石油英语4名师优质课赛课一等奖市公开课获奖课件

PetroleumSienceinEnglishInstructor:GuoQing第1页ChapterThreeExploringforPetroleum

（石油勘探）Allkindsofnewtechnologyandmethodsaredevelopedinexploringforpetroleum.第2页Developmentoftheexplorationandproductiontechniqueofpetroleumpeoplefoundpetroleumbychance（偶然）becauseitsseepedup（油苗）tothesurfaceandmainlyuseditforlightandheating.Laterpeoplefoundoilpoolsclosetothesurfaceandusetheequipmentasthosenowadaysweusetogetwaterfromwellstoobtainoil.After1859，thefirstpetroleumwellduginTitusville,Pennsylvania,USA，theoilindustryquicklydevelopedintoanextremelycomplextechnology,firsttofindoilbeneaththeearthandthentodrill（钻井）deeperanddeeperwellstobringittothesurface,asthereserves（储量）ofpetroleumgetlessandless.第3页Offshore（海上）explorationandproductionhasbeengreatlypracticed.Moretechnique（技术）andtools（工具）andfields（领域）areinvolvedinfindingnewrecoverableresources（可开采资源）ofpetroleumtomeetthedemandoftheworld.第4页ExploringforPetroleumPeoplearelookingforthefollowingprerequisites（先决条件）

necessaryforoilandgastoaccumulate（聚集）incommercial（商业）quantitiesinanarea.1.Theoiloriginatesinasourcebed,andamarineshale（海相页岩）,onceablackmudrichinorganiccompounds,isthoughttobeacommonsourcerock（烃原岩）.2.Theoilthenmigrates（运移）toapermeable（渴渗透）reservoirrock（储集岩）,andtodothisitmaytravelforlongdistancesbothvertically（垂直地）andhorizontally（水平地）.第5页3.Aimpermeable（不渗透）layermustoccuraboveareservoirbed,sinceoilislighterthanwater,ittendstomoveupwardsthroughopenings（孔洞）andcracks（裂隙）untilitencounters（碰到）imperviousbedsthatcannotpenetrate（穿透）.Theoilmaythenaccumulatebeneaththeimpervious（不渗透）

layers.4.Afavorable（有利）structuremustexisttoconcentrate（积聚）theoilandgas；anticlines,faultsarecommonexamples.Petroleumexplorationisacombination（共同）ofworkwithgeologists（地质学家）,paleontologists（古生物学家）,geophysicists（地球物理学家）,andotherexperts（教授）.第6页1.Geologicalsurvey（地质勘察）:petroleumgeologistsgotothesite（现场）observing（观察）theitsgeologicaloutlines（地质概貌）andsurroundings（地质环境）,examiningthelayersofrockscroppingout（露头）onthesurfaceoftheground,therockscouldbeprojectedinto（深入）thesubsurfaceandthelocation（位置）oftrapcouldbepredicted（预测）.Therearethreestepsforpetroleumexploration第7页3.Testdrilling（钻探）istheonlywaytoknowforsure（确定）ifthereiscommercial（商业）gasoroilinasubsurfacetrapworthwhile（值得）toberecovered.2.Geophysicalprospecting（地球物理勘探）ismostlyusednowadaystoexploreoilandnaturalgas.第8页Geologicalsurvey(frombeginningtotheend)geologicalreconnaissance地质普查detailedgeologicalsurvey详细地质勘察Outcrop

露头第9页Geophysicalprospectingguarantees（确保）thesuccessofthepetroleumexplorationGeophysicalProspecting

地球物理勘探第10页Whatisgeophysicalprospecting?geophysicalprospecting

istheapplicationofthe

principlesofphysics（物理原理）

tothestudyofsubsurfacegeology.PrinciplesofGeophysicalExplorationThescienceofgeophysicsappliestheprinciplesofphysicstothestudyoftheEarth（地球物理科学是把物理原理应用到了对地球研究）第11页GeophysicalinvestigationsoftheinterioroftheEarthinvolvetakingmeasurementsatorneartheEarth’ssurfacethatareinfluencedbytheinternaldistributionofphysicalproperties.（对地球内部地球物理研究包含在地球表面或近地表做种种测量，因为地表或近地表受地球内部物理特征分布影响）(2)AnalysisofthesemeasurementscanrevealhowthephysicalpropertiesoftheEarth’sinteriorvaryverticallyandlaterally.

