FAO可持续土地管理评价纲要

FESLM:AninternationalframeworkforevaluatingsustainablelandmanagementTableofcontentsWorldSoilResourcesReportNo.73FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations1993ADiscussionPaperA.J.SmythJ.DumanskiwithcontributionsbyG.SpendjianM.J.SwiftP.K.ThorntonJointlysponsoredby:FAOFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsIBSRAMInternationalBoardforSoilResearchandManagementISSSInternationalSocietyofSoilScienceTSBFTropicalSoilBiologyandFertilityIFDCInternationalFertilizerDevelopmentCentreICRAFInternationalCentreforResearchinAgroforestryCTATechnicalCentreforAgriculturalandRuralCooperationACP—EECACIARAustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearchAgricultureCanadaUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture-SoilConservationService(SMSS)LandandWaterDevelopmentDivisionFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations1993ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.M-59ISBN92-5-103419-2Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopyingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthecopyrightowner.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,PublicationsDivision,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,VialedelleTermediCaracalla,00100Rome,Italy.(c)FAO1993ContentsForewordIntroductionIssuesofsustainablelandmanagementChallengesforthefutureObjectivesofthereportAimChapter1:BackgroundandprinciplesNatureofsustainablelandmanagement(SLM)AspectsofsustainabilitySustainabilityandsuitabilitySustainabilityandstabilityClassifyingsustainability-StabilityandconfidenceSustainabilityandscale'Detailed'and'generalized'formsofsustainabilityevaluationPrinciplesofsustainabilityevaluationChapter2:FESLM-ThegeneralapproachThegeneralapproachtosustainabilityappraisalUsingevaluationfactorsIndicators,criteriaandthresholdsAchievingflexibilityofsubjectmatterTheframeworkstruetureThestruetureinoutlineAfamilyofframeworksChapter3:StruetureofthemasterframeworkChapter4:ConstruetinganactionframeworkGettingstartedwithanactionframeworkEstablishingthepurposeLevel1:TheobjectivestatementLevel1:Aim,problemsandprocedureExamplesofobjectivestatementsinlocalframeworksLevel2:Themeansstatement(presentuse)Level2:Theaim,problemsandprocedureLevel2:Themeansstatement(additionaluses)UndertakingtheanalysisLevel3:EvaluationfactorsLevel3:Theaim,problems,procedureLevel4:Diagnosticcriteria:(cause/effectandobservations)Level4:Theaim,problems,procedureDiagnosticevidence:TheapproachpathsEvaluationfactors:ComplexandcomponentattributesCriteria:UnderstandingcauseandeffectLevel5:IndicatorsandthresholdsLevel5:Theaim,problems,andprocedureFinalanalysisChapter5:Off-siteevaluationGeneralActiveoff-siteeffectsPassiveoff-siteeffectsAllowingforoff-siteeffectsChapter6:UsingtheframeworkChapter7:Validating,reportingandmonitoringValidatingtheanalysisReportingMonitoringReferencesGlossaryWorldsoilresourcesreportsForewordThisworkingdocumenthasbeenpreparedasafocusforfutureworkonthedevelopmentofanInternationalFrameworkfortheEvaluationofSustainableLandManagement(FESLM).TheFrameworkisdesignedasastructured,logicalpathwayformakingdecisionsonwhetherornotacarefullydefinedformoflandmanagementislikelytoprovesustainableinadefinedsituationoveradefinedperiodoftime.Thelogicalpathwayapproachwasselectedbecauseourknowledgeofsustainabilitywillalwaysbeimperfect.Thisapproachassistsusinmakingdecisionsthatcanbesubstantiatedwithouthavingtowaitforallthefinaldata.ThedevelopmentoftheFrameworkandthepreparationofthisdocumenthavebeenguidedbyaninternationalworkinggroupforthispurpose.Membershipinthisworkinggroupis:J.Dumanski(AgricultureCanada),Chairman;M.Latham(IBSRAM),Secretary;C.S.Ofori(FAO);R.Hanson(TROPSOILS),H.Eswaran(USDA-SCS),P.K.Thornton(IFDC);andA.J.Smyth(Private).ThisworkinggrouphasbeenablyassistedfromtimetotimebyJ.K.Syers