2022年考研考博-考博英语-黑龙江大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号67

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-黑龙江大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Aidwassenttotheearthquakevictimsatthe___oftheIraniangovernment.

问题1选项

A.sight

B.interest

C.require

D.request

【答案】D

【解析】【选项释义】

A.sight视力；景象B.interest兴趣；利益

C.require需要；要求（动词）D.request请求；需要

【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】空格处应填一个名词，of短语做后置定语表示government“政府”的……，根据句意，地震发生后，应该是按照政府的需求送去援助。D选项request请求；需要符合语境。

【干扰项排除】

A选项sight“视力；景象”不符合语境；

B选项interest“兴趣；利益”不符合语境；

C选项require“需要”，是一个动词，而该处应填名词。

【句意】应伊朗政府的要求，救援物质已运送给地震灾民。

2.单选题

Peopletendtobemoreaggressivewhenthey’reyoungandmore____astheygetolder.

问题1选项

A.progressive

B.permissive

C.conservative

D.intensive

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.progressive进步的；先进的B.permissive放任的；纵容的

C.conservative保守的D.intensive加强的；集中的

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】句中，young“年轻的”和older“年老的”形成对比，因此空格处的形容词与aggressive“侵略性的；好斗的”作对比，因此选C.conservative保守的，符合句子逻辑。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】人们年轻的时候往往激进，年老时则倾向于保守。

3.单选题

ThepsychologistWilliamJamesbelievedthatfacialexpressionsnotonlyprovideavisible

signofan（

）.

问题1选项

A.emotionbutalsoactuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

B.emotion;theyalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingof

C.emotionbutalsoactuallycontributetothefeelingitself

D.emotion,actuallycontributingtothefeelingitself

【答案】C

【解析】notonly…butalso表示并列关系，前后分句的结构应该保持一致，宾语从句的主语为facialexpressions，notonly后面接的是provide，故butalso后面也应该用动词复数contributeto…故答案C。句意：心理学家威廉•詹姆斯认为,面部表情不仅提供情感的可见迹象，而且也有助于感觉本身。

4.翻译题

随着人民生活水平和消费水平的提高，中国的垃圾问题日益严峻，很多城市被垃圾包围。面对日益增长的垃圾产量和环境状况的恶化，中国政府正在努力推行垃极分类(garbageclassification)的政策。垃圾分类是指将垃圾分为可回收利用和不可回收利用两类，要求人们将垃圾投放至不同的垃圾桶(trashcan)，通过不同的清理、运输和回收方式，使之变成新的资源。

【答案】Withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandardsandtheincreaseofconsumptionlevel,thegarbageprobleminChinabecomesincreasinglyurgent.Manycitiesaresurroundedbygarbage.Confrontedwiththegrowinggarbageoutputanddeterioratingenvironment,theChinesegovernmentisimplementingthepolicyofgarbageclassificationwithgreateffort.Garbageclassificationmeansdividinggarbageintorecyclableandunrecyclable,andrequirespeopletoputgarbageintodifferenttrashcanssothatitcanbecomenewresourcesthroughdifferentwaysofcleaning,transportingandrecycling.

5.不定项选择题

TheestablishmentoftheThirdReichinfluencedeventsinAmericanhistorybystartingachainofeventswhichculminatedinwarbetweenGermanyandtheUnitedStates.Thecompetedestructionofdemocracy,thepersecutionofJews,thewaronreligion,thecrueltyandbarbarismoftheNazis,andespeciallytheplansofGermanyandherallies,ItalyandJapan,forworldconquestcausedgreatindignationinthiscountryandbroughtonfearofanotherworldwar.

WhilespeakingoutagainstHitler’satrocities,theAmericanpeoplegenerallyfavoredisolationistpoliciesandneutrality.

TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936prohibitedtradewithanybelligerentsorloanstothem.In1937thePresidentwasempoweredtodeclareanarmsembargoinwarsbetweennationsathisdiscretion.

AmericanopinionbegantochangesomewhatafterPresidentRoosevelt’s“quarantinetheaggressor”speechatChicago(1937)inwhichheseverelycriticizedHitler’spolicies.Germany’sseizureofAustriaandtheMunichPactforthepartitionofCzechoslovakia(1938)alsoarousedtheAmericanpeople.