（分析这些测量能够揭示地球内部物理特征在垂直方向和水平方向上是怎样改变。）第12页Whatkindofmethodsusuallyareusedingeophysicalexploration?Themostcommonlyusedgeophysicalmethodsare:nonseismicsurveys（非地震勘探）

andseismicsurveys（地震勘探）.Nonseismicsurveys1.gravitysurveys（重力勘探）

Inwhichthetheeffectonearth’sgravitationalfieldofvariationsinthedensityofsubsurfacerocksismeasured.各种岩石和矿物密度(质量)是不一样，依据万有引力定律，其引力也不相同。椐此研究出重力测量仪器，测量地面上各个部位地球引力(即重力)，排除区域性引力(重力场)影响，就可得出局部重力差值，发觉异常区，这一方法称做重力勘探。它就是利用岩石和矿物密度与重力场值之间内在联络来研究地下地质结构。第13页2.magneticsurveys（磁力勘探）

Inwhicheffectontheearth’smagneticfieldofvariationsinthemagneticpropertiesofsubsurfacerocksismeasured.各种岩石和矿物磁性是不一样，测定地面上各部位磁力强弱以研究地下岩石矿物分布和地质结构，称做磁力勘探。因为地球本身就是个大磁体，所以对磁力预测值应进行校正，求出只与岩石矿物磁性相关磁力异常。普通铁磁性矿物含量愈高，磁性愈强。在油气田区，因为烃类向地面渗漏而形成还原环境，可把岩石或土壤中氧化铁还原成磁铁矿，用高精度磁力仪能够测出这种磁异常，从而与其它勘探伎俩配合，发觉油气田。

第14页3.Electricsurveys（电法勘探）

Inwhicheffectontheearth’selectricfieldofvariationsintheconductivityand/orpermittivityofsubsurfacerocksaremeasured.电法勘探实质是利用岩石和矿物(包含其中流体)电阻率不一样，在地面测量地下不一样深度地层介质电性差异，用以研究各层地质结构方法，对高电阻率岩层如石灰岩等效果显著。电法勘探种类较多，我国当前石油电法勘探普通用直流电测深、大地电磁测深、可控源声频大地电磁测深等方法，近期又发展了差分标定电法、大地电场岩性探测法等新方法。4.Radio-activesurveys（放射性勘探）5.Geophysicalwelllogging（地球物理测井）Theabovemethodscanbeusedaccordingtotherealsituationorincombination.以上方法能够选择使用或联合使用

