新视野大学英语第四册unit7

UnitSevenObjectives:TomemorizenewwordsandphrasesinthisunitTomasterthegrammaticalstructureToreviewstudents'readingskillofscanning.TolearntowritetopicsentencesforaparagraphILSentencespatterns(lOmin.)Theprimemoverbehindtheproject,LucaCavalli-Sforza,aStanfordprofessor,laboredwithhiscolleaguesfor16yearstocreatenothinglessthanthefirstgeneticmapoftheworld.TheuniquecharacteroftheclickingsoundsintheirlanguagehaspersuadedsomeresearchersthattheKhoisanpeoplearedirectlydescendedformthemostprimitivehumanancestors.Thesamemap,incombinationwithancienthumanbones,confirmsthatAfricawasthebirthplaceofhumanityandthusthestartingpointoftheoriginalhumanmovements.Thegeneticmapsalsoshednewlightontheoriginsofpopulationsthathavelongpuzzledscientists.IILKeywordsandusefulexpressions:SectionA:superiority,bias,remarkable,variation,emigrate,assemble,remote,primitive,nothinglessthan,todate,beconfinedto,asfrom/of,ineffect.Adaptto,incombinationwith,shed/throwlighton,bedescendedfrom,serveas.IV.TimeArrangementperiodactivityTimelimitTeachingMethod1Pre-readingTasks45min.presentation, discussion,Audio-visual2&3While-readingTasks90min.Qs-and-As, explanation,exemplification, analysis,paraphrase,translation4Post-readingTasks45min.explanation,5WritingPractice45min.exemplification, groupdiscussion6Readingskills45min.exemplification,analysis7&8Listening&Speaking90min.Audio-visual,groupdiscussion,communicationSectionAResearchintoPopulationGenetics1.Pre-reading(1stperiod—45min.)1.1:preview(20min.):BackgroundInformationLucaCavalli-Sforza,bominGenoa,Italy,waseducatedattheUniversityofPaviawherehegainedhisMDin1944.Hehasspecializedmainlyinthegeneticsofhumanpopulations,producingwithWalterBodmeracomprehensivesurveyofthesubjectintheirGenetics,EvolutionandMan(1976).Hehasalsodonemuchtoshowhowgeneticdatafrompresenthumanracialgroupscouldbeusedtoreconstructtheirpastseparations.Thisreconstruction,basedontheanalysisof58genes,yieldsabifurcated(分为两部分的)evolutionarytreewithCaucasian(高加索人)andAfricanracesinonebranchandOrientals(东方人),Oceanians(大洋洲人),andAmerinds(美洲印第安人)intheother.Khoisanisthenamebywhichthelighterskinnedindigenous(本土的)peoplesofsouthernAfrica,theKhoi(Hottentots)andtheSan(Bushmen)areknown.ThesepeopleweretheearliestinhabitantsofAfrica.Therewereprobablyabout120,000livinginSouthAfricaaround1500.TheBasquesareapeoplewholiveinasmallregion(aboutthesizeofRhodeIslandintheUnitedStates)thatstraddlestheborderofSpainandFrancefromtheseainthewestintothePyrenees(比利牛斯山脉)intheeast.ThisareaiscalledEuskalHerria.Thereareabout660,000,accordingtothe1991census(人口普查).1.2Topic-relatedvideo(15min.)3Topic-relateddiscussion(lOmin.).Ifyouweretobedeprivedofoneofyourfivesenses(sight,touch,smell,taste,andhearing)whichonewouldyoumosthatetogiveup?.Doesoursocietyallowwomentoassumemasculinerolesmorereadilythanitallowsmalestoassumerolestraditionallycalledfeminine?Discuss..Whichismoreimportantforsuccess:thenaturalabilityyouarebornwithorhardwork?While-reading(2ndand3rdperiods—90min.)Globalreading(30min.)1.1UnderstandthemajordetailsofthetextWhatdoesTheHistoryandGeographyofHumanGenesconclude?(Thebookconcludesthatdespitesurfacefeatures,the“races“areremarkablyalikeundertheskin.))Wheredidthescientistsfindtheinformationtodrawaglobalfamilytree?