TheconquestofCzechoslovakiainMarch,1939wasanotherrudeawakeningtothemenaceoftheThirdReich.InAugust,1939cametheshockoftheNazi-sovietPactandinSeptembertheattackonPolandandtheoutbreakofEuropeanwar.

TheUnitedStatesattemptedtomaintainneutralityinspiteofsympathyforthedemocraciesarrayedagainsttheThirdReich.TheNeutralityActof1939repealedthearmsembargoandpermitted“cashandcarry”exportsofarmstobelligerentnations.Astrongnationaldefenseprogramwasbegun.

Adraftactwaspassed(1940)tostrengthenthemilitaryservices.ALendAct(1941)authorizedthePresidenttosell,exchange,orlendmaterialstoanycountrydeemednecessarybyhimforthedefenseoftheUnitedStates.HelpwasgiventoBritainbyexchangingcertainoveragedestroyersfortherighttoestablishAmericanbasesinBritishterritoryintheWesternHemisphere.InAugust,1940PresidentRooseveltandPrimeMinisterChurchillmetandissuedtheAtlanticCharterwhichproclaimedthekindofaworldwhichshouldbeestablishedafterthewar.

InDecember,1941,JapanlaunchedtheunprovokedattackontheUnitedStatesatPearlHarbor.Immediatelythereafter,GermanydeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.

1.Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas_____.

2.TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto_____.

3.Americanpolicyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing______.

4.TheNeutralityActof1939______.

5.WeenteredthewaragainstGermany________.

问题1选项

A.theburningoftheReichstag

B.Germanplansforconquest

C.Nazibarbarism

D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroup

问题2选项

A.helptheBritish

B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStates

C.promotetheAtlanticCharter

D.avengePearlHarbor

问题3选项

A.watchful

B.isolationist

C.peaceful

D.indifferent

问题4选项

A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnations

B.antagonizedJapan

C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAllies

D.ledtotheLend-LeaseAct

问题5选项

A.becauseGermanydeclaredwar

B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermany

C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-SovietPact

D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailed

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.【选项释义】

Oneitemoccurringbefore1937thattheauthordoesnotmentioninhislistofactionsthatalienatedtheAmericanpublicwas____.有一件事发生在1937年之前，但作者在他的疏远美国公众的行为清单中没有提到的是____。

A.theburningoftheReichstagA.国会大厦的焚毁

B.GermanplansforconquestB.德国征服计划

C.NazibarbarismC.纳粹暴虐

D.thepersecutionofreligiousgroupD.宗教团体的迫害

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到Para.1第二句，该处讲到“对犹太人的迫害（thepersecutionofJews）”“纳粹的暴虐（barbarismoftheNazis）”以及“德国征服计划（theplansofGermany…forworldconquest）”。B、C、D都有提到，只有A没有。因此选A。

【干扰项排除】

A选项国会大厦的焚毁，属于无中生有。

2.【选项释义】

TheLend-LeaseActwasdesignedto____.租借法案的目的是____。

A.helptheBritishA.帮助英国

B.strengthenthenationaldefenseoftheUnitedStatesB.加强美国的国防

C.promotetheAtlanticCharterC.促进《大西洋宪章》

D.avengePearlHarborD.珍珠港报仇

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息词Lend-LeaseAct可定位到倒数第二段第二句“《租借法案》（1941年）授权总统向他认为保卫美国（forthedefenseoftheUnitedStates）所需的任何国家出售、交换或租借材料”。换言之，就是加强美国的国防。比对选项，B选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“帮助英国”，这个法案颁布后确实给英国提供了帮助，但是这不是美国的根本目的。A选项属于本末倒置；

C选项“促进《大西洋宪章》”，文中没有提到，C选项属于无中生有；

D选项“珍珠港报仇”，文中没有提及两者的关系，D选项属于无中生有。

3.【选项释义】

Americanpolicyduringtheyears1935-1936maybedescribedasbeing____.美国在1935-1936年间的政策可以被描述为____。

A.watchfulA.注意的；警惕的

B.isolationistB.孤立主义的

C.peacefulC.和平的，爱好和平的

D.indifferentD.冷淡的，不关心的

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据出处提示词1935-1936与题干信息词Americanpolicy可定位到Para.3第一句，该处讲到“1935-1936的中立法案（TheNeutralityActsof1935and1936）”。还讲到“美国人民普遍支持孤立政策”。比对选项，B选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此B选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项“警惕的”，属于无中生有；

C选项“和平的”，属于无中生有；

D选项“冷淡的”，属于无中生有。

4.【选项释义】

TheNeutralityActof1939____.1939年《中立法案》____。

A.permittedthesellingofarmstobelligerentnationsA.允许向交战国家出售武器

B.antagonizedJapanB.对抗日本

C.permittedtheBritishtotradeonlywiththeAlliesC.允许英国只与协约国进行贸易

D.ledtotheLend-LeaseActD.导致了《租借法案》的出台

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息词TheNeutralityActof1939可定位到倒数第三段第二句，该处讲到“废弃了武器禁运，允许向交战国家‘现购自运’出口武器”。换言之，允许对交战国家出口武器。比对选项，A选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此A选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“对抗日本”，属于无中生有；

C选项“允许英国只与协约国进行贸易”，属于无中生有；

D选项“导致了《租借法案》的出台”，文中没有提及两者关系，D选项属于过度推断。

5.【选项释义】

WeenteredthewaragainstGermany____.我们参加了对德战争____。

A.becauseGermanydeclaredwarA.因为德国宣战了

B.becauseJapanwasanallyofGermanyB.因为日本是德国的盟友

C.afterGermanyhadsignedtheNazi-Soviet

C.在德国签署了纳粹—苏联条约之后

D.afterpeacefuleffortshadfailedD.在和平努力失败之后

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段，该处讲到“紧接着，德国向美国宣战”。因为前文一直讲到美国处于中立状态，所以德国宣战后美国才参加了对德战争。比对选项，A选项恰好是此信息的同义转换，因此A选项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项“因为日本是德国的盟友”，属于无中生有；

C选项“在德国签署了纳粹-苏联条约之后”，文中没有提过，属于无中生有；

D选项“在和平努力失败之后”，文中美国一直处于中立状态，没有进行和平努力，属于无中生有。

6.单选题

（

）,hedoesgetirritatedwithhersometimes.

问题1选项

A.Ashelikeshermuch

B.Muchalthoughhelikesher

C.Thoughmuchhelikesher

D.Muchashelikesher

【答案】D

【解析】考查倒装。although引导让步状语从句时，从句不倒装；而as引导让步状语从句时，从句需要倒装。故D项正确。句意：尽管他喜欢她，可有时候他确实会对她发火。故D项正确。

7.单选题

Mostofhisfellowworkersdon'tlikehimbecauseheoften___ofhispastglory.

问题1选项

A.bursts

B.bawls

C.boasts

D.bans

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.bursts爆发B.bawls大叫

C.boasts自夸；夸耀D.bans禁止

【考查点】固定搭配。

【解题思路】空格处接of组成固定短语。空格处的动词与光辉事迹相连接，与前文同事们不喜欢他相照应。C选项boastof“自夸”在这里表示他总是自己夸耀自己，符合句子逻辑。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】他的大多数同事都不喜欢他，因为他经常吹嘘自己过去的辉煌。

8.单选题

Manyofusbelievedthatperson’smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.LissyF.JfessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngles,andaboardmemberoftheNewCenterforAgingattheVeteransHospital.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins,whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDrJarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected.

However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltaskthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlyintothe30sand40s,butintothe60sand70saswell.

Asforlearningnewthings,andabilitytoremember,studiesbyDr.Jarvikandothersshowthattheoldareequaltotheyoung.Itistruethatolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthatthememoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecall“lossofmemory”isnotthatatall.Thereusuallywasincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.

Inthecaseswheretheolderperson’smindreallyseemstodecay,itisnotnecessarilyasignofadecayduetooldageor“senility”.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotionalstate.Thisdepressionusuallycanbecounteractedbycounselingtherapywithapsychologist,ormedicationswhichfightdepression.

InAmericansociety,whenanolderpersonlosessomething,wetendtocallhimorher“senile”.Butnoticethatwhenayoungerpersonlosessomething,hedoesnotblameitonsenilityorlossofmemory.Hefindssomeotherexcuses.

1.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik’sstudies,middle-agedandoldpersonsshouldexpectto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,lossofmemoryisusuallycausedby（

）.

3.Usually,whatappearstobesenilityisreally（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementswilltheauthormostprobablysupport?

5.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.rememberless

B.reasonbetter

C.learnfewernewthings

D.loselittleabilitytoremember,reasonorlearn

问题2选项

A.poorlearning

B.inattention

C.tryingtolearntoofast

D.noneoftheabove

问题3选项

A.depression

B.mentalinactivity

C.lossofmemory

D.physicallyweak

问题4选项

A.Bothyoungerandolderpersonsshouldrealizethatsenilityismuchmorecommonthanmostofusbelieve.

B.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthattheonlyfactorthatdeclinedovertheyearswaspsycho-motorspeed.

C.InAmerica,youngerpersonsneverloseanything,eitherbecauseofsenilityorlossofmemory.

D.Dr.Jarvik'sresearchrevealsthattheolderperson’smindreallyseemsnevertodecay.

问题5选项

A.ResearchRevealsOldMythsaboutMind’sDecline

B.OldAgeAcceleratesMind’sDecline

C.ANewPsychiatricTheorySavesOlderPersons

D.HowtoKeepMentallyActive

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由第二段“Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlyintothe30sand40s,butintothe60sand70saswell.贾维克博士的研究表明，知识和推理能力并没有下降。不仅在30岁和40岁是这样，在60岁和70岁也是如此。”可知中年人和老年人的智力和推理能力几乎没有下降。故D项正确。

2.推理判断题。由第三段“However,muchofwhatwecall‘lossofmemory’isnotthatatall.Thereusuallywasincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.然而，我们所谓的‘失忆’，其实根本不是这样的。它们通常首先是不完整的学习。例如，老年人可能听力不好，或视力不好，或注意力不集中，或试图以太快的速度学习新事物。”可知“记忆丧失”根本就没有这回事。A、B、C三项是导致看似记忆力下降的原因。

3.细节事实题。由倒数第二段“Inthecaseswheretheolderperson’smindreallyseemstodecay,itisnotnecessarilyasignofadecayduetooldageor‘senility’.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotionalstate.在老年人的大脑似乎真的在衰退的情况下，这并不一定是由于年老或‘衰老’造成的衰退的迹象。通常这只是抑郁情绪的一种表现。”可知低落情绪是导致老年人的大脑看似衰退的原因。故A项正确。

4.推理判断题。由倒数第一、二句“Butnoticethatwhenayoungerpersonlosessomething,hedoesnotblameitonsenilityorlossofmemory.Hefindssomeotherexcuses.但是请注意，当一个年轻人失去什么东西时，他不会责怪衰老或失忆。他找了一些其他的借口。”可知C项“在美国，年轻人从来不会因为衰老或失忆而失去任何东西。”正确。A项“年轻人和老年人都应该认识到，衰老比我们大多数人认为的要普遍得多”；B项“对136对双胞胎的长期研究表明，多年来唯一下降的因素是心理运动速度”；D项“贾维克博士的研究表明，老年人的大脑似乎永远不会衰退”都与原文不符。

5.主旨大意题。本文开头提出人们对大脑的错误认识，即随着年龄增长，理解力和记忆力下降，大脑衰退。随后介绍了Dr.Jarvik的研究结果。即衰老并不会影响人的智力。接下来的内容均围绕该主题展开。故B项“老年加速心智衰退”正确。

9.单选题

Ifyoukeeponoverworkingyourself,yourhealthwill（

）.

问题1选项

A.degenerate

B.deteriorate

C.degrade

D.deform

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。degenerate“使退化，恶化，堕落”；deteriorate“恶化”；degrade“贬低，使丢脸”；deform“使变形，使成畸形”。句意：如果你继续过度工作，你的健康状况会变坏。B项符合题意。

10.单选题

Intheearly1950s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelitethekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthemchroniclebycontemporaries.Facedwiththissituation,manyhistoriansbasedtheirinvestigationsontheonlyrecordsthatseemedtoexistbirth,marriage,anddeathrecords.Asaresult,muchoftheearlyworkonthenonelitewasaridlystatisticalinnature;reducingthevastmajorityofthepopulationtoasetofnumberswashardlymoreenlighteningthanignoringthemaltogether.Historiansstilldidnotknowwhatthesepeoplethoughtorfelt.

Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntotherecordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheardaswitnesses,plaintiffsanddefendants.Thesedocumentshaveactedas“apointofenterintothementalworldofthepoor”.HistorianssuchasLeRoyLadurieshaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups(theseattitudesinclude,butarenotconfinedto,attitudestowardcrimeandthelaw)andhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.IthasbeensocietiesthathavehadadevelopedpolicesystemandpracticedRomanlaw,withitswrittendepositions,whosecourtrecordshaveyieldedthemostdatatohistorians.InAnglo-Saxoncountrieshardlyanyofthesebenefitsobtain,butithasstillbeenpossibletogleaninformationfromthestudyoflegaldocuments.

Theextractionofcasehistoriesisnot,however,theonlyusetowhichcourtrecordsmaybeput.HistorianswhostudypreindustrialEuropehaveusedtherecordstoestablishaseriesofcategoriesofcrimeandtoquantifyindictmentsthatwereissuedoveragivennumberofyears.Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformationgivesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite.WealsoknowthatthenumberofindictmentsinpreindustrialEuropebearslittlerelationtothenumberofactualcriminalacts,andwestronglysuspectthattherelationshiphasvariedwidelyovertime.Inaddition,aggregatepopulationestimatesareveryshaky,whichmakesitdifficultforhistorianstocompareratesofcrimeperthousandinonedecadeofthepreindustrialperiodwithratesinanotherdecade.Given,oneinadequacies,itisclearwhythecasehistoryuseofcourtrecordsistobepreferred.

1.Theauthorsuggeststhat,beforetheearly1950’s,mosthistorianswhostudiedpreindustrialEuropedidwhichofthefollowing?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmuchoftheearlyworkbyhistoriansontheEuropeannoneliteofthepreindustrialperiodmighthavebeenmoreilluminatingifthesehistorianshad（

）.

3.TheauthormentionsLeRoyLadurieinorderto（

）.

4.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrueofindictmentsforcrimeinEuropeinthepreindustrialperiod?

5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatahistorianwhowishedtocomparecrimeratesperthousandinaEuropeancityinonedecadeofthefifteenthcenturywithcrimeratesinonedecadeofthatcenturywouldprobablybemostaidedbybetterinformationaboutwhichofthefollowing?

问题1选项

A.FailedtomakedistinctionsamongmembersofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.

B.Usedinvestigatorymethodsthatwerealmostexclusivelystatisticalinnature.

C.InaccuratelyestimatedtheinfluenceofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.

D.ConfinedtheirworktoanarrowrangeofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulation.

问题2选项

A.useddifferentmethodsofstatisticalanalysistoinvestigatethenonelite

B.beenmoresuccessfulinidentifyingtheattitudesofcivilauthorities,especiallythosewhoadministeredjustice,towardthenonelite

C.beenabletodrawonmoreaccounts,writtenbycontemporariesofthenonelite,thatdescribedwhatthisnonelitethought

D.reliedmoreheavilyonthepersonalrecordsleftbymembersoftheEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelitewholivedduringtheperiodinquestion

问题3选项

A.giveanexampleofahistorianwhohasmadeonekindofuseofcourtrecord

B.citeahistorianwhohasbasedcasehistoriesonthebirth,marriage,anddeathrecordsofthenonelite

C.identifytheauthorofthequotationcitedintheprevioussentence

D.gainauthoritativesupportfortheviewthatthecasehistoryapproachisthemostfruitfulapproachtocourtrecords

问题4选项

A.Theyhaveintermsoftheirnumbers,remainedrelativelyconstantovertime.

B.Theygivethehistorianimportantinformationaboutthementallivesofthoseindicted.

C.Theyarenotaparticularlyaccurateindicationoftheextentofactualcriminalactivity.

D.Theirimportancetohistoriansofthenonelitehasbeengenerally.

问题5选项

A.Thecausesofunrestinthecityduringthetwodecades.

B.Theaggregatenumberofindictmentsinthecitynearesttothecityunder.

C.Thenumberofpeoplewholivedinthecityduringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation.

