]Theyareactionsandattitudestakenbyhumanbeings.

25.Thesentence“That’sthat”(Para.5)probablymeans:Somepeopleareborntobesad

[A]andthesituationcannotbealtered.

[B]andhappinessremainsinaccessible.

[C]buttheydon’tthinkmuchaboutit.

[D]buttheyremainunconsciousofit.TextTwoWhatarethecharacteristicsofamediator?Foremost,themediatorneedstobeseenasarespectedneutral,objectivethirdpartywhoiscapableofweighingoutfairnessintheresolutionofaconflict.Themediatormustbetrustedbybothpartiestocomeupwithasolutionthatwillprotectthemfromshame.Whilethecentralissueisjustice,theoutcomeneedstobewin-win,nolosers.Theabilitiestolistenimpartially,suspendjudgment,andaccuratelygatherandassessinformationareotherimportantcharacteristics.Finally,tofunctioneffectivelythemediatormusthavepower(financial,status,position),sothatbothpartieswilltakeseriouslyandabidebythemediator’sjudgment.Ifonepartyrefusedtocooperate,heorsheshouldfearthepossibilityofbeingshamedandlosingfacebeforethemediatorandthewholecommunity.Ifthatrealpossibilitydoesnotenterthemindsofbothparties,themediatorwillbeineffective.Inseveralcountriesmediatorsarestillusedtofindabrideforaman.Usuallythisisajobfortheparents,andtheyinturnemploytheservicesofamediator.Becausethiseventtakesmuchplanning,theparentswilltrytoidentifythemediatorwellinadvance.Sincetheseservicessometimesrequirereward,moneymustbesaved.Orinsomecasesparentstrytodoanumberoffavorsforthemediatorsothatheorshewillfeelindebtednessandperformtheserviceasakindofrepayment.Theparentswilltrytogetthemostinfluentialmediatorpossible,toboosttheirchancesofbeingapprovedbythepotentialbride’sparents.Theyoungwoman’sparentswillnotwanttoriskshamebyturningdownarequestfromsuchanimportantperson—sothereasoninggoes.Ofcourse,thehigher-rankedthemediator,thehigherthecostoftheservices.Complicatingtheprocessisthefactthatturningdownthemediatorisalsoaslightofthepotentialgroomandhisparents,whichwilllikelygenerateconflictbetweenthefamilies.Ifthepartiesarenotcareful,theentirecommunitycantakesides.Onewaytoalleviatethiseventualityisfortheyoungwoman’sfamilytoidentifyaflawthatwouldmakeheralessdesirableprospect.Theymightsay,“Sheissickly.”or“Shemaynotbeabletobearchildren.”Althoughnoneofthesestatementsmaybetrue,andprobablyeveryoneknowstheyaren’t,theydoprovideawayfortheyoungman’sparentstowithdrawtheirrequestforaperfectlylegitimatereason.Everyonesavesface,atleastatthesurface,andpeaceispreserved.26.Thecharacteristicsofamediatorincludeallofthefollowingexcept[A]unbiasedjudgmentofarguments.[B]hardprudenceindecision-making.[C]impartialtreatmenttoaconflict.[D]remarkableinsightintocontroversies.27.Theauthordeemsitimportantforamediator[A]tobequitewealthyandconsiderate.[B]tobepowerfultoshameeitherparty.[C]tojustifythesolutionofaconflict.[D]tohavehighstatustofeararguers.28.Insomecourtiers,youngpeople’smarriage[A]isindependentoftheirparents’will.[B]needscarefulvaluationinadvance.[C]costsasmallfortuneoftheirfamily.[D]isusuallyfacilitatedbyamediator.29.Therequestofthegroom’sparentsmaybeturneddownunless[A]theymanagetohireaqualifiedmediator.[B]theymaketheirbestchoiceatallrisks.[C]theyoungwoman’sparentswanttoloseface.D]thebride’sparentsdaretooffendthemediator.30.Itmaybethebestwaytoresolveaconflictfor[A]theentirecommunitytooffersupport.[B]amediatortobeidentifiedbybothsides.[C]theoutcomeofmediationtobeacceptable.[D]avalidexcusetosparebothsides’blushes.TextThreeTheInternet,likeitsnetworkpredecessors,hasturnedouttobefarmoresocialthantelevision,andinthisrespect,theimpactoftheInternetmaybemorelikethatofthetelephonethanofTV.OurresearchhasshownthatinterpersonalcommunicationisthedominantuseoftheInternetathome.ThatpeopleusetheInternetmainlyforinterpersonalcommunication,however,doesnotimplythattheirsocialinteractionsandrelationshipsontheInternetarethesameastheirtraditionalsocialinteractionsandrelationships,orthattheirsocialusesoftheInternetwillhaveeffectscomparabletotraditionalsocialactivity.WhethersocialusesoftheInternethavepositiveornegativeeffectsmaydependonhowtheInternetshapesthebalanceofstrongandweaknetworktiesthatpeoplemaintain.Strongtiesarerelationshipsassociatedwithfrequentcontact,deepfeelingsofaffectionandobligation,whereasweaktiesarerelationshipswithsuperficialandeasilybrokenbonds,infrequentcontact,andnarrowfocus.Strongandweaktiesalikeprovidepeoplewithsocialsupport.Weaktiesincludingweakonlineties,areespeciallyusefulforlinkingpeopletoinformationandsocialresourcesunavailableinpeople’sclosest,localgroups.Nonetheless,strongsocialtiesaretherelationshipsthatgenerallybufferpeoplefromlife’sstressesandthatleadtobettersocialandpsychologicaloutcomes.Peoplereceivemostoftheirsocialsupportfrompeoplewithwhomtheyareinmostfrequentcontact,andbiggerfavorscomefromthosewithstrongerties.