第15页

Seismicsurveys

Inwhichthetimetakenbyseismicwavestotravelthroughsubsurfacerocksismeasured.这种方法测量地震波穿过地下岩层时间。第16页EarthquakeandseismicexplorationSeismologyisthebranchofgeologythatdealswiththemovementofwavesthroughtheearth.地震学是地质学一门分科，研究经过地球波运动Thestudyoftheformandoccurrenceofearthquakewavesrecordedbyseismographshasbeentheprincipalsourceofknowledgeoftheconstitutionoftheinterioroftheearth.对由地震仪统计到地震以及波研究，已经成为了解地球内部结构主要资料起源。Manyofitspractitionersareengagedinthesearchofpetroleumbasedonvariousseismicsurveyingtechniques.许多应用地震工作者用各种地震勘探技术从事寻找石油工作。第17页Usingaspecialtypeofseismograph,orgeophone,seismicsurveysexplorethegeologicalstructureintheearth’ssedimentarysectionbyrecordingthegroundmovementsproducedbyman-madeexplosions.借助于某种专用地震仪或地震检波器，经过统计由人工爆炸所产生地面运动，地震勘探就能够探查地下沉积带地质结构。Seismicsurveysprovidemoredetailedinformationabouttheshapeanddepthofsubsurfacestructuresthananyoftheothergeophysicalmethods,sotheyarethemethodmostwidelyusedintheexplorationforoil.与其它任何地球物理方法相比，地震勘探能提供更为详细地下结构形态和深度方面资料。在石油勘探中，地震方法是应用最为广泛方法。第18页Thewavescreatedbytheexplosionsarereflectedandrefractedbacktotheearth’ssurfaceReflectedpathsinwhichthewavetravelsdownwardinitiallyandatsomepointisreflectedbacktothesurface,theoverallpathbeingessentiallyvertical.反射路径：地震波先是向下传输，等抵达一定点会反射回地球表面，整个路径基本上是垂直。Refractedpathsinwhichtheprincipalportionofthepathisalongtheinterfacebetweentworocklayers,andhenceisapproximatelyhorizontal.折射路径：地震波主要沿着岩石层界面传输，所以大部分传输路径是水平第19页seismicexplorationGeophones(jugs)（检波器）:sensitivevibrationdetectinginstrumentsusedinconductingseismicsurveys,marineversionsareknownashydrophones.Seismicsurveysaredividedintotwocategoriesdependingonthepathtakenbythewavesinthesedimentsbetweentheexplosionandthegeophones（地震波接收器，检波器）.Theyarecalledreflectionandrefractionmethodsrespectively.依据波从爆炸点到检波器岩层中传输路径，能够将地震勘探划分为两大类，我们分别将其称为“反射波法”和“折射波法”。第20页seismicexplorationBothseismicmethodsmeasurethetimetakenbythewavestotravelfromtheexplosionorshot-point,tothegeophones.Itis,therefore,necessarytorecordboththetimeoftheshotandthetimeofarrivalofthewavesatthegeophones.两种地震方法所测定都是波从激发点或爆炸点到检波器传输时间。所以，同时统计下爆炸时间和波抵达各个检波器时间是十分必要。第21页seismicexplorationThetraveltimesarerarelylongerthan6secondsandaremeasuredtoonethousandthofasecond.波传输时间极少超出6秒，统计时是以千分之一秒时间间隔进行度量。Theinformationisrecordedonmagnetictapeinthefieldandthetapesaresubsequentlyprocessedinadataprocessingcenter.这些信息都是在野外就把它们统计在磁带上，然后把磁带送到数据中心进行处理。第22页Theobjectofaseismicsurveyisthelocationanddetailingofstructuraltrapsinwhichoilmayhaveaccumulated.地震勘探目标是找到可能存在油气聚集结构圈闭位置及其它详细资料。seismicexploration第23页TheimportanceoftheseismicworkTheseismicmethodisbyfarthemostimportantgeophysicaltechniqueintermsoftheresultofexpendituresandnumberofgeophysicistsinvolved.依据勘探结果和所包括地球物理学家人数来说，地震勘探是当前最主要一个勘探方法。第24页Thepredominanceoftheseismicmethodoverothergeophysicalmethodsisduetovariousfactors,themostimportantofwhicharethehighaccuracy,highresolutionandgreatpenetrationofwhichthemethodiscapable.地震勘探较其它地球物理勘探方法而言之所以占主要地位是因为很多原因，其中最主要原因是起高准确性，高分辨率以及这种方法所能到达高穿透性。Theimportanceoftheseismicwork第25页8、TheproceduresoftheseismicsurveyTheproceduresoftheseismicsurveySeismicdataacquisition地震资料获取地震勘探是地球物理勘探中一个最主要方法。它原理是由人工制造强烈震动(普通是在地下不深处爆炸)所引发弹性波在岩石中传输时，当遇着岩层分界面，便产生反射波或折射波，在它返回地面时用高度灵敏仪器统计下来，依据波传输路线和时间，确定发生反射波或折射波岩层界面埋藏深度和形状，认识地下地质结构，以寻找油气圈闭。第26页Seismicdataprocessing地震资料处理把统计采集到地震信息磁带上大量数据输入到专用电子计算机中，按照不一样要求用一系列功效不一样程序进行处理运算，把数据进行归类编排，突出有效，除去无效和错误，最终把经过各种处理数据以波形、线形形式绘制在胶片上或静电纸上，形成一张张地震剖面。这个过程就称做数据处理。Seismicdatainterpretation地震资料解释地震资料解释是把经过处理地震信息变成地质结果过程，包含利用波动理论和地质知识，综合地质、钻井、测井等各项资料，做出结构解释、地层解释，岩性和烃类检测解释及综合解释，绘出相关结果图件，对测区作出含油气评价，提出钻井位置等。第27页OilandGasReservesClassificationAstudygroupestablishedin1980,consistingofrepresentatives（代表）ofoilproducingcountries,recommended（推荐）asetofdefinitions（定义）andclassifications（分类法）.Ajointcommittee（联合委员会）ofSPE(SocietyofPetroleumEngineers),AAPG(AmericanassociationofPetroleumGeologistsandAPI(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)developedasetofdefinitionandaglossaryofterms（术语词汇）