,E.Pushparajah,M.MausbachandR.L.Sawyer.Thisdocumentrepresentsthecollectivewisdomfromthisentiregroup.ThisdocumentmakesnoattempttoreviewtherapidlyexpandingrangeofliteratureonsustainabilitybutisbasedonfourseminaldocumentsandondiscussionsinWorkingGroupsorganisedbytheInternationalBoardforSoilResearchandManagement(IBSRAM)atChiangRai,Thailandin1991;Nairobi,Kenyain1992;inWashingtonDC,USAin1992;andinLethbridge,Canadain1993.ThedocumentsthathaveshapedthecurrentformoftheFESLMare:PublicAdvisoryCommitteestotheEnvironmentalCouncilofAlberta.AlbertaConservationStrategy:FrameworkforAction:ADraftforPublicDiscussion.Edmonton.1990.Dumanski,J.,Eswaran,H.andLatham,M.CriteriaforanInternationalFrameworkforEvaluatingSustainableLandManagement.InternationalWorkshoponEvaluationforSustainableDevelopmentintheDevelopingWorld.ChiangRai,Thailand.IBSRAMProceedings12,Vol.2,Bangkok.1991.Dumanski,J.,Eswaran,H.,Pushparajah,E.andSmyth,A.(eds.).EvaluationforSustainableLandManagementsintheDevelopingWorld.Vol.1:TowardstheDevelopmentofanInternationalFramework.IBSRAMProceedings12,Vol.1.Bangkok,Thailand.1991.Dumanski,J.andSmyth,A.TheIssuesandChallengesofSustainableLandManagement.InternationalWorkshoponSustainableLandManagementforthe21st.Century,UniversityofLethbridge,Alberta,Canada.1993.Thedocumentthatfollows,preparedandrevisedbyA.J.SmythandJ.DumanskiattherequestofFAO,withspecificcontributionsfromM.J.Swift(Biologicalfactors),P.K.Thornton(Economicfactors)andG.Spendjian(Socialfactors),drawstogethertheideasexpressedinthesesourceswithsomeadditionalconnectingmaterialandveryvaluableconstructivecommentsreceivedorallyandinwritingatandbetweenthevariousmeetingsoftheWorkingGroup.Allthesecontributions,toonumeroustolist,aremostgratefullyacknowledged.IntroductionIssuesofsustainablelandmanagementChallengesforthefutureObjectivesofthereportIssuesofsustainablelandmanagementPerceivedwisdomintheapproachtoevaluation,useandmanagementoflandresourcesischangingrapidlyanddramatically.Pastemphasisonland'development',focusedonmaximizingproductionandreturnfromlanduseinvestmentandplannedagainstabackgroundbeliefthatsuitablelandsforexpansioncouldalwaysbefoundsomewhere,isforcedtogivewaytoamorecautiousapproach-onethatrecognizesthefiniteextentoffertilelandandtheseeminglyinsatiabledemandsofagrowinghumanpopulation.Globally,andinmanyindividualcountries,thereisclearevidenceofimpendinglandshortage.Areasinwhichthecombinationoflandandfreshwaterresourcesismoderatelyorwellsuitedtoagricultureare,forthemostpart,alreadyinuse.Efficientuseoftheselandsisbecomingamatteroflifeordeathforincreasingmillionsofmankind.Futuregenerationsinstilllargernumbersaremoreseriouslyatrisk-theirlivelihoodendangeredbypresentproductionchoicesthatdegradetheveryresourcesonwhichfutureagriculturedepends.Globalproductionmustincreasedramaticallytomeetforeseendemandbutthelevelsandmeansofproductiontargetedlocallymustbethosethatcanbemaintainedonasustainedbasis.Global,andevenlocalagriculturemustbesustainable."Weneedavaluesystemwhichenshrinestheprincipleofsustainabilityovergenerations.Sustainabledevelopmentmaymeandifferentthingstodifferentpeople,buttheideaitselfissimple.Wemustworkoutmodelsforarelativelysteadystatesociety,withpopulationinbroadbalancewithresourcesandtheenvironment."(Tickell,1993).Theconceptofsustainabilityincludesnotionsoflimitstoresourceavailability,environmentalimpact,economicviability,biodiversityandsocialjustice(Dumanskietal.,1991;HarmsenandKelly,1992).Theconceptofsustainabilityisdynamicinthatwhatissustainableinonearea,maynotbeinanother,andwhatwassustainableatonetimemaynolongerbesustainable.Althoughsustainabilitycannotbemeasureddirectly,assessmentsofsustainabilitycanbemadeontheperformanceanddirectionoftheprocessesthatcontrolthefunctionsofagivensystemataspecificlocation(DumanskiandSmyth,1993).Theconceptofsustainabilityispertinentonlyagainstabackgroundoflimitstoresourceavailabilityanduse.Ifnosuchlimitsexist,ortheyarenotperceivedtoexist,thenitiscommonthatresourcesareoverexploited;underrestraints,however,theconceptofsustainabilitybecomesincreasinglyimportant,risingasthescarcityoftheresourceincreases.Ourperceptionofscarcityandourknowledgeofalternateresourcepossibilitiesforthesameapplications,determinetheimportantfactorstobeconsideredinthesupply-demandequationofsustainabilityandsustainablelandmanagement.Thefirstofthesefactorsisthefixedsupplyoflandsuitableforagricultureandfoodproduction.TheWorld'stotalice-freelandareaisapproximately13.4thousandmillionhectares,butofthisonly24percentor3.2thousandmillionhectaresarepotentiallyarable,i.e.landthatcanbecultivatedand/ormaintainedinproductivepasture.Ofthis,about40percent(1.3thousandmillionhectares)ishighlytomoderatelyproductiveand60percentisoflowproductivity.Currentlythebestoftheselands,about1.5thousandmillionhectares,areusedforcropland,andtheremainderareinpermanentpasture,forestandwoodland(BuringhandDudal,1987).Thesecondfactoristheimpactofcompetitionbetweenincreasingnumbersofpeopleforthesamelandarea.Eachyearglobalpopulationsincreasebyabout90millionpeople.Sincethebestlandsarealmostallinuse,necessaryfurtherexpansionofagriculturewillcomeincreasinglyattheexpenseofpasturelandsandforests;landsusuallyofmarginalqualitywheretherisksofcropproductionarehigherandthereturnslower.Overthelastthreehundredyears,human-inducedlandusechangehasresultedinanetgainofapproximately12mkmofcroplandbutnetlossesof6mkmofforestsand1.6mkmofwetlands.Evenoverthepasttwodecadestheglobalextentofcroplandhasincreasedby9.1percent,whereaspastureandforestlandshavedecreasedconsiderably.Currently,therateoftropicaldeforestation,primarilyforagriculturalpurposes,isestimatedat17millionhectares(0.9percent)peryear,sharplyincreasedfromtherateof11.3millionhectares(0.6percent)peryearestimatedintheearly1980s(WRI,1992).Temperateandborealforestssufferedinthepast,buttheyarenolongersubjecttoacutedeforestation;infact,forestintheseareasmayhaveincreasedbyabout5percentsincetheearly1980s.Sincethemiddleofthiscenturyhuman-inducedlandusechangehasbecomesodrastic,sorapidandsoglobalthatitsimpactsareaffectingprocessesthatsustaintheinteractingsystemsofthegeosphere-biosphere(IGBP,1992).Thedirecteffectsofthesechangesonglobalsystemsremainspoorlyunderstoodbutthereisgeneralagreementonthepotentialimpacts.Forexample,expansionofagro-ecosystemsoverthelast150yearshasresultedinanetfluxofCOequaltothatreleasedbyburning2fossilfuelduringthesameperiod;currentreleaseofCOfromlandconversions2isbetween10and30percentofthatfromfossilfuelcombustion;landconversionisalsothelargesthuman-inducedsourceofNO,whichcontributestogreenhouse2gasaccumulationandozonedepletion.Withorwithoutclimatechange,theconversionofnaturalhabitatsforagricultureandotherusesisrecognizedasamajorcauseoflossofgeneticstockandofgeneticdiversity.Atcurrentratesofconversion,itisestimatedthat25percentoftheWorld'splantspecieswilldisappearinthenext50years(IDRC,1992).Modernagriculture,withitstrendstowardsmonocultureisparticularlyvulnerable;alreadyonly20cropsprovide90percentoftheWorld'sfood;andwheat,rice,maizeandpotatocontributemorethanallothercropscombined(IDRC,1992).Onlyfourvarietiesproduce75percentofallwheatgrownontheCanadianprairieswhilst,inIndia,whereasmanyas30000varietiesofricewereplanted50yearsago,itisestimatedthatbytheturnofthecenturythreequartersofthericefieldswillbeplantedtoonly10varieties.Thependingonsetofclimatechange,thenarrowinggeneticstockandthedisturbanceofglobalbiogeochemicalcyclesalladdconsiderableuncertaintytotheevaluationofsustainability.Thethirdmajorfactorinthesustainabilityequationisthedepletionofbiologicalproductionpotentialbytheinsidiousprocessesofsoilandlanddegradation,oftenacceleratedbyhumanactivities.Althoughtheextentofglobalsoildegradationisnotknownwithcertainty,currentbestestimatesarethatapproximately1.2thousandmillionhectaresofagricultural,forestryandrangelandshavebeenaffectedbymoderatetoextremesoildegradation(75percentofthisismoderatedegradationand25percentisseveretoextreme).Afurther750millionhectareshavebeenaffectedbyslightdegradation.Thisdegradationiscausedbyhumanrelatedactivities,namely:overgrazing(35percentofdegradedland);improperagriculturalpractices(28percent);deforestationandoverexploitationforfuelwood(37percent);andindustrialpollution(about2percent).Asecondaryeffectoflanddegradation,oftenatleastasseriousinitslocalconsequenceasthelossofsoilmaterial,isthepollutionofsurfaceandgroundwater.Transposedanddissolvedmaterialsmaycausesalinization,alkalinization,andotherformsoftoxificationandeutrophication.Theimpactoftheseeffectsmaybefeltfarfromthesiteofinitialdegradation.Withinthiscenturytheimpactoflanddegradationonproductionhasbeenmaskedbygreatlyincreasedfertilizeruseandotherinputs,butitisobviousthatproductivityincreaseswouldhavebeenmuchhigherintheabsenceofdegradation.ChallengesforthefutureTheevidenceismountingthatglobalagricultureisatawatershed.Soon,forthefirsttimeinhistory,wewillhaverunoutofgoodlandforagriculturalexpansion.Forthefirsttimewearefacedwiththeimperativeofincreasingproductiononlandsalreadycultivatedinamannerwhichdoesnotdegradeproductiveresources.Themagnitudeofthetaskisillustratedbyacalculationthatshowsthatifwearetomeettheneedsoftheanticipatedglobalpopulation,theamountoffoodwemustproduceinthenext50yearsequalsthetotalproductionofthepast8000yearsofagriculturalhistory(IDRC,1992).Iftheformsofagricultureusedtoachievethisincreasedproductionaretobesustainabletheymustbebasedonsoundagronomicprinciples,buttheymustalsoembraceunderstandingoftheconstraintsandinteractionsofallotherdimensionsofsustainablelandmanagement.Yieldswillhavetoincreasebut,atthesametime,productionriskswillhavetobecontrolledtoensuremorereliablecashflowandpermitconfidentplanning.Soilresourceswillneedtobecontrolledandwaterpollutioncannotbetolerated.Productionsystemswillhavetobeflexible,diversifiedanddevelopedonabroadgeneticbasetoensurethepossibilityofrapidresponsetochangingconditions.Landmanagementpractices,inlargemeasure,controlprocessesoflanddegradationandtheirefficiencyinthisrespectwilllargelygovernthesustainabilityofagivenlanduse.However,institutional,political,socialandeconomicpressuresandstructurescancauseorexacerbateenvironmentalproblemsandcontroloftheirinfluencemustformpartofthesolution.Thisimmensechallengeforglobalagriculturewillrequirethattheprinciplesandconceptsofsustainablelandmanagementbecomeentrenchedinthepolicyarenanolessthanamongstruralpopulations.Somemajorchangesineconomictheoryandinsystemsofnationalaccountingarerequiredtoensurethatthelossofoptionsforthefutureconsequentupondepreciationofnaturalresources-lossofanation'strue'wealth'-areproperlyrecognized.Proceduresofnationalaccounting,forexample,thatmistakenlyassumethatnaturalresourcesaresoabundantthattheyhavenomarginalvaluemustbeseentobeunacceptable.Technicalandscientificadvanceswillbeinstrumentalinthetransitiontosustainableagriculture,buttheywillneedtobetailoredtolocalenvironmentalconditions-muchmoresite-specificthanhasbeenthecaseinthepast.The'GreenRevolution'continuestoachieveconsiderablesuccesswiththeuseofhighyieldingcropvarieties,highlyresponsivetofertilization,irrigationandotherinputs.Suchsuccesses,however,areusuallyachievedonsitesthatenjoyanarrowrangeofhighlysuitablesoilsandclimates,arenotwithoutenvironmentalcosts.Also,theyincuramarginofriskwhichoftenishigherthanwithmoretraditionalmeans.Attemptstotransferintensiveformsofagriculturetothemarginalandsubmarginalareasinwhichalargemajorityoftheworld'spoorestfarmerslivehasled,alltoooften,onlytodisasteranddegradation.Theseregionshaveyettoreceivetheresearcheffortnecessarytodevisesustainablesystemsofagriculturecapableofsustainingforeseeablelevelsofpopulation.Clearly,no'technologicalfix'willproveeffectivelysustainableunlessitisacceptableandbeneficialtothepeopleonthelandandtosocietyingeneral-butanimprovedtechnologicalandknowledgebasewillsurelybearequiredpartofthesolution.Itistheresponsibilityofthescientificcommunitytodevelopcriteriaandindicatorsforevaluatingwhetherlandmanagementpracticeswillleadtowardssustainabilityorawayfromit.Theymust,however,workwiththefarmcommunitytoensurethatrecommendationsthatarisearerealistic,efficientandacceptable.ObjectivesofthereportThisreportproposesastrategicframeworkapproachforevaluatingsustainablelandmanagement.Thisapproachisadvocatedbecausetheconceptofwhatconstitutessustainabilitycannotberigid,itneedstobecapableofchangefromareatoareaandovertime.Assolutionsbecomemareprecisetheywillhavetobeincreasinglylocationandtimespecific.Astrategicframeworkapproachoffersthepossibilityofprovidingpreliminaryestimates'ofacceptablereliability,withoutwaitingforallofthefinaldata.Theapproachisintendedtobegenericanduniversalanditassistsinorganizingtheconceptsandprinciplestobeusedinderivingasolution.Itisintendedasanaidtoguidedecisionstowardssustainablemanagement,toincreasetheprobabilityofsuccessand/oridentifypotentialfailures.Itshouldcertainlyassistininterpretingtheresultsoftheverymanyresearchinitiativesthatarenowinprogressinthesearchforsustainability.Theevaluationofsustainablelandmanagementisanintegralpartoftheprocessofharmonizingagricultureandfoodproductionwiththe,oftenconflicting,interestsofeconomicsandtheenvironment.Agricultureisexpectedtocontinuetobetheengineofeconomicdevelopmentinmostdevelopingcountriesbut,forthistoberealistic,agricultureinthefuturewillhavetobeincreasinglymoreproductive,moreeconomicallyefficientandmoreenvironmentallyfriendly-inaphrase,moresustainable.Althoughsustainabilitywillcontinuetobeelusive,learningtoevaluatesustainabilitymustbeginnow.Thetaskistooimportanttowaituntilwehavealltheanswers.AimTheFESLMisdesignedasapathwaytoguideanalysisoflandusesustainability,throughaseriesofscientificallysound,logicalsteps.TheFrameworkpathwayseekstoconnectallaspectsofthelanduseunderinvestigationwiththemultitudeofinteractingconditions-environmental,economicandsocial-whichcollectivelydeterminewhetherthatformoflandmanagementissustainableorwillleadtosustainability.TheFESLMisconcernedwithevaluation.Itdoesnotencompassplanningordevelopment;althoughitcanmakeanimportantcontributiontoboth.Choicebetweenalternativeformsoflanduseorbetweenwaysofimprovingalandusesystemmaynotdependonsustainabilityalone;buttheFESLMcancontributetodecisionmakingintheseareasalso.Theconceptofevaluatingsustainabilitycanbemosteasilyunderstoodinrespecttoaverysmallareaoflandgivenuptoasingleuse,suchasasmallfieldunderasinglecrop.Ifthefieldissmallenoughitcanbeassumedthattheinfluenceofvariableswhichmightchangetheacceptabilityofthelanduseisspatiallyalmostuniform.Ifexaminationofthesevariablesandprojectionoftheirinfluenceoveradefinedtimeperiodimpliesthatthechangeswroughtwillnot,foranyreason,renderthelanduseunacceptablethelanduseisdeemed'sustainable'-forthattimeperiod.DetailedsustainabilityanalysisofthekindjustdescribedwillemploythewholesequenceofproceduresoftheFESLMandwillbecostly.Thetimeandmoneyspentonsuchanalysiswillbefullyjustified,however,inappropriatecircumstances-inthedesign,executionandmonitoringoflongterm'sustainability'experiments,forexample,orinteststoconfirmthevalidityofgeneralizedsustainabilityanalysisofmuchlargerareas.InthesecontextstheFESLMwillplayavitalroleinallformsofsustainabilityresearch-thatofevaluatingwhether'improved'methodsare,infact,sustainable.Society,however,rarelymakesdecisionsonindividualfields,butseeksguidanceonmuchlargerandmorecomplexareas.TheFESLMprovidesasystematicbasisforageneralizedapproachtosustainabilityinvestigationwithinlargeareas.Thisisachievedbyselectingandconceptualizingthemoresignificantinfluencesonenvironmentalchange.ItisintendedtopresenttheFESLMinaformthatiseasilyaccessibleandintelligibletothelaypublic,tofarmersandotherlanduserssothat,understandingitsapproachandprinciples,theycanhaveconfidenceinitsfindings.Especiallyintheearlydaysofitsdevelopmentanduse,however,theFESLMwillcallforexpertcontributionsfromawiderangeofspecialistswhowillidentifyandinterpretthefactorsinfluencingsustainability.Subsequentexperiencewillconfirm,orpointtheneedtoadapt,theinitialprojections.Overtime,anencyclopedicchecklistofexperienceindifferentenvironmentalsituationswillbebuiltuptoguideandsimplifyfutureevaluations.TheFESLMwillbedesignedandthecheckliststructuredsothatthehugevolumeofdatacollectedcanbestored,handledandeventually,toalargeextent,evaluatedbycomputer.AMaster(or'Reference')versionofafullydevelopedFESLMwillinclude,inadditiontodetailsoftheevaluationprocedure,acomprehensiveChecklist(databank)recordingenvironmentalinfluencesadversetostablelandmanagementandwouldrelatethese:toenvironmentalindicators(selectedfactors)thatreflecteachinfluence;toactionsthatcanbetakentominimizeinstabilityineachinstance;tocriteria(factors,numericalrelationships,formulae,morecomplexmodels)thatrelateenvironmentalchangetoobservableandmeasurableattributes;andtomeasurablethresholdvalueswhichdetermineatwhatleveleachinfluenceisathreattosustainability.TheMasterFrameworkprocedureswillbeindependentofscaleanditisintendedthat,eventually,thechecklistwillbeworldwideinscope.TogethertheinformationintheMasterFrameworkwillpermitrapidconstructionofAction(or'Local')Frameworkstobeusedinevaluatingthesustainabilityofaspecificformoflanduseinaspecificlocalityataspecificscaleofinvestigation-acrucialcontributiontosoundlanduseplanningandenvironmentalconservation.ExperienceinapplyingtheseFrameworkswilldrawattentiontogapsinknowledgeandassist,therefore,indefiningresearchneedsinthescientificdevelopmentoflandmanagementpackages.Scanningtherelevantsectionsofthechecklistwillprovideasafeguardagainstanyoversightofpotentialproblemsduringtheplanningstagesoflanddevelopment.Finally,theFrameworkisplannedtoprovideastructuredsystemformonitoringtheprogressofdevelopment;usingthediagnosticpathwayforperiodicevaluationofanychangeinthesustainabilityprognosis.Chapter1:BackgroundandprinciplesNatureofsustainablelandmanagement(SLM)AspectsofsustainabilityPrinciplesofsustainabilityevaluationNatureofsustainablelandmanagement(SLM)Manydefinitionshavebeenproposedtodescribeaspectsof'sustainabledevelopment'.Theirvarietyreflectsthecomplexityofrelationshipsinvolved.Environmentalcharacteristics,marketforces,socialambitions,developmentobjectivesandconservationaimsarebutexamplesoftheforcesandfactorsthatinteracttodeterminesustainability.Definitionsofsustainablemanagementdifferbecauseobserversplacedifferingimportanceonthesevariousfactors.Recognizingthataclearobjectiveisessentialtosuccessfulevaluation,theFESLMWorkingParty,inNairobi(1991),laidafoundationforthefollowingdefinitionofSLM:"Sustainablelandmanagementcombinestechnologies,policiesandactivitiesaimedatintegratingsocio-economicprincipleswithenvironmentalconcernssoastosimultaneously:-maintainorenhanceproduction/services(Productivity)-reducethelevelofproductionrisk(Security)-protectthepotentialofnaturalresourcesandpreventdegradationofsoilandwaterquality(Protection)-beeconomicallyviable(Viability)-andsociallyacceptable(Acceptability)."ThesefiveobjectivesofProductivity;Security;Protection;ViabilityandAcceptabilityareseentobethebasic'pillars'onwhichtheSLMedificemustbeconstructedandagainstwhichitsfindingsmustbetestedandmonitored1.Eachobjectiveiscomplex,andrequiresfurtherbriefexamination:Productivity:thereturnfromSLMmayextendbeyondmaterialyieldsfromagriculturalandnon-agricul