雅思模拟试题1-阅读(学术类)

雅思模拟试题1-阅读(学术类)雅思模拟试题1-阅读(学术类)雅思模拟试题1-阅读(学术类)雅思模拟试题1-阅读(学术类)编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:AcademicReadingALLANSWERSMUSTBEWRITTENONTHEANSWERSHEET.Thetestisdividedasfollows:ReadingPassage1Questions1to13ReadingPassage2Questions14to27ReadingPassage3Questions28to40Startatthebeginningofthetestandworkthroughit.Youshouldanswerallthequestions.Ifyoucannotdoaparticularquestionleaveitandgoontothenextone.Youcanreturntoitlater.TLMEALLOWED:60MINUTESNUMBEROFQUESTIONS:40

ReadingPassage1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-14,whicharebasedonReadingQuestions1-5ReadingPassage1hassevenparagraphsA-G.ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsB-EandGfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber(i-x)inboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsiTheproblemofdealingwithemergenciesinspaceiiHowspacebiomedicinecanhelppatientsonEarthiiiWhyaccidentsaresocommoninouterspaceivWhatisspacebiomedicinevThepsychologicalproblemsofastronautsviConductingspacebiomedicalresearchonEarthviiTheinternaldamagecausedtothehumanbodybyspacetravelviiiHowspacebiomedicinefirstbeganixThevisibleeffectsofspacetravelonthehumanbodyxWhyspacebiomedicineisnownecessaryExampleParagraphAAnsweriv1ParagraphB2ParagraphC3ParagraphD4ParagraphEExampleParagraphFAnswerii5ParagraphG

SpacetravelANDhealthASpacebiomedicineisarelativelynewareaofresearchbothintheUSAandinEurope.Itsmainobjectivesaretostudytheeffectsofspacetravelonthehumanbody,identifyingthemostcriticalmedicalproblemsandfindingsolutionstothoseproblems.SpacebiomedicinecentresarereceivingincreasingdirectsupportfromNASAand/ortheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA).BThisinvolvementofNASAandtheESAreflectsgrowingconcernthatthefeasibilityoftraveltootherplanets,andbeyond,isnolongerlimitedbyengineeringconstraintsbutbywhatthehumanbodycanactuallywithstand.ThediscoveryoficeonMars,forinstance,meansthatthereisnownonecessitytodesignanddevelopaspacecraftlargeandpowerfulenoughtotransportthevastamountsofwaterneededtosustainthecrewthroughoutjourneysthatmaylastmanyyears.Withoutthenecessaryprotectionandmedicaltreatment,however,theirbodieswouldbedevastatedbytheunremittinglyhostileenvironmentofspace.CThemostobviousphysicalchangesundergonebypeopleinzerogravityareessentiallyharmless;insomecasestheyareevenamusing.ThebloodandotherfluidsarenolongerdraggeddowntowardsthefeetbythegravityofEarth,sotheyaccumulatehigherupinthebody,creatingwhatissometimescalled‘fatface’,togetherwiththecontrasting‘chickenlegs’syndromeasthelowerlimbsbecomethinner.