in1981.第28页API(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)美国石油学会，它是一个非常权威组织。该组织制订了一系列标准及规范，比如API重度，API分离器和其它API标准等AAPG(AmericanAssociationofPetroleumGeologists)美国石油地质家协会SPE(SocietyofPetroleumEngineers)石油工程师协会第29页ReserveClassificationSummaryReserveshavefivebasicclassifications,whichmaybeexpandedtomeetindividualcompanyneeds.储量有五种基本分类，为满足独立企业需要，能够对这些分类加以扩展Classificationbyownershipcanbesubdividedintogrossreserve(100%ofwell,lease,orreservoir)andnetreserve(nettointerestsevaluatedafterallroyalties,overrides,productionpayments,orreversionaryinterests).按全部权分类，可分成总储量（100%井、矿区以及储集层）和净储量（扣除全部矿区使用费、佣金、生产支付或偿还利息之后评定净权益）。第30页(2)Classificationbyenergysourceincludesprimaryandimprovedrecovery.按能源分类，包含一次开采和提升采收率。(3)Classificationbydegreeofproofincludesproved,probable,possible,andprospectivereserves.

按证实程度分类，包含探明储量、概算储量、可能储量及远景储量。(4)Classificationbydevelopmentstatusisdividedintodevelopedandunderdevelopedreserves.按开发情况分类，可分为开发储量和未开发储量。(5)Classificationbyproducingstatussubdividesreservesintoproducingornon-producing按生产情况分类，分为投产储量和未投产储量。第31页ProvedReserves（探明储量）:Provedreservesofcrudeoil,condensate,naturalgas,ornaturalgasliquidsareestimatedquantityasofspecificdate,whichgeologicalandengineeringdatademonstratewithareasonablecertaintytoberecoverableinthefuturefromknownreservoirsunderexistingeconomicconditions.原油，凝析油，天然气或天然气液探明储量是指在某一特定日期估算，地质和工程资料以合理可靠性证实在现有经济条件下，未来从已知油藏可采出油气数量。Mostreservoirengineersconsiderprojectedeconomicconditionsbutlimitreserveestimatestocurrenttechnology.大多数油藏工程师考虑到预计经济条件但储量估算限于当前技术。第32页ProvedDevelopedReserves:asubcategoryofprovedreserves,proveddevelopedreservescanbeexpectedtoberecoveredthroughexistingwells(includingreservesbehind-pipe,sometimescalled“proveddevelopednonproducing”)withprovedequipmentandoperatingmethods.