D.Thementalattitudesofcriminalsinthecity,includingtheirfeelingsaboutauthority,duringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。文章第一段开头提到二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲的史学家首次以众多的人数开始调查前工业化人口中的大多数，而不是那些少数的精英，如国王、将军、法官、贵族等（Intheearly1950s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelitethekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks），由此可推测，在此之前的研究是集中在少数人身上，因此选项D“将他们的研究范围限定在前工业化欧洲的小部分人”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。题目问的是“从文中可推断出，如果史学家……,那么他们关于前工业时代欧洲非精英阶层的许多早期著作可能更具启发性”。文章第一段提到一个难题是剩下的97%的人中很少有人记录了他们的想法，或者他们同时代人的编年史（Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthemchroniclebycontemporaries），意味着如果能够利用同时代的非精英所写的叙述来描述非精英人的想法，将会更具启发性，因此选项C符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第二段提到摆脱这种困境的一种方法是求助于合法法庭的记录，因为在这里，非精英的声音通常可以作为证人、原告和被告的身份被听到（Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntotherecordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheardaswitnesses,plaintiffsanddefendants），接着提到LeRoylad陪审团等历史学家使用过这些文件（HistorianssuchasLeRoyLadurieshaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups），由此可知选项A符合题意。

4.细节事实题。文章最后一段提到这些记录的使用确实产生了一些关于非精英的信息，但这些信息并不能让我们洞察到非精英的精神生活（Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformationgivesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite），由此可知选项C“它们并不能特别准确地表明实际犯罪活动的程度”符合题意。

5.推理判断题。题目问的是“从文章中可知，一个历史学家希望将欧洲15世纪一个十年内每千人的犯罪率与那个世纪十年内的犯罪率对比，可能最得益于下列哪个信息？”文章最后一段提到对人口总数的估计不可靠，这使得历史学家很难比较前工业化时期十年内的每千人犯罪率与另一个十年的犯罪率（Inaddition,aggregatepopulationestimatesareveryshaky,whichmakesitdifficultforhistorianstocompareratesofcrimeperthousandinonedecadeofthepreindustrialperiodwithratesinanotherdecade），由此可知选项C“在接受调查的几十年中，居住在该市的人数”符合题意。

11.单选题

ThemostimportantdivideinAmericatodayisclass,notrace,andtheplacewhereitmattersmostisinthehome.Conservativeshavebeenbangingonaboutfamilybreakdownfordecades.Nowoneofthenation’smostprominentliberalscholarshasjoinedthechorus.

RobertPutnamisaformerdeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernmentandtheauthorofBowlingAlone(2000),aninfluentialworkthatlamentedthedeclineofsocialcapitalinAmerica.Inhisnewbook,OurKids,hedescribesthegrowinggulfbetweenhowtherichandthepoorraisetheirchildren.

Amongtheeducatedelitethetraditionalfamilyisthriving:fewerthan10%ofbirthstofemalecollegegraduatesareoutsidemarriage—afigurethatisbarelyhigherthanitwasin1970.In2007amongwomenwithjustahigh-schooleducation,bycontrast,65%ofbirthswerenon-marital.Racemakesadifference:only2%ofbirthstowhitecollegegraduatesareout-of-wedlock,comparedwith80%amongAfrican-Americanswithnomorethanahigh-schooleducation,butneitherofthesefigureshaschangedmuchsincethe1970s.Howeverthenon-maritalbirthproportionamongthehigh-school-educatedwhiteshasquadrupled,to50%,andthesamefigureforcollege-educatedblackshasfallenbyathird,to25%.Thustheclassdivideisgrowingevenastheracialgapisshrinking.

Upbringingaffectsopportunity.Upper-middle-classhomesarenotonlyricher(withtwoprofessionalincomes)andmorestable:theyarealsomorenurturing.Inthe1970s,therewerepracticallynoclassdifferencesintheamountoftimethatparentsspenttalking,readingandplayingwithtoddlers.Nowthechildrenofcollege-educatedparentsreceive50%moreofwhatMr.Putnamcalls“GoodnightMoon”time(afterapopularbookforinfants).

Working-classparents,whohavelesssparecapacity,aremorelikelytodemandthattheirkidssimplyobeythem.Intheshortrunthissavestime,inthelongrunitpreventsthekidsfromlearningtoorganizetheirownlivesorthinkforthemselves.Poorparentingisthusabarriertosocialmobility,andisbecomingmoresoastheworldgrowsmorecomplexandtherewardsforsuperiorcognitiveskillsincrease.

Stunningly,Mr.Putnamfindsthatfamilybackgroundisabetterpredictorofwhetherornotachildwillgraduatefromuniversitythan8thgradetestscores.Kidsintherichestquarterwithlowtestscoresareasliketomakeitthroughcollegeaskidsinthepoorestquarterwithhighscores.