DMuchmoreseriousaretheunseenconsequencesaftermonthsoryearsinspace.Withnogravity,thereislessneedforasturdyskeletontosupportthebody,withtheresultthatthebonesweaken,releasingcalciumintothebloodstream.Thisextracalciumcanoverloadthekidneys,leadingultimatelytorenalfailure.Musclestoolosestrengththroughlackofuse.Theheartbecomessmaller,losingthepowertopumpoxygenatedbloodtoallpartsofthebody,whilethelungslosethecapacitytobreathefully.Thedigestivesystembecomeslessefficient,aweakenedimmunesystemisincreasinglyunabletopreventdiseasesandthehighlevelsofsolarandcosmicradiationcancausevariousformsofcancer.ETomakemattersworse,awiderangeofmedicaldifficultiescanariseinthecaseofanaccidentorseriousillnesswhenthepatientismillionsofkilometresfromEarth.Thereissimplynotenoughroomavailableinsideaspacevehicletoincludealltheequipmentfromahospital’scasualtyunit,someofwhichwouldnotworkproperlyinspaceanyway.Evenbasicthingssuchasadripdependongravitytofunction,whilestandardresuscitationtechniquesbecomeineffectiveifsufficientweightcannotbeapplied.Theonlysolutionseemstobetocreateextremelysmallmedicaltoolsand‘smart’devicesthatcan,forexample,diagnoseandtreatinternalinjuriesusingultrasound.Thecostofdesigningandproducingthiskindofequipmentisboundtobe,well,astronomical.FSuchconsiderationshaveledsometoquestiontheethicsofinvestinghugesumsofmoneytohelpahandfulofpeoplewho,afterall,arewillinglyriskingtheirownhealthinouterspace,whensomuchneedstobedonealotclosertohome.Itisnowclear,however,thateveryproblemofspacetravelhasaparallelproblemonEarththatwillbenefitfromtheknowledgegainedandtheskillsdevelopedfromspacebiomedicalresearch.Forinstance,theverydifficultyoftreatingastronautsinspacehasledtorapidprogressinthefieldoftelemedicine,whichinturnhasbroughtaboutdevelopmentsthatenablesurgeonstocommunicatewithpatientsininaccessiblepartsoftheworld.Totakeanotherexample,systemsinventedtosterilizewastewateronboardspacecraftcouldbeusedbyemergencyteamstofiltercontaminatedwateratthesceneofnaturaldisasterssuchasfloodsandearthquakes.Inthesameway,miniaturemonitoringequipment,developedtosaveweightinspacecapsules,willeventuallybecometinymonitorsthatpatientsonEarthcanwearwithoutdiscomfortwherevertheygo.GNevertheless,thereisstillonemajorobstacletocarryingoutstudiesintotheeffectsofspacetravel:howtodosowithoutgoingtotheenormousexpenseofactuallyworkinginspace.Tosimulateconditionsinzerogravity,onetriedandtestedmethodistoworkunderwater,butthespacebiomedicinecentresarealsolookingatotherideas.Inoneexperiment,researchersstudytheweakeningofbonesthatresultsfromprolongedinactivity.Thiswouldinvolvevolunteersstayinginbedforthreemonths,butthecentreconcernedisconfidentthereshouldbenogreatdifficultyinfindingpeoplewillingtospendtwelveweekslyingdown.Allinthenameofscience,ofcourse.

Questions6and7AnswerthequestionbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.6Where,apartfromEarth,canspacetravellersfindwater........................7Whathappenstohumanlegsduringspacetravel..........................Questions8-12Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththewriter’sviewsinReadingPassage1Inboxes8-12onyouranswersheetwriteYESifthestatementagreeswithtileviewsofthewriterNOifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththeviewsofthewriterNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage8Theobstaclestogoingfarintospacearenowmedical,nottechnological.9Astronautscannotsurvivemorethantwoyearsinspace.10Itismorallywrongtospendsomuchmoneyonspacebiomedicine.11Somekindsofsurgeryaremoresuccessfulwhenperformedinspace.12Spacebiomedicalresearchcanonlybedoneinspace.Questions13and14CompletethetablebelowChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes13and14onyouranswersheet.ApplicationonEarthTelemedicinetreatingastronauts13..........................inremoteareasSterilizationsterilizingwastewater14..........................indisasterzonesMiniaturizationsavingweightwearingsmallmonitorscomfortably