探明开发储量：是探明储量一个亚类，探明开发储量可望经过现有井（包含管线中储量有时称为“探明开发非生产储量”）用认可设备和操作方法进行开采。2.ProvedUndevelopedReserves:anothersubcategoryofprovedreserves,provedundevelopedreservesareexpectedtoberecoveredfrom(a)futuredrillingofwells,(b)deepeningofexistingwellstoadifferentreservoir,or(c)theinstallationofanimprovedrecoveryproject.

探明未开发储量：是探明储量另一个亚类，可望经过下述三个方面工作开采出来：（1）深入钻井；（2）现有井加深到不一样油藏；或（3）实施提升采收率方案第33页ProbableReserves:Probablereservesarequantitiesofrecoverablehydrocarbonsestimatedonthebasisofengineeringandgeologicaldatathataresimilartothoseusedforprovedreservesbutthatlack,forvariousreasons,thecertaintyrequiredtoclassifythereservesasproved.

概算储量：概算储量是依据工程和地质资料（与探明储量所用资料相同，但因为种种原因，缺乏将储量划分为探明储量一类所需可靠性）估算可采油气储量。

Probablereservesarelesscertaintoberecoveredthanprovedreserves.与探明储量相比，概算储量被采出可能程度低。第34页PossibleReserves:Possiblereservesarequantitiesofrecoverablehydrocarbonsestimatedonthebasisofengineeringandgeologicaldatathatarelesscompleteandlessconclusivethanthedatausedinestimatesofprobablereserves.可能储量：可能储量是依据工程和地质资料（其完整性和确信程度不如概算储量估算时所用资料）估算可采油气量。Possiblereservesarelesscertaintoberecoveredthanprovedorprobablereserves.Insomecases,economicandregulatoryuncertaintiesmaydictatethepossibleclassification.可能储量被开采出可靠程度不如探明储量或概算储量。一些情况下，经济和管理不确定性都可能左右着可能储量分类。第35页Recoverablereserves:Hydrocarbonsinknownreservoirsthatcanberecoveredwithagreatdegreeofcertaintyunderexistingtechnologicalandeconomicconditions可采储量：指已知油藏中，使用现在技术，在现行经济条件下比较确定能够采出油气量。Ultimatereserves;theamountofoilbelievedtobeinthegroundbasedonitsestimatesbyoilgeologists.SometimesarecalledOil-in-place(OIP)orGas-in-place(GIP).总储量：地质学家经过估算认为存在地下油气总量。有时也被称之为地质储量。第36页OilresourcesandreserveclassificationinChina第37页Accordingtothetotalrecoverableoilorgasreserve（总可采油气储量）oilfieldscanbedividedinto:Superoilfield:withthetotalrecoverableoilorgasreserveof700milliontons(5billionbarrels).Naturalgas1137cubicmetersequalto1tonofoil.Bigoilfield:withthetotalrecoverableoilorgasreserveof70---700milliontons(500---5000millionbarrels).Middle-sizedoilfield:withthetotalrecoverableoilorgasreserveof7.1---71milliontons(50---500millionbarrels).Small-sizedoilfield:withthetotalrecoverableoilorgasreserveoflessthan7.1milliontons(50millionbarrels).第38页Barrel:aunitofmeasureofcrudeoilandoilproductsequaltoapproximate160L,about42gallons第39页ReviewKeywordsexploration（勘探）seepup（产生油苗）offshore（海上，近海）recoverableresources（可开采资源）prerequisites（先决条件）permeable（渴渗透）impermeable（不渗透）impervious（不渗透）vertically（垂直地）horizontally（水平地）第40页geologists（地质学家）paleontologists（古生物学家）geophysicists（地球物理学家）geologicalsurvey（地质勘察）croppingout（露头）