(Inhumanblood:variousproteinsthatserveasmarkerstorevealaperson'sgeneticmakeup.)WhydidpeopleassumethatAustralia'snativepeoplewerecloselyrelatedtoblackAfricans?Whatdothediscoveriesmadebythescientistsshow?(Becausetheysharesuchsuperficialcharacteristicsasskincolorandbodyshape.ButthediscoveriesindicatethatAustraliansaremostdistantfromtheAfricansandmostcloselyresembletheSoutheastAsians.)WhatelsedoesthegeneticmapoftheworldshowusaboutAfrica?(ItconfirmsthatAfricawasthebirthplaceofhumanityandthusthestartingpointoftheoriginalhumanmovements.)Apartfromthehumanorigins,whatelsedoesgeneticinformationcontributetohumanbeings?(Itisthelatestrawmaterialofthemedicalindustry.Andinaddition,itcanbeusedtoweakenconventionalnotionsofracethatcauseracialprejudice.)1.2Organizationofthetext(20min.)Mainideaofthetext(lOmin.)Thepassageisconcentratedonthelatestresearchdevelopmentinpopulationgenetics.Textstructureanalysis(lOmin.)PartOne(Para.1)Theauthormakesitclearthatthereisnoscientificbasisfortheoriespushingthegeneticsuperiorityofanyonepopulationoveranotheraccordingtothebook,TheHistoryandGeographyofHumanGenes.Itisabookcontainingaremarkablecollectionofmorethan50yearsofresearch.(inpopulationgenetics)PartTwo(Para.2)dealswiththeexceptionalworkinthebook:thecreationofoftheworldthattheroutesofearlyhumans9migrationtofindtheclosestthingwehavetoaglobalfamilytree,(thefirstgeneticmap)PartThree(Para.3-4)tellsusthattodrawaglobalfamilytree,informationshouldbecollectedfrom.Itisdifficulttocollectbloodsamplesfromancientpopulation.(humanblood,inremoteareas)PartFour(Para.5-9)listsfourmajorcontributionsofthefirstgeneticmapoftheworld.Acolormapoftheworld'sgeneticvariationhasatoneendoftherangeandattheother.(Africa,Australia)Australia'snativepeopleandblackAfricanssharebuttheirgenestelladifferentstory.(superficialcharacteristics)Theracialdifferences-betweenEuropeansandAfricans,forexample-aremainlyawaytoadapttoashumansmovefromonecontinenttoanother,(climate)Thegeneticmapsalsoshednewlightontheofpopulationsthathavelongpuzzledscientists,(origin)PartFive(Para.10)Conclusion—Apartfromscientificvalueoftheresearch,thesocialsignificanceistoweakenconventionalnotionofracethatcause.(racialprejudice)2.2Detailedreading(60min.)2.2.1Wordsandphrases(40min.)1.discount(L.5)他说的许多话都是要打折扣的,他喜欢想象。Muchofwhathesaysmustbediscounted;heimaginesthings.(v.thinkthatsth.isnotimportantortrue)我们可以不理会利物浦队ー他们有三名伤员。WecandiscountLiverpool-theyhavethreeinjuredplayers.Hedoesnot这种灾难不只发生在洪水泛滥地区,也不只发生在冬季。Disastersofthissortwereconfinedtoneithertraditionallyfloodedlandnorthewintermonths.(berestrictedorkeptwithincertainlimitsortime)Sofar,fighting.(战斗没有超出首都的范围)(hasbeenconfinedtothecapitalcity)温故知新:Sure,everyonewantstobefinanciallycomfortable,butwealsowanttofeelwehaveaperspectiveontheworldbeyondtheconfinesofouroccupation,(n.limits)(Unit8-A,Book2)ineffect(L.24)事实上,ー些主要职业的安全性被永远破坏了。Ineffect,thesecurityofmajorprofessionswasunderminedforever,(infact)Whatthemanagementissaying,(实际上),isthattheyaregoingtostoprecruitingnewstaff,(ineffect)superficial(L.36)乍ー看两辆车差不多,但实际上区别很大。