Mr.Putnamsuggestsagrab-bagofpoliciestohelppoorkidsreachtheirpotentialsuchasraisingsubsidiesforpoorfamilies,teachingthembetterparentingskills,improvingnurserycareandmakingafter-schoolbaseballclubsfree.Heurgesall50statestoexperimenttofindoutwhatworks.Aproblemthiscomplexhasnosimplesolution.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoMr.Putnam’snewbook?

2.“GoodnightMoon”time(Line5,Para.4)referstothetimeof（

）.

3.Wecaninferthatworking-classparents（

）.

4.WhatdoesMr.Putnam’sfindingabouttestscoressuggest?

5.Inthepassage,theauthormainlydiscusses（

）.

问题1选项

A.Maritalbirthratealmostkeepsunchangedamongcollegegraduates.

B.Non-maritalbirthshavebeendecreasingamonghigh-schoolgraduates.

C.African-Americanshavegivenbirthtomorenon-maritalchildren.

D.Morehigh-school-educatedwhiteshavechildrenbeforemarriage.

问题2选项

A.providingopportunityforkids

B.givingmorenourishmenttokids

C.beinginvolvedintheeducationofkids

D.readingpopularbookstoinfants

问题3选项

A.tendtobemorestrictwithchild

B.forbidkidstothinkindependently

C.overlookchangesofthesociety

D.needtrainingforeducation

问题4选项

A.Studentsfromrichfamiliesdon’tneedtostudyhard.

B.Parentaleducationaffectskids’academicresultsgreatly.

C.Kidsinpoorfamiliescanhardlygraduatefromcolleges.

D.Familybackgroundcanmakeupforacademicflaws.

问题5选项

A.howparentsshouldbringuptheirchildren

B.howfamilybackgroundinfluencesschooling

C.whatthegreatestbarriertosocialmobilityis

D.variousclasseseducatekidsdifferently

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。由第三段“Amongtheeducatedelitethetraditionalfamilyisthriving:fewerthan10%ofbirthstofemalecollegegraduatesareoutsidemarriage—afigurethatisbarelyhigherthanitwasin1970.在受过良好教育的精英阶层中，传统家庭正在蓬勃发展:女性大学毕业生的非婚生育比例不到10%——这一数字仅比1970年高了一点点。”可推知大学毕业生结婚后生育率几乎没有太大变化。故A项正确。B项“在高中毕业群体中，非婚生子女一直在减少”，文章只是在第三段第四句中提到高中教育程度的白人生育非婚生子女的情况增加了，故排除；C项“非裔美国人非婚生子女更多”，作者主要从不同教育阶层比较非婚生子女的比例，并没有整体比较白人和非裔美国人的非婚生子女情况，故排除；D项“更多高中教育程度的白人在婚前生子”，作者在本段第四句提到高中教育程度的白人非婚生子女率有所提高，这与婚前生子概念不同，因此D项与原文意思不符，故排除。

2.词义题。由第四段“Inthe1970s,therewerepracticallynoclassdifferencesintheamountoftimethatparentsspenttalking,readingandplayingwithtoddlers.Nowthechildrenofcollege-educatedparentsreceive50%moreofwhatMr.Putnamcalls‘GoodnightMoon’time(afterapopularbookforinfants).在20世纪70年代，父母花在与幼儿交谈、阅读和玩耍上的时间几乎没有阶级差异。现在，受过大学教育的父母的孩子得到的时间比帕特南所说的《晚安，月亮》多了50%。”可推断出GoodnightMoontime是指父母参与孩子教育的时间，故C项正确。

3.推理判断题。由第五段“Working-classparents,whohavelesssparecapacity,aremorelikelytodemandthattheirkidssimplyobeythem.Intheshortrunthissavestime,inthelongrunitpreventsthekidsfromlearningtoorganizetheirownlivesorthinkforthemselves.工薪阶层的父母，他们的空闲时间更少，更有可能要求他们的孩子简单地服从他们。从短期来看，这样做节省了时间，但从长远来看，这样做会阻碍孩子们学会安排自己的生活或独立思考。”可知工薪阶层父母对孩子的养育方式不正确，他们应该接受教育培训。故D项正确。

4.由倒数