Generally,strongpersonaltiesaresupportedbyphysicalproximity.TheInternetpotentiallyreducestheimportanceofphysicalproximityincreatingandmaintainingnetworksofstrongsocialties.Unlikeface-to-faceinteractionoreventhetelephone,theInternetoffersopportunitiesforsocialinteractionsthatdonotdependonthedistancebetweenparties.PeopleoftenusetheInternettokeepupwiththosewithwhomtheyhavepreexistingrelationships.Buttheyalsodevelopnewrelationshipson-line.Mostofthesenewrelationshipsareweak.MUDs,newsgroups,andchatroomsputpeopleincontactwithapoolofnewgroups,buttheseon-line“mixers”aretypicallyorganizedaroundspecifictopics,oractivities,andrarelyrevolvearoundlocalcommunityandclosefamilyandfriends.

Whetheratypicalrelationshipdevelopedon-linebecomesasstrongasatypicaltraditionalrelationshipandwhetherhavingon-linerelationshipschangesthenumberorqualityofaperson’stotalsocialinvolvementsareopenquestions.EmpiricalevidenceabouttheimpactoftheInternetonrelationshipsandsocialinvolvementissparse.ManyauthorshavedebatedwhethertheInternetwillpromotecommunityorundercutit.Muchofthisdiscussionhasbeenspeculativeandanecdotal,orisbasedoncross-sectionaldatawithsmallsamples.

31.Thetextismainlyabout[A]thedominanceofinterpersonalcommunication.[B]strongandweakpersonaltiesovertheInternet.[C]thedifferencebetweenoldandmodernrelationships.[D]anempiricalresearchontheInternetanditsimpact.32.Itisimpliedinthetextthat[A]theInternetinteractionscanrivaltraditionalones.

[B]televisionisinferiortotelephoneinsocialeffect.

[C]stronglinksarefarmorevalidthanweakones.

[D]theInternetfeatureseveryhomeandcommunity.

33.Theword“buffer”(Para.2)canprobablybereplacedby

[A]deviate. [B]alleviate. [C]shield. [D]distract.

34.Accordingtotheauthor,theInternetcan

[A]eliminatethehindranceofthedistance.

[B]weakentheintimatefeelingsamongpeople.

[C]providepeoplewithclosephysicalcontacts.

[D]enhanceourabilitytoremovesocialstresses.

35.Fromthetextwecaninferthat

[A]theevidencefortheeffectoftheInternetseemsabundant.

[B]thesocialimpactoftheInternethasbeenbarelystudiedenough.

[C]somediscussionsareconclusiveaboutthefunctionoftheInternet.