Therearesuperficialsimilaritiesbetweenthetwocars,butactuallythey*requitedifferent(a.appearingtobetrueorrealuntillookedatmorecarefully)Thecarwascompletelywreckedintheaccident,butthedriveronlyreceived.(轻微タト伤)(superficialinjuries)(a.onlyonthesurface,notdeep)我对那个主题只知道一些皮毛。Ionlyhaveasuperficialknowledgeofthesubject.(a.havingnodepthofunderstandingorfeeling)温故知新:Inaveryfewhours,wefoundourselvesacceptingandinternalizingthesuperficialandprejudicedjudgmentsofourselvesthatprevailedamongthepeoplewemet.(Unit6-B,Book2)shed/throw/castlighton(L.46)另外,这ー研究也希望弄清城市不断变化的经济角色所带来的社会影响。Inaddition,theresearchisexpectedtoshedlightonthesocialconsequencesofcities' changingeconomicroles.(makeaproblemetc.easiertounderstand)ScientistsworkingintheGobidesert(有了新的认识)thelifeofdinosaurs,(haveshednewlighton)温故知新:“Itshedslightonissueswhichcouldlaterwidenandresultindivorce,“saidalawyer.(Unit9-a,Book3)bedescendedfrom(L.50)她总是声称她的家族是古埃及国王的后裔。ShealwaysclaimedherfamilywasdescendedfromtheancientKingsofEgypt.(havesb.asanancestor)CharlesDarwinpointedoutthat.(人类是动物的后裔)(humanbeingsaredescendedfromanimals)distinctive(L.54)(a.clearlynoticeable)你们要尽职去帮助保持一种风格独特的啤酒,以便后人更好地享用。Youwillplayyourpartinhelpingtopreserveadistinctivetypeofbeerforfuturegenerationstoenjoy.(a.havingcharacteristicsthatmakessth.different)Thebuilding's(最大特色)isitsenormousdome-shapedroof,(mostdistinctivefeature)词语辨析:distinctivea.和其他东西有区别的,独特的distincta.很明确的,清楚的;不同的Hishobbiesarequitefromhiswork,(distinct)Thereisasmellofcigaretteseverytimehecomesintotheroom,(distinct)Thereisasmellintheroom,(distinctive)温故知新:OnceyouknowEngelbreit'sdistinctivestyle,youcanrecognizehercardsfrom20pacesaway-bright,funny,andwithaneyetothepast.(Unit4-B,Book3)exploit(L.65)我们必须确保充分开发我们的资源。Weneedtomakesurethatweexploitourresourcesasfullyaspossible.(v.develop)Althoughnobodywishesto(被剥削)withlowwagesandverydifficultconditions,itisfranklybettertofindthewaysandmeansofpresentingyourselfsomehow,thannotperformatall.(beexploited)(v.剥削)Russiacould(利用自己的地位)asamajoroilproducertopushupworldoilprices,(exploititsposition)(v.makeuseof)温故知新:Youimaginedmysteriousfiguresinthenight,thecrackofguns,cleverdisguises,secretexploits,(n.braveoradventurousactions)(Unit1-B,Book3)2.2Sentencepatterns(lOmin.))原句:BecauseAustralia'snativepeopleandblackAfricanssharesuchsuperficialcharacteristicsasskincolorandbodyshape,theywerewidelyassumedtobecloselyrelated.Buttheirgenestelladifferentstory.(L.36)因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征,如肤色、体型等,所以普遍认为他们有较近的亲缘关系。但是他们的基因却表明并非如此。句型:Sth./Sb.iswidelyassumed/believed檢…Butsth./sb.elsetellsadifferentstory,人们普遍认为……然而……并非如此。应用：人们普遍认为诚信已从我们的社会生活中消失。然而汤姆的经历表明并非如此。Honestyiswidelyassumedtohavegoneoutofoursociallife.ButTom'sexperiencestoldadifferentstory.原口J:rhesamemap,incombinationwithancienthumanbones,confirmsthatAfricawasthebirthplaceofhumanityandthusthestartingpointoftheoriginalhumanmovements.(L.42)结合对远古人骨的研究,这ー图谱证实了非洲是人类的诞生地,因而也是人类迁移的始发地。句型:Sth.,incombinationwithsth.else,confirmsthat…结合 某事证实了

应用:结合他们的研究,这ー理论证实了海洋生物是最原始的生物。Thistheory,incombinationwiththeirresearch,confirmsthatmarineanimalsarethemostprimitivelivingthings.原句:Thestudy'sultimateaim,hesays,istowweakenconventionalnotionsofrace"thatcauseracialprejudice.(L.68)他说研究的最终目的是“削弱”造成种族偏见的“传统的种族观念”。句型:Theultimateaim/target/objective/goalofdoingsth.ist〇…做某事的最终目的是 应用:他这本书的最终目的是要说明,尽管人们的肤色不同,其他方面都非常相似。Theultimateaimofhisbookistoshowthatalthoughpeoplehavedifferentskincolor,theyareremarkablyalike.Post-reading（4,hperiod—45min.）1Usefulexpressions（25min.）todate(L.3)nothinglessthan(10)todate(L.3)nothinglessthan(10)serveas(17)beconfinedto(L.22)asof1492(L.23)ineffect(L.24)ononeoccasion(L.29)totelladifferentstory(L.37)adaptto(L.40)incombinationwith(L.42)toshed/throw/castlighton(L.46)bedescendedfrom(L.50)2）简直是,同……一点也不差3）起 作用4）限定于……1492年以来6）事实上,实际上7）曾经;有一次;有一回8） 并非如此9）使适应10）与 ー起;共同11）阐明（某事）；使……更为清楚12）为 的后裔;是 的后人3.2Summaryofthetext(15min.)ThebookTheHistoryandGeographyofHumanGeneswaswrittenaftertheresearchershadspent16years(1)thegeneticsimilaritiesbetweenthepopulationsoftheworld.Thiswasachievedlargelybytakingthe(2)ofhundredsofthousandsofindividuals,fromallaroundtheworld,andthen(3)theirbloodproteins.Scientificallythishasallowedthewriterstodiscoverthe(4)takenbyearlypeople(5)aroundtheworldandalsotoshowthat(6)theskinweareallverysimilarona(7)level.Theultimategoalofthestudy,however,isnotjust(8):ithopestohaveasocial(9)byprovingthatthereisnobiologicalbasisfor(10)prejudice.(1examining,2blood,3analyzing,4routes,5migrating,6under,7genetic,8scientific,9effect,10racial)3.3Assignments(5min.)3.4AssignmentsParagraphrecitation:ReadingaloudExercisesofSectionATopicfordiscussion:Therearereasonstobelievebetterparentingplaysanimportantroleinpersonalsuccess.PreviewSectionB4.Writing(5thperiod--45min.):作文模版 选择类模版(对立观点)Everystudentwillbefacedwiththesamequestionwhenhe?Differentpeoplewillofferdifferentanswers.Somestudentsgivepriorityto.Whattheycherishis.Intheirmind,isnotveryimportant——solongasheworkshard,abrightfutureisawaitinghim.Otherstudentspaymoreattentionto.Theyattachgreatimportancetotheuniversitybecause.Howcanyouif?Inaword,thebestchoiceis.Wecanonlygetsuchachanceaftermakinggreatefforts.Ifwecannotobtainboth,thefirstthingtoconsideris范文:ChooseaGoodMajororaGoodUniversity.考大学时有人看重好的专业.有人则注重好的大学.我的看法EverystudentwillbefacedwiththesamequestionwhenhepassestheCollegeEnglishExamination:shouldhechooseagoodmajororagooduniversity?Differentpeoplewillofferdifferentanswers.Somestudentsgiveprioritytoagoodmajor.Whattheycherishisaspecialtytheylikemost.Intheirmind,whethertheuniversityisfamousisnotveryimportant——solongasheworkshard,hecanlearnitwellinanyuniversity,andabrightfutureisawaitinghim.Otherstudentspaymoreattentiontotheuniversity.Theyattachgreatimportancetotheuniversitybecausetheenvironmentisvitaltothemakingofanexcellentpersonandisthesymbolofagoodfuturejobitself.Howcanyouhaveawidevisionandabroadhorizonifyoureceiveeducationinasmallcollege?Inaword,thebestchoiceisagoodmajoratagooduniversity.Wecanonlygetsuchachanceaftermakinggreatefforts.Ifwecannotobtainboth,thefirstthingtoconsiderisagoodmajoritself.Readingskill(6thperiod-45min.)1ScanningBroadlydefined,toscanistoreadquicklyinordertolocateorfindtheplaceinapieceofwritingwhereaparticularitemofinformationisgivenandtotakeinthatitemofinformation.Thiskindofreadingdoesnotinvolveintensivereadingindetails.2ExamplesLucaCavalli-Sforzabelievesthroughhisresearchthatthegeneticsuperiorityofanypopulationoveranotherisabelief.Key:withoutscientificbasis.WecanfindtheanswerinParagraph1.WhoistheauthorofTheHistoryandGeographyofHumanGenes?Key:LucaCavalli-Sforza.WecanfindthenameoftheauthorinParagraph2.HowmanyyearsdidLucaCavalli-Sforzaworkwithhiscolleaguesinordertocreatethefirstgeneticmapoftheworld?Key:16years.WecanfindtheinformationinParagraph2.3.Textreadingsupervise(L.7)她的新工作包括监督公司在日本的业务。