ReadingPassage2Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions15-27,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2.VANISHEDVANISHEDWhopulledtheplugontheMediterraneanAndcouldithappenagainByDouglasMclnnisCannes.MonteCarlo.StTropez.Magicnamesall.Andmuchoftheenchantmentcomesfromthedeepbluewaterthatlapstheirshores.ButwhatifsomebodypulledtheplugSupposetheMediterraneanSeaweretovanish,leavingbehindanexpanseofsaltdesertthesizeofIndia.HardtoimagineIthappened.‘ItwouldhavelookedlikeDeathValley,’saysBillRyan,fromtheLamont-DohertyEarthObservatoryinNewYork,oneoftheleadersoftheteamthatdiscoveredtheMediterraneanhadoncedriedup,thenrefilledinadelugeofBiblicalproportions.Betweenfiveandsixmillionyearsago,thegreatdesiccationtouchedoffwhatscientistscallmeMessinianSalinityCrisis-aglobalchemicalimbalancethattriggeredawrenchingseriesofextinctionsandplungedtheEarthintoaniceage.Thefirstindicationsofsomeextraordinarypasteventscameinthe1960s,whengeologists20discoveredthatmajorriversflowingintotheMediterraneanhaderodeddeepcanyonsintherockatthebottomofthesea.Rivererosionofbedrockcannotoccurbelowsealevel,yetsomehowtheRiverRhoneintheSouthofFrancehadmanagedtocreateachannel1000metresdeepintheseafloor,whiletheNilehadcutnearly1500metresintotherockofftheNorthAfricancoast.Therewasmore:despitethefactthattheformationofcavescanonlytakeplaceabovewater,scientists30discoveredawholenetworkbeneaththeislandofMaltathatreachedanastonishingdepthof2000metresbelowsealevel.Furtherevidencecametolightin1970,whenaninternationalteamchuggedacrosstheMediterraneaninadrillingshiptostudytheseafloorneartheSpanishislandofMajorca.Strangethingsstartedturningupincoresamples:layersofmicroscopicplantsandsoilsandwichedbetweenbedsofsaltmorethantwokilometresbelowtoday’ssealevel.Theplantshadgrowninsunlight.Alsodiscoveredinsidetherockwerefossilizedshallow-watershellfish,togetherwithsaltandsilt:particlesofsandandmudthathadoncebeencarriedbyriverwater.CouldtheseaflooroncehavebeennearashorelineThatquestionledRyanandhisfellowteamleader,KennethHsǖ,topiecetogetherastaggeringchainofevents.Aboutmillionyearsago,theyconcluded,theMediterraneanwasgraduallycutofffromtheAtlanticOceanwhencontinentaldriftpinnedMoroccoagainstSpain.Astheopeningbecamebothnarrowerandshallower,thedeepoutwardflowfromseatooceanwasprogressivelycutoff,leavingonlytheshallowinwardflowofoceanwaterintotheMediterranean.Asthiswaterevaporated,theseabecamemoresalineandcreaturesthatcouldn’thandletherisingsaltcontentperished.‘Thesea’sinteriorwasdeadasadoornail,exceptforbacteria,’saysRyan.WhentheshallowopeningatGibraltarfinallyclosedcompletely,theMediterranean,withonlyriverstofeedit,driedupanddied.Meanwhile,theevaporatedwaterwasfallingbacktoEarthasrain.Whenthefreshwaterreachedtheoceans,itmadethemlesssaline.Withlesssaltinittoactasanantifreeze,partsoftheoceanthatwouldnotnormallyfreezebegantoturntoice.