[D]randomsampleshavewitnessedthepositiveinfluenceoftheInternet.TextFour

Leadershipishardlyanewareaofresearch,ofcourse.Foryears,academicshavedebatedwhetherleadersarebornormade,whetherapersonwholackscharisma(capacitytoinspiredevotionandenthusiasm)canbecomealeader,andwhatmakesleadersfail.WarrenG.Bennis,possiblythepossiblytheworld’sforemostexpertonleading,has,togetherwithhisco-author,writtentwobest-sellersonthetopic.Generally,researchershavefoundthatyoucan’texplainleadershipbywayofintelligence,birthorder,familywealthorstability,levelofeducation,race,orsex.Fromoneleadertothenext,there’senormousvarianceineveryoneofthosefactors.Theauthors’researchledtoanewandtellingdiscovery:thateveryleader,regardlessofage,hadundergoneatleastoneintense,transformationalexperience—whattheauthorscalla“crucible”(severetest).Theseeventscaneithermakeyouorbreakyou.Foremergingleaders,theydomoremakingthanbreaking,providingkeylessonstohelpapersonmoveaheadconfidently.Ifacruciblehelpsapersontobecomeleader,therearefouressentialqualitiesthatallowsomeonetoremainone,accordingtotheauthors.Theyare:an“adaptivecapacity”thatletspeoplenotonlysurviveinevitablesetbacks,heartbreaks,anddifficultiesbutalsolearnfromthem;anabilitytoengageothersthroughsharedmeaningoracommonvision;adistinctiveandcompellingvoicethatcommunicatesone’sconvictionanddesiretodotherightthing;andasenseofintegritythatallowsaleadertodistinguishbetweengoodandevil.Thatsoundsobviousenoughtobecommonplace,untilyoulookatsomerecentfailuresthatshowhowvalidthesedictums(formalstatementsofopinion)are.TheauthorsbelievethatformerCoca-ColaCo.ChairmanM.DouglasIvesterlastedjust28monthsbecause“hisgraspofcontextwassorrowful.”Amongotherthings,IvesterdegradedCoke’shighest-rankingAfrican-Americanevenasthecompanywaslosinga$200millionclassactionbroughtbyblackemployees.Procter&GambleCo.ex-CEODurkJagerlosthisjobbecausehefailedtocommunicatetheurgentneedforthesweepingchangeshewasmaking.It’sstriking,too,thattheauthorsfoundtheirgeezers(whoseformativeperiod,astheauthorsdefinethem,was1945to1954,andwhowereshapedbyWorldWarII)sharingwhattheybelievedtobeacriticaltrait—thesenseofpossibilityandwondermoreoftenassociatedwithchildhood.“Unlikethosedefeatedbytimeandage,ourgeezershaveremainedmuchlikeourgeeks(whocameofagebetween1991and2023,andgrewup“virtual,visual,anddigital”)—open,willingtotakerisks,hungryforknowledgeandexperience,courageous,andeagertoseewhatthenewdaybrings”,theauthorswrite.36.Thetextindicatesthatleadershipresearch[A]hasbeenacontroversialstudyforyears.[B]predictshowaleadercomestobe.[C]definesthelikelihoodtobealeader.[D]probesthemysteriesofleadership.37.AccordingtoBennis,thetraitsharedbyleadersconsistsof[A]toplevelsofintelligenceandeducationanddevotion.[B]remarkableabilitytoencouragepeoplewithloyaltyandhope.[C]strikingqualitiesofgoingthroughserioustrialsandsufferings.[D]strongpersonalitiesthatarouseadmirationandconfidence.38.Thefavorableeffectofacrucibledependsonwhetheraleader[A]proveshimself/herselftobeanewlyemergentone.[B]acceptsitasausefulexperienceforprogress.[C]shrinksbackfromtiringandtryingexperiences.[D]drawsimportantlessonsforhis/herfollowers.39.Aleadercanhardlymaintainhis/herpositionunlesshe/she[A]fulfilsallnecessaryqualityrequirements.[B]helpspeopletopreventdefeatsandsorrows.[C]failstoattractpeoplewithcommonconcerns.[D]lacksappealingandstrengthofcharacter.40.Theauthors’dictumscanbejustifiedbythefactthat[A]DouglasIvesterdefeatedahighest-rankingblackemployeeinasuit.[B]DurkJagerwasdismissedowingtohispoorcommunicatingability.[C]Geezerscouldn’terasethebrandsstampedinchildhood.