Hernewjobinvolvessupervisingthecompany'soperationinJapan,(v.监督,管理)TheUN(监督援助物资的分配)tothoseareasworstaffectedbythefighting.(issupervisingthedistributionofaid)温故知新:TheLondonpolicecommissionerpubliclyapologizedforpoorlysupervisinghisdepartment.(Unit1-A,Book3)fascinate(L.l1)凡是跟飞机和飞行有关的东西都让他着迷。(Anythingtodowithaeroplanesandflyingfascinateshim.)(v.attractorinterestsb.verymuch)He(饶有兴趣地发现)thattheyhadbeenborninthesametownonthesameday.(wasfascinatedtodiscover)温故知新:Thenewwillcombinetheoldinnovelandpotentiallyfascinatingways.(Unit8-B,Book1)assess(L.28)这场考试是评估应聘者是否适应这份工作的很好方法。Thistestprovidesanexcellentwayofassessingapplicants'suitability.(v.makeajudgmentaboutthenatureorqualityofsb.orsth.)Thebookletaimstohelpparents.(评估近来教育方面的变化)(assessrecenteducationalchanges)Itooktheringtothejewelerto.(估价)(haveitsvaluesassessed)(v.calculatetheamountorvalueofsth.)温故知新:Normally,Americansdonotassesstheirvisitorsinsuchrelaxedsurroundingsoverextendedsmalltalk;muchlessdotheytakethemoutfordinner,oraroundonthegolfcoursewhiletheydevelopasenseoftrust.(Unit1-A,Book2)4)fare(L.31)那次考试我考得还算不错。(Ifaredratherwellintheexamination.)(v.geton)Low-paidworkerswill(会好起来)underthisgovernment.(farewell)demonstrate(L.40)成千上万的工人和学生游行示威,反对美国卷入战争。ThousandsofworkersandstudentsdemonstratedagainstU.S.involvementinthewar.(V.游行示威)Yourclothesshouldnotdrawattentiontothemselves;thisisnotthetimeto(表明时尚感)oryourdisapprovaloftradition.(demonstrateyourfashionsense)(v.showandexplainhowsth.worksorhowtodosth.)温故知新:Forthestudenttogainadmission,parentsalsomustagreetoacceptanddemonstratetheschool'sphilosophiesandoutlook.Unit3-A,Book3)inquestion(L.44)看到那位被谈论的妇女走进商店,他感到很吃惊。Hewassurprisedtoseethewomaninquestionentertheshop,(beingtalkedabout)Istayedathome(人们谈到的那个晚上).(onthenightinquestion)Toskimfortheplacesfor(谈到的信息)，thereaderactuallyjustneedstoreadthefirstsentenceofeachparagraphinthetext,(theinformationinquestion)cultivate(L.49)在这所学校里,我们カ图陶冶所教学生的情操。Atthisschoolweaimtocultivatethemindsofallthechildrenweteach,(v.培养)Actually,weneverknowiftheteacherstherearebetter;weonlyknowthey (培养学习兴趣)intheirstudents.(cultivateagreatinterestinlearning)温故知新:Weseeourselvesaspreparingkidsforawayoflife-bycultivatingacomprehensivesetofprinciplesthatcanaffectallkids.(Unit3-A,Book3)guarantee(L.59)我们保证公司被接管后你们不会失业。Weguaranteethatyouwon'tloseyourjobswhenthecompanyistakenover.(v.makesth.certaintohappen)Allofourfood(保证)freeofartificialpreservatives,(isguaranteed)温故知新:Themodernnuclearfamilywasrootedinthedesiretolivehappilyinamoreequalmarriage,wheretheraisingofchildrenandtheinvestmentofbothparentsinthechildren'sliveswereguaranteedbybondsoffriendshipbetweentheparents,whichwerebasedonrationallove.(Unit1-B,Book4)ina(good)positiontodo(L.62)只有总统才能下令释放这些囚犯。Onlythepresidentisinapositiontoorderthereleaseoftheprisoners.(haveenoughauthorityor