‘Theicereflectssunlightintospace,’saysRyan.'Theplanetcools.Youdriveyourselfintoaniceage.’Eventually,asmallbreachintheGibraltardamsenttheprocessintoreverse.OceanwatercutatinychanneltotheMediterranean.Asthegapenlarged,thewaterflowedfasterandfaster,untilthetorrentrippedthroughtheemergingStraitsofGibraltaratmorethan100knots.‘TheGibraltarFallswere100timesbiggerthanVictoriaFallsandathousandtimesgranderthanNiagara,’HsǖwroteinhisbookTheMediterraneanwasaDesert(PrincetonUniversityPress,1983).IntheendtherisingwatersofthevastinlandseadrownedthefallsandwarmwaterbegantoescapetotheAtlantic,reheatingtheoceansandtheplanet.Thesalinitycrisisendedaboutmillionyearsago.Ithadlastedroughly400,000years.SubsequentdrillingexpeditionshaveaddedafewwrinklestoRyanandHsǖ’sscenario.Forexample,researchershavefoundsaltdepositsmorethantwokilometresthick-sothick,somebelieve,thattheMediterraneanmusthavedriedupandrefilledmanytimes.Butthosearejustgeologicaldetails.Fortouriststhecrucialquestionis,couldithappenagainShouldMalagastartstockpilingdynamiteNotyet,saysRyan.IfcontinentaldriftdoesresealtheMediterranean,itwon’tbeforseveralmillionyears.‘Somefuturecreaturesmayfacetheissueofhowtorespondtonature’sclosure.It’snotsomethingourspecieshastoworryabout.’Questions15-19Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes15-19onyouranswersheet.ThebedrockoftheMediterranean,aswellasdeepcavesbeneathMalta,suggestedsomethingstrangehadhappenedintheregion,asthesefeaturesmusthavebeenformed16.........................sealevel.Subsequentexaminationofthe17..........................offMajorcaprovidedmoreproof.Rocksamplesfrom2000metresdowncontainedbothvegetationand18..........................thatcouldnothavelivedindeepwater,aswellas19..........................originallytransportedbyriver.Questions20-22Completeeachofthefollowingstatementswiththebestendingfromtheboxbelow.WritetheappropriatelettersA-Ginboxes20-22onyouranswersheet.20Theextraicedidnotabsorbtheheatfromthesun,so...21ThespeedofthewaterfromtheAtlanticincreasedas...22TheEarthanditsoceansbecamewarmerwhen...AAfricaandEuropecrashedintoeachother.BwaterstartedflowingfromtheMediterranean.Ctheseawascutofffromtheocean.DallthefishandplantlifeintheMediterraneandied.EtheEarthstartedtobecomecolder.Fthechannelgrewbigger,creatingthewaterfalls.Galltheiceonearthmelted.

Questions23-27ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorDandwritetheminboxes23-27onyouranswersheet.23What,accordingtoRyanandHsǖ,happenedaboutmillionyearsagoAMovementofthecontinentssuddenlyclosedtheStraitsofGibraltar.BThewaterleveloftheAtlanticOceangraduallyfell.CTheflowofwaterintotheMediterraneanwasimmediatelycutoff.DWaterstoppedflowingfromtheMediterraneantotheAtlantic.24WhydidmostoftheanimalandplantlifeintheMediterraneandieAThewaterbecametoosalty.BTherewassuchalotofbacteriainthewater.CTheriversdidnotprovidesaltwater.DTheseabecameadesert.25Accordingtothetext,theeventsatGibraltarledtoAapermanentcoolingoftheEarth.Bthebeginningandtheendofaniceage.Ctheformationofwaterfallselsewhereintheworld.Dalackofsaltintheoceansthatcontinuestothisday.26MorerecentstudiesshowthatARyanandHsǖ’stheorywascorrectineverydetail.BtheMediterraneanwasnevercutofffromtheAtlantic.Citmayhavebeencutoffmorethanonce.Ditmightoncehavebeenafreshwaterlake.27Attheendofthearticle,RyansuggeststhatAtheMediterraneanwillneverdryupagain.Bhumanswillhavethetechnologytopreventitdryingupagain.CtheMediterraneaniscertaintodryupagainoneday.DhumanswillneverseetheMediterraneandryup.