[D]Geeksaresensibleenoughtomeetdangersandchallenges.PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]PhysicalChanges[B]LowSelf-Esteem[C]EmergingIndependenceandSearchforIdentity[D]EmotionalTurbulence[E]InterestintheOppositeSex[F]PeerPressureandConformityThetransitiontoadulthoodisdifficult.Rapidphysicalgrowthbeginsinearlyadolescence—typicallybetweentheagesof9and13—andthoughtprocessesstarttotakeonadultcharacteristics.Manyyoungstersfindthesechangesdistressingbecausetheydonotfullyunderstandwhatishappeningtothem.Fearsandanxietiescanbeputtorestbysimplykeepinganopenlineofcommunicationandpreparingforchangebeforeitoccurs.Themainissuesthatariseduringadolescenceare:(41)__________Achild’sselfworthisparticularlyfragileduringadolescence.Teenagersoftenstrugglewithanoverwhelmingsensethatnobodylikesthem,thatthey’renotasgoodasotherpeople,thattheyarefailures,losers,uglyorunintelligent.(42)__________Someformofbodilydissatisfactioniscommonamongpre-teens.Ifdissatisfactionisgreat,itmaycausethemtobecomeshyorveryeasilyembarrassed.Inothercases,teensmayacttheopposite—loudandangry—inanefforttocompensateforfeelingsofself-consciousnessandinferiority.Asalarmingasthesebodilychangescanbe,adolescentsmayfinditequallydistressingtonotexperiencethechangesatthesametimeastheirpeers.Latematurationcancausefeelingsofinferiorityandawkwardness.(43)__________Youngpeoplefeelmorestronglyabouteverythingduringadolescence.Fearsbecomemorefrightening,pleasuresbecomemoreexciting,irritationsbecomemoredistressingandfrustrationsbecomemoreintolerable.Everyexperienceappearsking-sizedduringadolescence.Youngstershavingadifficultadolescencemaybecomeseriouslydepressedand/orengageinself-destructivebehavior.Often,thefirstcluethatateenagerneedsprofessionalhelpisadeep-rootedshiftinattitudeandbehavior.Parentsshouldbealerttothewarningsignsofpersonalitychangeindicatingthatateenagerneedshelp.Theyincluderepeatedschoolabsences,slumpinggrades,useofalcoholorillegalsubstances,hostileordangerousbehaviorandextremewithdrawalandreclusiveness.(44)__________Thereistremendouspressureonadolescentstoconformtothestandardsoftheirpeers.Thispressuretowardconformitycanbedangerousinthatitappliesnotonlytoclothingandhairstyles;itmayleadthemtodothingsthattheyknowarewrong.(45)__________Adolescencemarksaperiodofincreasingindependencethatoftenleadstoconflictbetweenteenagersandparents.Thistensionisanormalpartofgrowingup—andforparents,anormalpartoftheletting-goprocess.Anothernormalpartofadolescenceisconfusionovervaluesandbeliefs.Thistimeofquestioningisimportantasyoungpeopleexaminethevaluestheyhavebeentaughtandbegintoembracetheirownbeliefs.Thoughtheymayadoptthesamebeliefsastheirparents,discoveringthemontheirownenablestheyoungpersontodevelopasenseofintegrity.Althoughadolescencewillpresentchallengesforyoungpeopleandtheirparents,awarenessandcommunicationcanhelppavethewayforasmoothtransitionintothisexcitingphaseoflife.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Cultureshockmightbecalledanoccupationaldiseaseofpeoplewhohavebeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.Likemostailments,ithasitsownsymptomsandcure.Cultureshockisprecipitatedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Thosesignsorcuesincludethethousandandonewaysinwhichweorientourselvestothesituationofdailylife:whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeople,whenandhowtogivetips,howtomakepurchases,whentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitations,whentotakestatementsseriouslyandwhennot.46)Thesecues,whichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornorms,areacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.47)Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,mostofwhichwedonotcarryonthelevelofconsciousawareness.Nowwhenanindividualentersastrangeculture,allor