ReadingPassage3Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions28-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3.Dogs:Dogs:alovestoryAGeneticstudiesshowthatdogsevolvedfromwolvesandremainassimilartothecreaturesfromwhichtheycameashumanswithdifferentphysicalcharacteristicsaretoeachother,whichis.tosaynotmuchdifferentatall,‘EveninthemostchangeablemitochondrialDNAmarkers-DNAhandeddownonthemother’sside-dogsandwolvesdifferbynot’muchmorethanonepercent’saysRobertWayne,ageneticistattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles.BWolf-likespeciesgobackonetotwomillionyears,saysWayne,whosegeneticworksuggestsdogsofsomesortbeganbreakingawayabout100,000yearsago.Wolfandearlyhumanfossilshavebeenfoundclosetogetherfromasfarbackas400,000yearsago,butdogandhumanfossilsdatebackonlyabout14,000years,allofwhichputswolvesand/ordogsinthecompanyofmanorhisprogenitor’sbeforethedevelopmentoffarmingandpermanenthumansettlements,atatimewhenbothspeciessurvivedonwhattheycouldscratchouthuntingorscavenging.CWhywouldthesecompetitorscooperateTheanswerprobablyliesinthesimilarsocialstructureandsizeofwolfpacksandearlyhumanclans,thecompatibilityoftheirhuntingobjectivesandrange,andthewillingnessofhumanstoacceptintocampthemostsuppliantwolves,theyoungorlessthreateningones.DCertainwolvesorprotodogsmayhaveworkedtheirwayclosetothefireringaftersmellingsomethinggoodtoeat,thenintoearlyhumangatheringsbyprovinghelpfulorunthreatening.Aswanderingpacksoftwenty-fiveorthirtywolvesandclansoflike-numberednomadichumansroamedthelandscapeintandem,huntingbiggame,theanimalshungaroundcampsitesscavengingleftovers,andthehumansmighthaveusedthewolves’superiorscentingabilityandspeedtolocateandtrackprospectivekills.Atnight,wolveswiththeirkeensensescouldwarnhumansofdangerapproaching.ETimesmightnothavebeenashardbackthenasiscommonlythought,inmanyinstancesfoodwouldhavebeenplentiful,predatorsfew,andtheboundariesbetweenhumansandwildlifeporous.Throughthoseporesslippedsmallerorlessthreateningwolves,whichfromlivinginpackswherealphabossesreignedwouldknowthetricksofsubservienceandcouldadapttohumansincharge.Puppiesinparticularwouldbehardtoresist,astheyaretoday.Thuswasaunionbornandaprocessofdomesticationbegun.FOverthemillennia,admissionofcertainwolvesandprotodogsintohumancampsandexclusionoflarger,morethreateningonesledtothedevelopmentofpeople-friendlybreedsdistinguishablefromwolvesbysize,shape,coat,carsandmarkings.Dogsweregenerallysmallerthanwolves,theirsnoutsproportionallyreduced.Theywouldassistinthehuntcleanupcampbyeatinggarbage,warnofdanger,keephumanswarm,andserveasfood.NativeAmericansamongothersatepuppies,andinsomesocietiesitremainsacceptedpractice.GBythefourthmillenniumBCEgyptianrockandpotterydrawingsshowdogsbeingputtoworkbymen.Then,asnow,therelationshipwasnotwithoutdrawbacks.Feraldogsroamedcitystreets,stealingfoodfrompeoplereturningfrommarket.Despitetheirpenchantformisbehaviour,andsometimesbecauseofit,dogskeepturningupatalltheimportantjuncturesinhumanhistory.HInancientGreece,350yearsbeforeChrist,Aristotledescribedthreetypesofdomesticateddogs,includingspeedyLaconiansusedbytherichtochaseandkillrabbitsanddeer.Threehundredyearslater,Romanwarriorstrainedlargedogsforbattle.Thebrutescouldknockanarmedmanfromhishorseanddismemberhim.IInseventeenth-centuryEngland,dogsstillworked,pullingcarts,sleds,andploughs,herdinglivestock,orworkingasturn-spits,poweringwheelsthatturnedbeefandvenisonoveropenfires.ButWorkingdogswerenotmuchlovedandwereusuallyhangedordrownedwhentheygotold.‘Unnecessary’dogsmeanwhilegainedstatusamongEnglishroyalty.KingJamesIwassaidtolovehisdogsmorethanhissubjects.CharlesⅡ